...Title registration for a review proposal: Broken Windows Policing to Reduce Crime in Neighborhoods Submitted to the Coordinating Group of: _X Crime and Justice __ Education __ Social Welfare __ Other Plans to co-register: _X No __ Yes __ Cochrane __ Other __ Maybe TITLE OF THE REVIEW Broken Windows Policing to Reduce Crime in Neighborhoods BACKGROUND Briefly describe and define the problem Crime policy scholars, primarily James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling, and practitioners, such as Los Angeles Police Chief William J. Bratton, have argued for years that when police pay attention to minor offenses—such as aggressive panhandling, prostitution, and graffiti—they can reduce fear, strengthen communities, and prevent serious crime (Bratton & Kelling, 2006; Wilson & Kelling, 1982). Spurred by claims of large declines in serious crime after the approach was adopted in New York City, dealing with physical and social disorder, or “fixing broken windows,” has become a central element of crime prevention strategies adopted by many American police departments (Kelling & Coles, 1996; Sousa & Kelling, 2006). In their seminal “broken windows” article, Wilson and Kelling (1982) argue that social incivilities (e.g., loitering, public drinking, and prostitution) and physical incivilities (e.g., vacant lots, trash, and abandoned buildings) cause residents and workers in a neighborhood to be fearful. Fear causes many stable families to move out of the neighborhood and the remaining residents...
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...Jennifer B. Miller SOC 307 Hill 19 June 2012 “Broken Windows” and “How an Idea Drew People Back to Life” Unit 6 Review: Articles 28 & 29 Public safety and crime prevention are major concerns in all cities. In order for a city to prosper, its citizens must feel protected. The question is: How do you decrease crime, promote respect for the law, and increase public safety? Wilson and Kelling's article "Broken Windows" and Wilson’s article, “How an Idea Drew People Back to Urban Life” both provide an interesting perspective on crime prevention and the psychology surrounding it. Their take on crime prevention strays from the idea of police allocation based on crime rate and the use of foot patrol versus the use of squad car patrol. The thesis offered by Wilson and Kelling in the article "Broken Windows" is that "we must return to our long-abandoned view that the police ought to protect communities as well as individuals.” Wilson and Kelling offer many suggestions on how to prevent crime and how to deal with it when it happens. Their analogy using broken windows is a good example of a way to prevent crime. "The sense of mutual regard and the obligations of civility are lowered by actions that seem to signal that no one cares". They determine that if it appears as though no one cares then crime similar in nature will occurs much more frequently and to a greater extent. An example of that idea evolving graffiti was illustrated in the article, "The proliferation of...
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...Broken-window concept and social disorder The broken-window concept is a criminological theory introduced by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling in the 1982 article “The police and neighborhood safety: Broken windows.” This concept explores the effects of social disorder as it relates to community life. More importantly, it correlates the relationship between public vagrancy and the quality of community life and social norms. It is necessary to define disorder and social norms in order to examine how the broken window theory requires not only police participation, but also that of neighborhood citizens’, and how establishing order is crucial for preventing further neighborhood deterioration. For the purpose of this paper, the author considers social norms and disorder as […] the perception of common approval or disapproval of a particular behavior in general (e.g., the concept of not littering) or one common in a certain surrounding (e.g., littering in an already littered setting). These two types of social norms are not necessarily in agreement. For example, while littering may be frowned upon, there may be a lot of litter in a particular location. […] scientists define disorder as a conflict between these two types of social norms (Keizer, 2008). With this definition as a source, the broken window theory investigates how a broken window can lead to more broken windows; in other words, how social behavior influences an area in particularly. Social disorder is impacted...
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...The Broken Windows Research Paper Graffiti on walls, trash in the sidewalks, loitering in the corner, drunks roaming in the streets and prostitutes attracting customers on the same sidewalks children walk to school on. From a certain perspective, it is viewed as minor crime something the community shouldn’t worry about. Sooner or later though that graffiti attracts more territorial vandals fighting for dominance over the streets, probably the worst trash there is. The worst thing that will occur however is still to come, the community will no longer feel at home and feel more and more distant, the city gives an image that no one cares,(community policing, pg. 64) and the citizens will start feeling the same and feel as if everything bad can get tolerated, crime rates go up and morale goes down. However there is something that can be done, a phenomenon that will give end to this non sense and incivilities; The Broken Windows theory. The Broken Windows theory introduced by social scientist James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling states that in order to maintain control of crime in the community. Law enforcement should enforce small crimes (“petty”) in order to prevent bigger crimes from happening. Law enforcement prevents small crimes by emphasizing aggressive enforcement, sweeps, arrests, tickets, and using tactics such as directed patrol and selective enforcement. One in which you deter the crime problem by heavy policing which is usually more expensive to a department. The...
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...I have had a few heartaches throughout my life: my parent’s divorce, moms breast cancer, grandpas death, and having a bad break up. Everyone in their life goes through at least one heartache, or what some people may call a “heart break” or “heartbroken.” Life always throws things at you that you need to learn to deal with, through my experiences I have learned a few tricks to get through the bad times and come out as a stronger person. The first step you have to do is give yourself time to be sad. Give yourself at least two days where you can cry all you want, eat chocolate, lay in bed, let all those emotions pour out. After those two days, the number one thing to make your self feel better is to look your best. Its proven that if you make yourself look good, you start to feel good, it also brings back some of your confidence. The second step, make sure you surround yourself with people that make you happy and are able to talk to. Talking about how you feel to people you trust keeps yourself from keeping your emotions inside, because if that happens then your thoughts and emotions boil up inside until your going to have an emotional break down. No matter what happens and how low you feel, never push your friends or family away because those are the people that are always there for you and truly want the best for you. Try and keep your mind of things; hang out with friends, take up a hobby, focus on school. Opening yourself up to new experiences opens you up to new people...
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...The Broken Windows theory is an academic theory that was proposed by James Q Wilson and George Kelling in 1982. Broken windows were used as a metaphor for the unrest and possible outbreaks of major crimes within neighborhoods. Their theory shows a cause and effect relationship between disorder within a community and the occurrence of serious crimes as a result of this. Prior to the Wilson and Kelling introducing this theory to the public, Philip Zimbardo introduced this theory to the public in 1969 (Wikipedia). Zimbardo arranged for an abandoned automobile to be set up in two separate neighborhoods. One car was left in a neighborhood in the Bronx and the other car was left in Palo Alto, California. Within 24 hours of its abandonment, the car...
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...The “Broken Windows” theory is, as its name suggests, is the idea that in areas where high levels of urban decay occur, there will also be high levels crime. James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling developed this groundbreaking theory in 1982. According to the Encyclopedia of Britannica, the “theory links disorder and incivility within a community to subsequent occurrences of serious crime”. In my criminology class, I learned that the theory suggests that if one window is broken, the rest will soon be broken as well. The reason for the development of this theory is perhaps motivated by the very high crime trends that occurred in the 1980’s. Wilson and Keller, who to this day are two very influential figures in criminology, sought to understand...
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...The main theory behind Broken Windows by George Kelling and James Wilson was about crime and how it could be abated in major cities. They talked over crime in the perspective of the wider neighbourhood context as the most significant consideration was the physical and social disorganization of the neighbourhood. Serious crime and urban deterioration was as a result of trivial forms of community disorder. According to Kelling and Wilson Broken window is a form of disorder that generates and sustains more severe misconduct. Severe crime is not directly connected to disorder rather, it leads to more fear and residents pulling out which gives way to more severe wrongdoing because of declined levels of informal public control. They thought Police...
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...Research Paper “Are you aware your daughter is with two black men?” This is what Houston cops asked Oklahoma parents when they called concerning the white couple’s teenage daughter. Thirteen-year-old Landry Thompson, a dancer, had been in Houston to film a hip-hop video. She was accompanied by her dance instructor and dance partner, two black men in their twenties. Convinced she was a runaway, officials took Thompson to child protective services and arrested the men. Thompson’s mother replied to the question with a simple “Yes, I’m aware of that” and officials later learned the men had a notarized letter from the parents stating they had guardianship over Thompson for the time being. The men are “close family friends that we trust explicitly with our children,” Thompson’s mother said. “They just happen to be black.” It seems officers have yet to adopt the old saying “don’t judge a book by its cover” into their line of work. Many people favor a type of policing system which allows cops wide authority to get up close and personal with people they deem “suspicious,” as in the example above. A lot of the supporters just so happen to be white, but there are also may supporters who are residents of the “urban” areas who believe their community is in need of this type of monitoring. Does that make “order-maintenance” policing any less problematic? When there are people from both sides at hand in favor of it, does that mean we disregard the underlying flaws, allowing racial profiling...
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...The Rental Heart – Kirsten Logan Without a heart your body is useless. When your heart stops beating, you live until your brain dies from lack of oxygen, but in this short story the narrator lives perfectly fine while changing hearts. This short story is basically about restarting peoples’ ability to love, but also of how real love can overcome technology in place to fake it. This subject is exactly what the main character is dealing with in the short story “The Rental Heart”. That leads me to the setting of the story. The shorty, “The Rental Heart” is written by Kirsten Logan in 2010. We do not know where and when the short story takes place. Neither do we know if the main character is a he or she. In my interpretation of the short story, I have interpreted the main character as being a she. The main character is portrayed by a third person limited narrator, because we hear the story from the main characters point of view. Seen from the main characters point of view we get a description of the surroundings and feelings the main person is dealing with. The short story has two big flashbacks. Grace is first presented as the girl the main character falls in love with, with no risk of being hurt. On the way to the rental place the narrator looks back and remembers all the times it has been done before and in the end we see the narrator in Grace’s arms again. In the beginning of the short story, we get introduced to the “heart rental place”. This is a place where u can rent a heart...
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...been written by Dowland himself. Lachrimae exists in over 100 manuscripts and printings in different arrangements for ensemble and solo. The Lachrimaes tend to be much more abstract than other music based on dance forms of the time, and do not completely follow the structure of the standard pavan in terms of length of phrases; they are also more contrapuntal. Instrumental versions by Dowland include Lachrimae for lute, Galliard to Lachrimae for lute and Lachrimae antiquae (1604) for consort. Dowland also published Lachrimae, or Seaven Teares (London, 1604), a collection of consort music which included a cycle of seven Lachrimae pavans based on the falling tear motif. Thomas Morley set the "Lachrimae Pauin" for the six instruments of a "broken consort" in his First Booke of Consort Lessons (London, 1599). Other composers have written pieces based on the work, including Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck and Thomas Tomkins, while John Danyel's Eyes, look no more pays clear homage to the piece, as does John Bennet's Weep, O Mine Eyes. In the 20th century, American composer and conductor Victoria Bond wrote "Old New Borrowed Blues (Variations on Flow my Tears)". Benjamin Britten quotes the incipit of Flow My Tears in his Lachrymae for Viola, a set of variations on Dowland's ayre If My Complaints Could Passions Move. In 2006, the British electronic music group Banco de Gaia produced a vocoded version called "Flow my Dreams, the Android Wept". Lachrimae became one of the favorite improvisational...
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...(La caverne Maudite, 1898), the first split screen with performers acting opposite themselves (Un Homme de tete, 1898), and the first dissolve (Cendrillon, 1899). Méliès tackled a wide range of subjects as well as the fantasy films usually associated with him, including advertising films and serious dramas. He was also one of the first filmmakers to present nudity on screen with “Apres le Bal”. (EarlyCinema.com) D. W. Griffith D.W. Griffith, in full David Wark Griffith (born January 22, 1875, Floydsfork, Kentucky, U.S.—died July 23, 1948, Hollywood, California), pioneer American motion-picture director, credited with developing many of the basic techniques of filmmaking, in such films as The Birth of a Nation (1915), Intolerance (1916), Broken Blossoms (1919), Way Down East (1920), Orphans of the Storm (1921), and The Struggle (1931). (Global.britannica.com) The thing that really separated Griffith from other short filmmakers during his time at Biograph was his ability to recognize short film was not the same as a feature, therefore they should not be made in the same way. A short film has a slightly different narrative structure than a feature. Everything has to be set up rather quickly, but Griffith always made sure not to rush the narrative of the stories he was trying to portray. Instead, Griffith would telescope the action to fit within one reel so that he would shorten the story with a title card or narrative device. It was even reported that Griffith would often insist...
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...a person who is dating a lot of people and gets heartbroken every time they part ways so the main character goes to the heart rental place and rents a new heart to mend their broken heart. Throughout the story we hear about seven different partners, both men and women. The main character is currently dating Grace but looks back to past relationships. We are not told if the main character is male or female, so my interpretation is they could be gender neutral or a woman just like the author, it might be written from personal experience. She dates a lot of people, so she’s desperate for other people’s affection, but she can’t deal with the pain that comes with it, so every time she breaks up with someone she rents a new heart. She’s bisexual because she has partners that are both male and female. We don’t get any information about the setting, but it’s in the future because you can open your chest and switch out your heart for a new one. It’s a first-person narrative so we only see it from the main character's point of view. The rental hearts are a symbol of broken machinery that needs to be replaced, so the broken heart is equivalent to being heartbroken in real life. And opening your chest can be a symbol of opening your heart to other people. The whole story is a symbol of having your heart broken, wishing to replace your heart and to forget bad memories. Her first love was Jacob, and she was very in love with him. ‘Jacob was as solid and golden as a tilled field, and...
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...feelings. To ask, “What is love?” would be the same as asking, “What is running?” or “What is swimming?” If you ever seen someone run or swim, you know exactly what running and swimming entail. The story “The Rental Heart” deal with love and the feeling you get when love fails you. When you are in love everything seems much better but when you break up everything turns dark and empty. It is for most people a fact, that you during your lifetime are going to get your heart broken. The heartbroken feeling of an endless pain that never goes away. Have you ever thought about, ripping out your broken heart, and change it with a new functional heart that will spare you from the heartbroken pain. No? Maybe it is because it is not a possibility in our world, but in “The Rental Heart” the reality is a bit different. The short story is a science fiction story written by the author Kirsty Logan in 2010. The story is told by a first person narrator who also is the protagonist of the story. Try to imagine a life where broken hearts is not an option. That is how the society works in “The Rental Heart”. It is a world where instead of feeling the awful pain of heartbreaks, you can just change your heart at the local heart rental place. Kirsty Logan uses the saying heartbroken literally in this short story. When we use the saying, we use it as a symbol of being sad and depressed over someone we love, which sometimes might feel like our heart has been shattered, even though that is not case. The...
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...psychological description of the heart? What does it mean when you get your heart broken for the first time? Will it never heal? Can you ever fix a broken heart? In the short story the rental heart written by Kirsty Logan, we are introduced to the problem of a broken heart, and hos the protagonist in the story deals with having his/her heart broken repeatedly throughout the story. The short story is about a guy/girl telling us about his life with heartbreak, every relationship were he/she got his/her heart broke by the person he/she was in love with. It is about how he/she deals with the pain and sadness that comes with a broken heart. Every time a relationship ends the protagonist takes the broken heart out of his/her chest, and rents a new heart he/she can replace it with. The story is not written chronologically, it is set up like a time line, we start out in present time, and afterwards we go back in time as the protagonist talks about his/her former love stories. The first person the protagonist tells us about is Grace, and she is the last person we hear about. In this story, the view on the heart is different from how we look at the heart in real life, instead of the heart being a body part, it is viewed as a machine part, that you can easily take out and replace whenever it breaks. In the story both life and the body is compared to a machine, the machine cannot work if one of the parts is broken, as the body cannot work properly...
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