...• On a separate sheet (not part of the paper), identify the premises and conclusion of each of the arguments in your paper. Most papers will have one overriding argument and then several smaller arguments, which “prove” the truth of the premises you are making in the larger argument. • Look at each of the arguments you have located in your paper. Carefully study them to see if there are any informal fallacies. If there are any fallacies, note the name of the fallacy beneath your identified arguments. Explain why each is a fallacy. • Carefully examine each of your arguments again. Even if there isn’t an informal fallacy present, is each of the individual arguments valid? Do the premises provide enough evidence to support the conclusion? If you are not sure, try rewriting each argument as categorical syllogism and then test for validity. Under each argument, identify whether it is valid or invalid. • Explain to your instructor how you intend to change these arguments in your paper in order to be certain that they are free from fallacies and are perfectly valid. • Once you have completed these tasks, continue editing and revising your paper in order to eliminate the problems that you have just noted and to make it more persuasive. - Revise/edit for grammar and spelling - What position that is different from yours might cause your audience not to accept your position? - What “evidence” have you offered to support your claim/position? Main Argument: People are becoming...
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...Persuading someone solely on the basis of fear is the fallacy known as the Appeal to Fear. Using this fallacy, one can argue that negative outcomes will occur if the desired option is not chosen. Fear is the only motivator in this type of argument; logical reasoning is not used. When emotions are used in an argument, any sense of facts and logic go right out the window. This fallacy is useful in marketing and the selling of products that persuade the consumer to buy their product over the competitor. An example of this fallacy is when a smoke detector manufacturer uses the sales pitch, “Fires kill hundreds of people around the country each year. Therefore, not having our state of the line smoke detector in your home puts your family at risk...
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...Economic fallacies seem to surround us in the media, but few people take notice. The reason I believe this type of stray thinking is so common is that the media is often written not by economists by training, but by those who did not concentrate in business or finance in their studies. I want to focus on one of the most important and far-reaching economic fallacies - the Fallacy of Composition. Before knowing that there was a name for such an error in economic reasoning, I had considered the possibility that there are probably numerous examples of errors of part to whole relationships since samples taken are often not representative of the studied population. I will discuss two examples in finance to support why it is a problem. The Fallacy of Composition assumes that what is true and valid for an individual or segment of the population would necessarily be true for the larger group or whole (McConnell 16). There are ample examples of this problem in economics and finance. I have worked in the finance industry for three years now and as a perfect example, investment firms of various sizes want to make equity sales in the market. If a larger firm only wants to sell 1000 shares of a relatively liquid investment, they would have no problem and the price of each of those shares remains rather consistent. However, the same would no longer be true if that same firm wants to completely exit one of their existing positions by liquidating all of their 10 million shares, they...
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...Paper 1: Argument Paper There are too many lawyers William E. Foster wrote this article entitled “There are Not Too Many lawyers.” It is an interesting piece, sharing a lot of information. The author pointed to all the benefits that can arise from being an attorney, while underlying several other important factors. He also tried to bring up few points to reinforce his statement. He argued that attorneys have deep working knowledge of the legal system, are skilled specialists and bring a noble value to society. The author focused solely on the abilities of attorneys in general without considering any counterclaim facts. Essential mistakes were made throughout his argument, such as poor formation of paragraphs, use of fallacies, lack of credible sources, absence of counterclaims and conclusion. Although the author may have presented crucial information, after a thorough analysis of the entire argument, the bad points prevailed over the good ones; hence, this argument is weak. A strong argument requires a good structure such as: a clear thesis statement, supporting facts, credible sources, counterclaims, coherence in paragraphs, a good structure, excellent grammar, good use of punctuation, clear introduction, body and conclusion, etc… The writer hardly satisfied any of these attributes. First, he included a thesis statement: “Although of the criticism of the present legal education environment are valid, I disagree that law schools are graduating too many JD’s.” (Paragraph...
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...The Manager as a critical thinker Amos Agatovure University of Maryland University College Section 9047 October 16, 2015. Professor Martha Young Introduction Critical thinking is a term used most often by people and sometimes really don’t think about it what means and why questions are asked in a setting ways or why setting phrases are asked how and why? According to the University of Maryland University College (UMUC) Crit-Think-Audio, critical thinking model helps in the analyzation and finding solution to complex organizational problems that affect decision making ability of managers. By definition, critical thinking means making reasoned judgement that are logical and well thought-out. That is, a way of thinking that you don’t just accept all argument and conclusions, but rather you have an attitude by questioning every notion which raises the question of how and why? According to the UMUC Crit-Think-Audio, people who asked questions on how get a job and the people that ask question why be there bosses. However, this paper is for the analyzation of the Cliffside Holding Company of Massapequa (CHCM) Memo, and also, using the critical thinking model as described in the textbook, asking the right questions and applying the several steps as reveled by Browne and Keeley (Browne & Keeley, 2015, to measure up the argument described in the CHCM memo. The critical thinking model was prepared and applied in a memo by CHCM...
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...solutions, testing them against relevant situations, basic scenarios and standards; * thinks open-mindedly and thinks about the other systems, recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions, suggestions, and practical results; and * Interacts and communicates effectively with team members in work, fellow students in school or college or within the family etc. in figuring out solutions to complex problems. Benefits of Critical Thinking At Work: Critical thinking makes employees and managers to look at a situation and analyze all possible solutions before taking a final decision. It can be a long process that requires ideas from different experienced people within the business organization. The benefits to critical thinking make it a valuable practice for any small business. * Produces New Ideas * Promote the development of Teamwork * Promotes Options * Uncovering Spinoffs( which lead to discover the new ideas which are not related to the present problems) At Classroom: Critical thinking helps students to think in different possible ways in analyzing a situation, assignments and also in facing the real world. It also helps them to have innovative ideas in examinations or any skill testing examinations and helps them achieve better positions in...
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...MDIA2002: Views Journalism Notes 3 Question and analysis tasks are to be found inserted at several points in the following notes. Again, this work is compulsory and must be submitted to Moodle at least 24 hours in advance of your tutorial. When providing answers, ensure that you use full, grammatical and well-expressed sentences. Ensure you bring along a copy of your answers with you to the tutorial. The final task in this week’s work may be quite time consuming, and possibly quite challenging. Rest assured that the tute preparation load will be significantly lighter once we get to tutorial 5 (or soon after that if you are in a smaller tutorial group) and the tutorial presentations. Until then it’s necessary to do a bit of front loading, so to speak, to get you up and running with the text analysis methodologies which will stand you in good stead later in the semester. Once you have mastered these methodologies there will be significantly less theory and much more of an emphasis on actual journalistic coverage of events, people, issues and trends. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A guide to analysing views journalism Part 1 – characterising arguments by reference to the how they are justified and supported In the first section of these notes we are going to look in a bit more detail at how supporting argumentation (justifications) works to justify primary claims. This material was dealt with in...
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...death at the hands of a drunk driver early on Monday morning. This article will analyze the reliability, credibility, and validity of the data used by Ms. Butow. It will also illustrate the logical fallacies in Ms. Butow’s argument. First we will analyze the author’s reliability and validity of data. In this instance they can be judged together. The data used and quoted by Ms. Butow is taken directly from Ms. Webb’s Twitter account and other social media pages. Also, Ms. Butow’s data comes from Ms. Webb’s Twitter account “followers”, or people who follow her posts. These followers are typically friends with the account holder. Ms. Butow’s reliability of data is impeccable with some points because it was written by Ms. Webb. However, posts made on Twitter by other people began to lose absolute reliability because it begins to become here say. The validity of the data holds true for all the same reasons as its reliability (Butow, 2012). Next we will analyze Ms. Butow’s credibility. This becomes a difficulty situation as her story was not written directly about the DUI and its resulting accident, but rather the online legacy that a person leaves behind. The first point to assess Ms. Butow’s credibility is her motivation. Ms. Butow works for the a newspaper and it is in business to make money. Controversy is one of the tactics used by newspaper agencies to incite interest and raise sales (jcalles1, 2012). Ms. Butow does attempt to assuage the readers of her motivation...
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...been sparking upheaval in relation to the workplace. Specifically, in a Huffington Post article “Chick-fil-A Anti-Gay Controversy: Gay Employees Speak Out,” Lila Shapiro writes on the effects of Dan Cathy’s, founder and owner of Chic-Fil-A, coming out against gay marriage. Though clear, fair, and evidence based arguments can be given for both opponents and proponents on gay marriage, Shapiro only whimsically urges readers to wake up to Cathy’s mistakes with an argument from pity while also begging the question; claiming that his choices were a biased hatred towards the gay community. The article fails to show both sides of the argument and only makes an attempt to pull sympathy from readers by one sided views of those opposing Cathy’s business and religious choices to accept the writer’s views. For example, from one of the many stories she lists to support her claims, she writes: One gay employee who works at Chick-fil-A headquarters in Atlanta, Ga., and asked to remain anonymous for fear of losing his job, says he is getting it from both sides. On the one hand, there is the customer who came in and said he supported Dan Cathy and then "continues to say something truly homophobic, e.g. 'I'm so glad you don't support the queers, I can eat in peace,'" the employee, who is 23 and has worked for Chick-fil-A since he was 16, wrote in an email. On the other hand, he continued, "I was yelled at for being a god-loving, conservative, homophobic Christian while walking some food out...
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...Logical Fallacies Nicole Smith American Intercontinental University Online Abstract Logical fallacies are mistakes in philosophical reasoning. One must be able to determine when a fallacy is being used as an argument so they are prepared to argument against such fallacy. Logical Fallacies There are several logical fallacies to watch for when making a philosophical argument. A mere assertion is someone asserting a lie to make it seem as a truth. It usually lacks any facts that would support it being true. This type of fallacy does not have any logic behind it. As an example, if I said that my boss is stupid. I have no facts that supports that she is stupid and in fact since she is in a management position at the company she is more than likely not stupid. Circular reasoning is an argument that starts with what the person making the argument is try to end up with. For example, my daughter is my child because I am her mother and therefore she is my child. This argument is stating the argument at the beginning and at the end, which makes it a circular reasoning and also a logical argument. Ad hominem is making an argument specifically against an opponent, which makes the argument personal and attacking the person’s character instead of their argument. Also referred to as, an appeal to motive (Bennett, 2012). An example of this would be if two presidential candidates were having a debate and one of the candidates brought up that the other candidate may have used drugs...
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...they have stated. That raises the curiosity of the potential customers and hence click on the link. Nevertheless, the more might only be an insignificant service that makes the advert deceptive. The “Fastrack advert” claims that one can get Easy Pickups Flat at 20% off. The advertiser seeks to exploit the public from the common belief that anything with a discount is cheaper as opposed to those without. Typically, one expects discounted items to cost lesser than the original prices. However, in most cases, the firms might first hike the prices and then give the discount to make them look cheap. That does not reduce the original cost and, therefore, is misleading and makes people fall for the hasty generalization i.e. lonely fact (“Fallacies: alphabetic list (full list),” 2015). The use of the word “easy” makes one believe that one does not need to struggle to get the products. Bari A. and Abbas R. Z. (2011, Sep.). ADVERTISEMENT & ISLAM: A MUSLIM WORLD...
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...Love Is a Fallacy - Written by Max Shulman Cool was I and logical...My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist's scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. And-think of it!-I was only eighteen. It is not often that one young has such a giant intellect. Take, for example, Petey Burch, my roommate at the University of Minnesota. Same age, same background, but dump as an ox. A nice enough fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs... One afternoon I found Peter lying on his bed with an expression of such distress on his face that I immediately diagnosed appendicitis. "Don't move," I said. "Don't take a laxative. I'll get a doctor." "Raccoon," he mumbled thickly. "Raccoon?" I said, pausing in my flight. "I want a raccoon coat," he wailed. I perceives that his trouble was not physical, but mental. "Why do you want a raccoon coat?"... "All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. Where've you been?" "In the library," I said, naming a place not frequented by Big Men on Campus. He leaped from the bed and paced the room, "I've got to have a raccoon coat," he said passionately. "I've got to!" "Peter, why? Look at it rationally. Raccoon coats are unsanitary. They shed. They smell bad. They weigh too much. They're unsightly. They-" "You don't understand," he interrupted impatiently. "It's the thing to do... I'd give anything for a raccoon coat. Anything!" My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. "Anything?" I asked, looking...
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...you does not have an argument, you have only an assertion, an essay that is just your unsubstantiated opinion. Argumentative essays are often organized in the following manner: 1. They begin with a statement of your assertion, its timeliness, significance, and relevance in relation to some phenomenon. 2. They review critically the literature about that phenomenon. 3. They illustrate how your assertion is "better" (simpler or more explanatory) than others, including improved (i.e., more reliable or valid) methods that you used to accumulate the data (case) to be explained. Finally revise and edit, and be sure to apply the critical process to your argument to be certain you have not committed any errors in reasoning or integrated any fallacies for which you would criticize some other writer. Additionally, you will want to find out how your readers will object to your argument. Will they say that you have used imprecise concepts? Have you erred in collecting data? Your argument is only as strong as the objections to it. If you cannot...
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...Fallacy Summary and Application Paper Introduction Logical Fallacies are methods in argumentations or persuasions that may look or sound good and truthful but do not stand up to critical analysis. These are errors of reasoning that may be recognized by prudent thinkers (Downes, 1995). Fallacies are more than just mistaken belief, it is a flaw in argument that may be intentionally created by a person who has an agenda or may be due to a simple error. On the other hand, Fischer (1970; p. 306) in contrast with fallacy explains logic as follows: “Logic is not everything. But it is something something which can be taught, something which can be learned, something which can help us in some degree to think more sensibly about the dangerous world in which we live.” Logical fallacies are commonly used in order to manipulate a situation or worse when an individual does not recognize the fallacies in the argument, he can be manipulated during the decision making process. As such it is necessary for every individual to use critical thinking particularly during the decision-making process for him or her to become aware of logical fallacies and how these relate to decision-making. Critical thinking as against logical fallacies is a process being used particularly in resolving a problem. It is a mental process of analyzing and evaluating information such as statements or propositions being offered as truth. This process involves reflection of the meaning of statements given, examinations...
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...The business memo, written to Mr. Hector Fuentes (President, APEU Local No. 121) from Ms. Mary Ford (APEU Director of Human Resources) is in response to Mr. Fuentes request of Ms. Ford to evaluate the state’s proposed option to privatize the state’s Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) information systems management function. In order to validate each argument in the memo I will apply the critical thinking model from the book “Asking the Right Questions” by Browne and Keeley (2010). This model is comprised of ten steps for an audience to critically analyze a conclusion by speakers and writers. The first step of the critical thinking model is to identify the conclusion of a speaker’s or writer’s argument (Browne & Kelley, 2010). Browne and Kelley (2010) define the conclusion of a speaker or writer as the “message that the speaker or write wishes you to accept”. The conclusion of the business memo is stated by Ms. Ford, “APEU Local No. 121 should challenge the governor’s proposed privatization of the DMV information systems management function as an unfair management practice”. The conclusion in this memo is located at the end of the memo and clearly stated in the conclusion section however to validate that this statement is the conclusion, identification of the issue is necessary. Browne and Kelley (2010) define an issue as a “question or controversy responsible for the conversation or discussion”. The critical thinking model describes two types of issues that could...
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