...Bab. I Pendahuluan I.I Abstrak Artikel ini dimulai dengan analisis rinci tentang bagaimana pilihan situasi dari sebuah kontrak sosial bagi etika bisnis internasional yang dapat dibangun dan dibenarkan. Situasi Pilihan dikembangkan dengan menganalisis konsepsi dari perusahaan multinasional dan wilayah dari bisnis internasional. Hasilnya adalah negosiasi hipotetis antara dua karakter fiksi, J. Duncan Grey dan Elizabeth Redd, yang masing-masing mewakili kepentingan bisnis dan masyarakat yang ingin terlibat dan terlibat dalam perdagangan internasional. Negosiator menyepakati prinsip-prinsip etika yang mengatur upah, lingkungan, dan norma-norma sosial dan budaya kepatuhan. Prinsip-prinsip ini kemudian ditampilkan untuk keseluruhan dalam kesetimbangan reflektif yang luas dengan menganggap penilaian moral etika bisnis internasional, yang diambil dari perjanjian internasional, seperti Deklarasi PBB tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, dan inisiatif bisnis sukarela, seperti Sullivan Prinsip global dan PBB global Compact. I.II Latar Belakang Perkembangan serta kemajuan zaman dimana munculnya teknologi baik transportasi maupun komunikasi yang merubah bisnis, dimana tidak lagi dipandang sebagai suatu bidang yang kecil melainkan dapat mencangkup bidang yang luas dan tidak terbatas baik wilayah maupun cakupan yang dipengaruhi oleh bisnis itu sendiri. Hal ini berkaitan dengan makin berkembang dan banyaknya bisnis yang berskala multinasional maupun internasional. Bisnis sendiri telah menjadi salah...
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...TITLE Social Contracts and Marketing Ethics CITE “Social Contracts and Marketing Ethics,” Journal of Marketing, 63(July): 14-32 1999. AUTHORS Thomas W. Dunfee 1 N. Craig Smith2 William T. Ross Jr. 3 1- The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19036-6369. Phone: 215.898.7691 Fax: 215.573.2006 Email: dunfeet@wharton.upenn.edu. 2- The McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057 Phone: 202.687.5405 Fax: 202.687.4031 Email, smithn@gunet.georgetown.edu. 3- School of Business and Management, Temple University, Speakman Hall (006-00), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122 Phone: 215.204.8111 Fax: 215.204.6237 Email: rossw@sbm.temple.edu. Acknowledgements: The authors thank Thomas Donaldson, Diana Robertson and participants in the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Seminar at Georgetown University, and three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier versions of this article. Funding by the Carol and Lawrence Zicklin Center for Business Ethics Research and the Georgetown University School of Business summer research fund is gratefully acknowledged. Abstract This paper describes the need and the search to date for a normative moral foundation for marketing. Social contract theory appears promising because of its clear correspondence to the exchange relationships central to marketing thought and practice. It is introduced in a specific formulation known as Integrative Social...
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...Ethical theories and unethical Companies that destroy environment. “Environmental ethics is the discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment and its non-human contents”(Brennan and Lo, 2015). Morality is “the degree to which something is right and good: the moral goodness or badness of something” (Merriam-Webster, 2015). This report will focus on ethical issues that companies create and the five main theories to serve as a guide for ethics. How this theories affect business and how it affects people. In this report I will give brief explanation of the theories and will focus on virtue ethics. The four main theories are Utilitarianism, Kantianism, Ethical egoism, Social contract theory and virtue ethics. Utilitarianism is universal theory of utility, where utility is the priority of an act. People have to act in the way that creates more utility or in other words an act should bring more happiness for greater number of people, rather than pain, if the act brings more pain than happiness it is considered to be morally unacceptable. Kantianism is a theory named after German famous philosopher Immanuel Kant. He believed that people are rational beings and they will follow and do rational things. Kantianism is based on duty and commitment more than any other thing, where if the performed act followed duty it was morally acceptable. Ethical egoism is the theory based on satisfying self-interest...
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...ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN BUSINESS 3.1 Ethics Ethics has been defined as concerned with the development of moral standards by which actions, situations and behaviour can be judged. (Boyd et al) Oelgeschlager. et al gave the simplest definition of ethics as standards conduct. Ethics is the discipline that examines one’s moral standards or the moral standards of a society. It asks how these standards apply to our lives and whether these standards are reasonable or unreasonable, that is, whether they are supported by good reasons or poor ones. Therefore, a person starts to do ethics when he or she takes the moral standards absorbed from the family, church and friends and asks: “What do these standards imply for the situations in which I find myself? Do these standards really make sense? What are the reasons for or against these standards? Why should I continue to believe in them? What can be said in their favour and what can be said against them? Are they really reasonable for me to hold? Are their implications in this or that particular situation reasonable?” Ethics is the study of moral standards, the process of examining the moral standards of a person or society to determine whether these standards are reasonable or unreasonable in order to apply them to concrete situations and issues. The ultimate aim of ethics is to develop a body of moral standards that we feel are reasonable to hold standards that we have thought about carefully and have decided are justified standards for us...
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...the how business-people come to have duties under the law of contract and the main legal requirements for the formation of a contract with practical examples and applied theory to support the arguments and then we are going to discuss about how business-people come to have duties for negligence under the law of tort and the main legal requirements for liability in negligence with practical examples and applied theory to support the arguments and then we are going to discuss briefly about the E-commerce and how business-people have duties under the law of e-commerce with exactly one legal requirement of the E-commerce Regulations 2002 and then finally we will discuss briefly about the business ethics and then thoroughly about if the business-people operate mainly out of self-interest or not and then we are going to discuss briefly why we are disagree with statement of "The Wealth of Nations" (1776) by Adam Smith. “Contract and how do business-people come to have duties under the law of contract” When two or more parties agreed upon specific terms and conditions in written and willingly want to perform their duties and responsibilities is called agreement and when the agreement is enforceable under the law is called contract. Every contract should need to have the offer and acceptance from two or more parties and with something in return (consideration) and with the purpose to make legal relations. The main legal requirements for the formation of a contract are as...
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...upholding the company’s code of conduct to fit the current times. When a company invests in the people and the environment the return is greater profit and a stronger sense of belonging in the community. Customer and employee loyalty are what can pull any organization through the tough current economic downturn. Current ethical issues faced by West Coast Grape Growers involve environmental concerns involving but not limited to using pesticides that can drain into the water systems, what type of pest control that can be used, and amount of water used to maintain vineyards quality. Other ethical concerns faced involve a communication barrier with non-English workers, hiring legal or illegal workers to increases or decrease profit, and types of contracts to set up with potential customers to sell to public or wineries only. Another ethical and moral concern is the current state of the economy and how much companies will be purchasing grapes when consumers aren’t purchasing at the same rate as before. Many solutions are available for each of the ethical issues faced by the company. First the company needs to decide how they want their organization to be publicly viewed. When determining pest control that will keep rodents from chewing away potential vineyard profits the organization may consider making owl boxes and increasing the potential of bringing owls into the environment as a natural form of pest control. When faced with a communication barrier West Coast Grape Growers can offer...
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...those who study moral philosophy: virtue ethics, duty ethics and consequential ethics. Virtue ethics, associating ethics with personal habits, is associated with Aristotle. Duty ethics is associated with religious beliefs, although Kant tried to create a system of duties independent of belief in God. Consequential ethics is associated with the quest for rationalism during the Enlightenment, and especially with the Utilitarians. Virtue Ethics Plato and especially later Aristotle described moral behavior as “what the moral or virtuous person does.” The virtuous person develops a sense of right and wrong. This idea endures. We look to people we think of as ethical to give us advice on an ethical issue because such people have a sense of right and wrong. Aristotle tried to take the idea further, with less success. He thought that virtuous behavior meant people realizing their potential. He suggested that virtue was tied to moderation, a middle way between excess and deficiency. This idea is in practice not proven so helpful because where the midpoint is depends on where we put the extremes.[2] For example if an extreme drinker is someone who drinks six liters a day of vodka, then is three liters a day a moderate drinker? Markets operate without depending on the virtue of the business people who trade in them. But in practice ethical behavior is admired. Political campaigners like to focus on the ethical shortcomings of business, while businesses poke fun at the ethical...
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...Every business has a first and primary goal to gain profit. To remain in business and grow the firm must take into account social responsibility and ethics. When an organization demonstrates that it is more interested in financial gain than in how it treats the environment, employees, and stakeholders it will lose financially. In order to balance the social responsibility and the desires of its shareholder for profit an organization needs to develop a strategic plan that thoroughly explains its ethical and social responsibilities to the stakeholders (Wheelan and Hunger, 2010). Senior executives, business owners, managers and leaders must understand social responsibility and ethics. By doing so they will understand the impacts these factors have on the success of the business. In today’s society firms must understand the concerns of all stakeholders on the organizations environmental impact as well as sustainability. Business ethics are the principals and standards that make up the acceptable behaviors of an organization. The acceptability of these behaviors are made up by the customers, government regulations, competitors, and society in general. Social responsibility and ethics are often used interchangeably but they do not mean the same thing (Crane & Matten, 2010). Ethics are based on the firm’s or person’s decisions that are defined as right or wrong by society’s standards. Social responsibility concerns the impact of the business’s activities on society. To fully understand...
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... 4:45 -7:15pm I. Introduction: The name of my Company is Called My Luxury Closet It is a Consignment business which is part of the fashion industry. I will be offering goods such as Clothing, shoes, purses, and accessories which consists of Watches, Jewelry and Sunglasses. My Target market is Women of all ages and sizes. In the entity of business My Company will have Copyrights, Trademarks, and a Domain name II. Formation The formation I rather use is an LLC- it is a Hybrid form of Business enterprisenwhich means I can facilitate my business as a new developer and I can learn to build my brand from it. Since I have no partners it is a good entity which also offers the Tax advantages of a partnership. If I was to have $500.00 I am registering my Domain name for 99 cents and getting my Business License for $200.00 which is for the application plus 1$65.00 for a licensing fee as well as trademarking my brand, which is $69.00 which gives me a total of $434.99. III. Contracts/Employment Law/Agency My company will enter a contract with consumers and consignees (Buyer and seller) The contract I will apply towards my business is Sale or Return and Implied in fact, agreements with customers and sellers. There are many risks associated with my contracts, one being the Extinct contract, which is “a promise for an act” I can only make a promise if the goods are sold. And as long as the goods are 100% authentic, I can resell them...
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...process is a set of individual decisions. Thus, leaders are shaping the policy through their ethical and unethical decisions. Ethical leadership as an ethical behavior has its advantages and consequences. In order to establish trustworthiness in the minds and hearts of followers, leaders have to respect and honor the social contract which will generate a positive outcome (Caldwell et al., 2010); but the issue is in relation to the social contract which differs from one company to another. Gilbert (2010), in the article Moral duties in Business, wrote: treat others fairly; observe the rights of others and the duties they impose; do not hurt others, directly or indirectly; follow the law; treat others as you would wish to be treated; treat others as you have been treated; be merciful; and be just (p.94) The social contract is a set of values, and companies do have a code of ethics to honor the social contract. Thus, leaders can justify their actions by supporting subprime loans solely by honoring the code of ethics. In addition, any responsibility on the different levels of an organization, business or nonprofit needs guidance and leadership. Thus, in order for social responsibility to accomplish goals and fulfill its mission or by setting up plans, leadership is a requirement (Cohen, 2009). As noted by Gilbert (2010), “some mortgage lenders automated the process to the degree that approval to grant an individual loan was computerized” (p.92); thus, this is one of the examples...
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...Corporate Responsibility and Marketing Strategies Corporate responsibility and Marketing Strategies are essential in today’s market and to any premier company in this day and age. Researching Apple’s ethical and social responsibility and their position will allow the consumer to determine if the company is meeting or exceeding their responsibility. Exploring the publications which documents the impact of the company’s reputation as a result of any violations will be outlined in this document. The paper will also outline what methods can be utilized in the future to ensure that its suppliers adhere to standards going forward. In addition certain measures may call for more overhead, will Apple’s customers be willing to pay an increase in products and services in order for Apple to assure its suppliers adhere to wage and benefit standards in the future? The research will also analyze various actions that Apple can take to improve its overall marketing approach and outreach to global markets. Apple’s position on its ethical and social responsibility should be in direct correlation to Apple's reputation as it is to the credibility of its products. Apple has clearly cited on many occasions the belief that accountability is paramount for them as well as their suppliers. Apple’s supplier code of conduct states their employees are empowered and provided with safe and ethical working conditions. It is their representation that their code goes beyond the industry standards, which should...
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...APRIL 25, 2015 MGMT 204 CRN: 34272 Current Human Relations Challenge: Organizational Ethics Ethics is the moral standard of right and wrong behavior (Lussier, 2013, pg. 72). Organization as defined by Lussier is “a group of people working to achieve one or more objectives” (Lussier, 2013, pg. 457). Organizational ethics is code of conduct for businesses. In this paper, three different ethics studies, from the Business Journal of Ethics, are examined. They are “Boardroom Diversity and its Effect on Social Performance: Conceptualization and Empirical Evidence,” “The Corporate Ethical Virtues Scale: Factorial Invariance Across Organizational Samples,” and “When Organizations Don’t Walk Their Talk: A Cross-Level Examination of How Decoupling Formal Ethics Programs Affects Organizational Members.” Boardroom Diversity and its Effect on Social Performance: Conceptualization and Empirical Evidence” This article, written by Hafsi and Turgut, is a study of the relationship between boardroom diversity and corporate social performance. They compare diversity in boards (encompassing director’s gender, ethnicity, age, experience and tenure) and diversity of boards (consisting of board size, director independence, director stock ownership, and board leadership duality) and incorporate that into the effects of corporate social performance (CSP). They state that boardroom diversity affects organizational performance created the need for Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002 (Hafsi et...
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...MGMT314: Lecture 12 / chapter 9 Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility ETHICS * Ethics concerns principles of right or wrong conduct * The moral principles and values that govern the behaviour of people, firms or Govt. regarding what is right and what is wrong * Being truthful * Demonstrating integrity of character * Not cheating customers * Not harming people and trading with decency BUSINESS ETHICS * Involves the application of general ethical principles to the actions and decisions of businesses and the conduct of their personnel * Are not materially different from ethical principles in general because business actions have to be judged in the context of society’s standards of right and wrong * Ethic behaviour in business requires adhering to generally accepted norms Why study ethics in business? * Ethical behaviour is simply the right thing to do. It is often prescribed within law and regulations * Ethical behaviour is demanded by customers, govt. and the news media. Unethical firms risk attracting unwanted attention * Ethical behaviour is good business, leading to enhanced corporate image and selling prospect. Firms with strong reputations have an advantage when hiring and motivating employees, partnering and dealing with foreign governments. * Related issues * Bribery (over US$1 trillion in bribes is paid around the world) * Kickbacks; illicit payment made to someone in return for facilitating...
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...work but no contract by the employer (2016) Render understanding as to what happens if employee is terminated or what happen as a result of not a daring policy. Separation terms that is pertinent in each incidence (What Are the Basic Elements of the Employment Contract?, 2016). Business Ethics and Social Responsibility (McNamara, C.,n.d.) explained. Ethics necessitate learning what is right or wrong, and finding solution by doing the right thing, based on honest principle, depends on the situation (Business Ethics and Social Responsibility, 2016). Dismissal To be lawful, the dismissal of an employee Must be actually justified (How To Dismiss an Employee, 2016) Must be conducted in a procedurally fair manner (How To Dismiss an Employee, 2016) Employment contract at Enterprise Rent-A-Car Contract states indispensable duties, it ought to clearly show the place and hours of employment, the language must be clear and concise. It should stipulate the term of employment, length of agreement, terminate term. Disclose salary compensation figures in the contract, detailed base wage and method of payment, hourly commissions. Disclose any benefit health, dental, vision or other insurance. Also, state percentages of benefit premiums the employee has to pay. Most importantly disclose holidays, vacations, stocks options, any profit sharing the company offers and retirement plans. (What Are the Basic Elements of the Employment Contract?, 2016) Rent-A-Car Developing Code of Ethics According...
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...have occurred? Intend to contract. (2) What is the difference between an enforceable, unenforceable, express and implied contract? Unenforceable Agreement occurs when the parties intend to form a valid bar-gain but a court declares that some rule of law prevents enforcing it. Voidable Contract Occurs when the law permits one party to terminate the agreement. Void Agreement is one that neither party can enforce, usually because the purpose of the deal is illegal or because one of the parties had no legal authority to make a contract. (3) Describe a situation where a breach of contract has occurred. Most contracts are discharged by full performance or sometimes the parties discharge a contract by agreement. (4) If there is a breach of contract, what remedies are available? Compensatory Damages (Expectation Interest), Consequential Damages (Special Damages), Incidental Damages (Relatively Minor) (5) What conditions would constitute a discharge of a contract? A party is discharged when they no longer have any duties under a contract. (6) Describe the conditions for a discharge of a contractual obligation. Most contracts are discharged by full performance or sometimes the parties discharge a contract by agreement. (7) Describe types of acceptable performance of a contract. Strict and Substantial Performance. 1) Strict: requires one party to perform its duties perfectly. 2) Substantial: generally sufficient to entitle the promisor the contract price, minus the cost of...
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