...Widespread integration occurred in the late 1960s, early 1970s (Desegregation Case in Retrospect), but some segregation did happened soon after the court’s decision, like in Louisville, which integrated their schools in a semester. Baltimore allowed 3000 blacks to attend white schools that following September, and many other states integrated such as West Virginia, Washington D.C. and Delaware. Since segregation was not not happening as fast as the court wanted, Warren created a seven paragraph decision on May 31, 1955 known as Brown II. They required schools to make a prompt and give a reasonable start to desegregation. This was an attempt to speed up segregation under different circumstances, but it ended up hurting the cause. Segregationists wanted to use this to delay integration forever, but soon Southern federal judges gave into the Supreme Court’s decision. As a result, segregation laws in schools fell in Florida, Arkansas. Tennessee, and Texas (Cushman). Another challenge to integrated schools was “white flight”. By the time city schools were integrated, most whites had moved to suburbia, thus creating unofficial segregated schools since there were no whites to attend (Fireside). The Brown v. Board of Education cases changed the face of America forever. Now that Blacks could be educated, many aspects of their life changed. They would be more involved in politics, get a better job...
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...State of Texas v. Hopwood HRM552 Stephanie Romagnoli State of Texas v. Hopwood The paper summarizes the case of Hopwood v. State of Texas and the court’s ruling. It covers the meaning for the organization in the case study and businesses in general, and the legal precedence the ruling sets for most businesses. It also outlines the role the federal enforcement agency plays in ensuring the organization's compliance with regulation standards. Case summary The Hopwood case, named for lead plaintiff Cheryl Hopwood, involved four White students who sued the law school after being denied admission to of the University of Texas at Austin. They successfully argued that the law school discriminated against them by admitting less qualified African American and Mexican American applicants for admission through use of a quota system, therefore violating the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which requires equal protection under the law (Andrews & Martin, 1998). The University initiated this affirmative action program in response to a history of discrimination against African Americans and Mexican Americans in the state of Texas (Byars, and Rue, 2008). The court’s ruling Affirmative action is a government policy that seeks to remedy old discrimination directed at particular groups, including women, racial and ethnic minorities. The primary purpose of these policies and programs is to increase access to opportunities for higher education, employment, government...
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...transform the world. The social and economic ravages of Jim Crow era racism were all-encompassing and deep-rooted. Yet like a phoenix rising from the ashes of lynch mobs, debt peonage, residential and labor discrimination, and rape, the black freedom movement raised a collective call of "No More"! The maintenance of white power had been pervasive and even innovative, and hence those fighting to get out from under its veil had to be equally unrelenting and improvisational in strategies and tactics. What is normally understood as the Civil Rights movement was in fact a grand struggle for freedom extending far beyond the valiant aims of legal rights and protection. From direct-action protests and boycotts to armed self-defense, from court cases to popular culture, freedom was in the air in ways that challenged white authority and even contested established black ways of doing things in moments of crisis. Dixie and Beyond By the middle of the twentieth century, black people had long endured a physical and social landscape of white supremacy, embedded in policy, social codes, and both intimate and spectacular forms of racial restriction and violence. The social and political order of Jim Crow—the segregation of public facilities—meant schools, modes of transportation, rest rooms, and even gravesites were separate and unequal. Yet the catch-all phrase "Jim Crow" hardly accounts for the extralegal dictates of black professionals working cotton fields, landholders thrown off their...
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...penalty. After doing research for a few days it hit me that there was a whole other topic that I should be doing. Under most instances I support the death penalty but I came across an article that gave an opinion that all death penalty inmates should have their evidence reexamined and DNA tested if they were convicted in a pre DNA era. After that I looked into the statistics of people that had been exonerated after serving years in prison by reexamining the DNA from their cases. I was amazed that there had been so many people exonerated out with such limited resources. I now knew that I wanted to know more about DNA exonerations what the statistics were with race and those wrongfully convicted. I think the two subjects African Americans and the death penalty and DNA exonerations could be really enlightening as it shows that the American Justice System in the past surely has executed wrongfully convicted men in the past. So I used Google to search “Exonerated by DNA and Race” and began to read not only their cases but also their stories. The next day I was already questioning my stance on the death penalty. Not only did I think about how their lives will never be the same I thought about all the time they lost and can never get back. Time stood still for them while their families, friends, and loved ones moved on with their lives likely never expecting to see them on that side of their lives again. I sat there and thought how many men have been wrongfully convicted for crimes they...
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...Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of education case took place in 1954. It is one of the most important cases in the American history of racial prejudice. The U.S. Supreme Court recognized separate schools for blacks and whites unconstitutional. This decision became an important event of struggle against racial segregation in the United States. The Brown case proved that there is no way a separation on the base of race to be in a democratic society. Brown v. Board of education is not a case just about education and children, it is a case of everybody being equal. Brown v. Board of Education was a beginning for American people to understand that separate but equal is not the same. The Brown case revealed this. It was the reason why blacks and whites do not have separate accomodations any more. Separate and equal does not exist any more, Brown v. Board of eduacation made everyone equal. The first case in which African American challenged the doctrine of separate but equal in the United States public education system was in Boston Massachusetts in 1849. Prior to Brown v. Board (1954), from 1881 to 1949 there were eleven cases initiated to try an integrate schools in Kansas. The schools that the African American children attended were not equal to their white counterparts. Most of the time the African American students had to travel farther than white students to get to their schools. The schools for African Americans were run down with-of-date...
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...racial equality dramatically increased. Various factors were involved. Factors such as: presidential involvement and the use of media post WW2.We also see improvements in education and NAACP. More importantly how the NAACP and southern states responded to these factors, later shaping the result to black civil rights. During this time America saw two presidents come to power: Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) and Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961). Both of which affected the civil rights movements in different ways. Truman who was vice president to Roosevelt was elected officially in 1948, Born in Missouri in the late 19th century he had been brought up in an area that saw racism towards coloured people as a natural occurrence, and this was also the case for Truman. Truman had first encountered blacks as family servants with his ancestors previously owning slaves. Truman had told his sweet heart Bess that: “One man is as good as another, “So long as he is honest, decent and not a Nigger or a Chinaman”. (Sanders, 2003, p60) So he is an unlikely candidate to eventually be bringing the lack of rights of the blacks to light and standing behind the civil rights movement later in his career. With the number of racial murders on the rise in the south, Truman set up and implemented a civil rights committee to produce a report “Secure These Rights” brought attention to the on-going plight of the blacks. On the 2nd of February the president presented this report to congress with the aim of enacting...
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...their freedom, and sought to fight for the grand prize which was their freedom. They believed that America was for all its citizens and everyone should be treated equally. When African Americans started taking actions there were more negatives than positives. They only secure their own rights instead of being treated like they were. Some took actions in asking their white owners for their freedom, but in doing so they knew they had to take it slowly and not push them too fast because if they did they could have lost their livelihood. On May 17, 1954 was when the case of Brown V BOE occurred. It was the case in which schools were segregated and did not allow any black kids to study in any white public school. When brought to court it was also declared unconstitutional. This was one of many cases that were declared unconstitutional. Then in September 1955, the case of Emmett Til came to place in Money, Mississippi. He was from Chicago and had gone to visit his relatives one of them being Moses Wright. He was found in the waters of the river dead. He had been shot, beaten, his eyes were ripped out, he was tied in barbed wire, and more. All this happened because he spoke fresh to a white women, in front of her husband and friend. Till didn't know too much because in the north where he came from there wasn't that much segregation, so he didn't know any better. The two white men from the store were...
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...Sergio Alvarado 02/20/16 Bailey 3rd Preface : 1. Why was the Supreme Court case, Plessy Vs. Ferguson, important? Plessy v. Ferguson accomplished the ?separated but equal?. 2. What was the impact of Plessy Vs. Ferguson on the lives of African Americans and minority groups such as Hispanic, Japanese, and Chinese? The separated but equal gave more rights to the people making it spread also to other races. Chapter 1 Rosa parks Rosa parks was a lady born from Louise McCauley. She is famous for her bravery on not refusing her seat after a long day at work. As the driver asked her to get up and she denied because she said she didn?t had to give a white passenger her seat for them to be Comfortable. After that she was arrested but recognize...
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...Introduction Hurricane Katrina became the New Orleans¡¦ biggest nightmare in year 2005. Even though the city was spared the full impact of the hurricane, the city¡¦s levees were breached and flooded more than 80 percent of the city. At the end of the day, the total death toll has reached 1,836 as of May 2006, and the experts estimated the total cost of Hurricane Katrina at $81.2 billion or more. It was true that Katrina was a natural disaster; therefore, it was unpredictable and unavoidable. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) saw its approach to Katrina as a success story. However, many of the criticisms were directed toward the ill-prepared FEMA and the lack of coordination in the rescue operation, in which FEMA refuse volunteers¡¦ help including manpower and food. Some even suggested the abolishment of FEMA for good. The point at issue here is whether FEMA is effective in doing what it is suppose to do. We would identify the strength FEMA possesses, as well as the weaknesses the agency contained. Recommendations would be made in the end by using organizational behavior tools. What is FEMA? The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was established as an independent agency by presidential executive order on March 31, 1979. However, after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11th, FEMA became a part of Department of Homeland Security (DHS) on March 1, 2003. Basically, FEMA integrates the emergency-related programs of Nations and is the central agency within the Federal...
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...office buildings do more than just serve as pleasant green backdrops. The grass plants that make up the lawns serve as miniature air-conditioners and pollution-abatement centers. On a block of eight houses, the front lawns have the cooling effect of 70 tons of air-conditioning. The plants, in transpiring water to cool themselves, also cool the surrounding area. Roughly 50 percent of the heat striking a turf area is eliminated by transpiration. When the temperature of the sidewalk is 100 °F, the temperature of the adjacent turf remains near 75 °F. This cooling may last into the night, with studies showing a 13-degree cooling at 9 p.m. This air-conditioning is not free, however. An average 5,000-square-foot lawn transpires about 3,000 gallons of water on a hot summer day. If this water is not supplied by rain, it must be applied by some other means. Turfgrass also functions as a noise barrier. Studies at the Riverbank Acoustical Laboratory in Geneva, Illinois, found Kentucky bluegrass turf more sound-absorbent than a heavy carpet on a felt pad. One of the most significant byproducts of a living, green backdrop is its effect upon the atmosphere. A 250-square-foot lawn produces enough oxygen for a family of four. The average lawn traps significant amounts of carbon dioxide, peroxyacetyl nitrates, and ozone, as well as particulate matter. A most important effect is the prevention of soil erosion and enhancement of ground water recharge. Research shows infiltration is much higher on turfed...
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...contents abstract problem statement statement of intent narrative user/client description major project elements site information project emphasis plan for proceeding previous studio experience theoretical premise research case studies climate data historical context project goals site analysis an ecological solution personal identification reference list 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 - 12 13 14 15 16 - 34 35 - 58 59 - 65 66 - 71 72 73 - 88 89 - 108 109 110 - 111 abstract Waterways are a vital and productive resource to our environment. Rivers provide a variety of amenities and services to communities across the world such as drinking water, food, travel, recreation, wildlife habitat, connection to place, aesthetic appeal, economic development, etc. This thesis project examines the importance of the Mississippi River to its urban community and how riverfront design can function as a unifying element for the city center and its ecosystem. Over half of the world’s future population will be living in urban environments by 2030, which will dramatically increase the stress on a vulnerable network of water systems. A restoration of a river can bring awareness to people while improving physical and ecological corridor connections (Bernhardt & Palmer, 2007). Keywords: Mississippi, river, community, ecosystem, restoration, urban, connection 5 problem statement How can riverfront design be used to unify...
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...has been used to refer to cohabitation or intermarriage between racial groups. Regulated by state law, miscegenation was illegal in many states for decades. However, interracial marriage in the United States has been fully legal in all U.S. states since the 1967 Supreme Court decision, Loving v. Virginia, that decreed all state antimiscegenation laws unconstitutional. Many states, of course, had chosen to legalize interracial marriage much earlier. According to a May 14, 2012, Huffington Post article entitled “Interracial Marriage Statistics: Pew Report Finds Mixed-Race Marriage Rates Rising,” the 1980 Census (the first to collect data on interracial marriage) reported that 3% of all married couples were from different races. The number had risen to 8.4% (one in twelve couples) by 2010. Looking at marriages recorded in the years between 2008 and 2010, we find that 22% of newly-married couples in Western states were of different races or ethnicities, compared to 14% in the South, 13% in the Northeast, and 11% in the Midwest. QUESTION 1: Analyze and evaluate each case independently by providing the following (about two paragraphs per case): LOVING V. VIRGINIA CASE. 1. Facts of the case: In 1958, Mildred Jeter, a black woman, and Richard Loving, a white man, were married in the District of Columbia. The two had gone to the District of Columbia to obtain a marriage license and returned to their home state of Virginia afterward. The couple was then charged with and convicted of...
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...African American Studies Final Question Answers M5Q1 NOTES: 1. Which of the following best describes Henry David Thoreau's response to Brown's raid? |1.|Thoreau praises Brown and seeks to defend his memory against those who viewed him as a murderer or insane man| |2.|Thoreau is horrified by the violent methods Brown used, arguing that violence will turn many Americans who oppose the extension of slavery against the abolitionists| |3.|Thoreau argues that Brown should not be put to death as this would cause sectional strife and lead to a civil war| |4.|Thoreau is one of many abolitionists who plea for Brown's life to be saved| 3 points Question 2 1. Which of the following best summarizes the letters John Brown wrote to his family while in prison? |1.|Brown is very hopeful that his wife and remaining children will come visit him| |2.|Brown calls upon his sons to continue his work. Although he speaks in very vague terms, it is clear that he hopes they will launch another slave uprising so that his death will not be in vain| |3.|Brown is upset at the fact that some of his children are ashamed to be sons and daughters of the man who planed the raid at Harper's Ferry| |4.|Brown does not write any letters to his family members while in prison, a fact John Earle makes plain in his introduction| |5.|Brown is upbeat and speaks in mostly religious terms about how there is no need to grieve for their father| Question 3 1. Which of the following is TRUE regarding John...
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...contain, or eradicate this species. VII. Eradication Attempt Within a decade of the accidental introduction of the red imported fire ant, significant attempts were made to rid the United States of this species. Between 1950 and 1970, a chemical insecticide named Mirex was extensively used in an attempt to eradicate the species (Theodoropoulos 2003). The pesticide failed to eradicate the RIFA and inadvertently aided the fire ants' spread by killing numerous native ant species that compete successfully with them. Mirex also caused even broader ecological harm that was often attributed to the fire ants. For example, it was first thought that the ants were linked to the decline of overwintering birds such as the loggerhead shrike, but a later study showed the pesticide Mirex was largely to blame. This chemical use of Mirex was prohibited by the US Environmental Protection Agency in 1976. VIII. Federal...
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...Running head: Barriers Women and Minority Superintendents face in Mississippi What are the barriers women and minority Superintendents face Mississippi? Tommy B. Molden University of Southern Mississippi The position of school superintendent was created during the late 1830; by 1850, 13 large city school systems already employed an administrator in the capacity. By most accounts, the very first district superintendents were appointed in Buffalo, New York, and Louisville, Kentucky (Grieder, Pierce, & Jordan, 1969). By 1900, most city school districts had established this position. The need for school systems to have a top executive stemmed from a myriad of conditions including the development of larger city school districts, the consolidation of rural school districts, an expanded state curriculum, the passage of compulsory attendance laws, demands for increased accountability, and efficiency expectations (Kowalski, 2003) During the past several decades, widespread concern for the condition of the education and the economy launched and sustained what arguably is the most intense effort to reform public education in recent history. For more than two decades (1983-2005), national commission and task force reports examined the condition of American public education, heightened expectations for schooling, and called for improving instruction as well as fundamentally altering the manner in which...
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