Travel Poster
Betty Kapasa
Nur/408
Professor: Jacqueline Paik
June 8, 2011
University of Phoenix

This writer’s country of choice is Zambia located in the southern part of Africa. Zambia’s history goes back to the debut of Homo sapiens: evidence of human habitation going back 100,000 years has been found at Kabwe, north of Lusaka. Beginning around 1000 AD, Swahili-Arab slave-traders gradually penetrated the region from their city-states on the eastern coast of Africa. Between the 14th and 16th centuries a Bantu-speaking group known as the Maravi migrated from present-day Congo (Zaïre) and established kingdoms in eastern and southeastern Zambia. In the 18th century, Portuguese explorers following the routes of Swahili-Arab slavers from the coast into the interior became the first known European visitors. After the Zulu nation to the south began scattering its neighbors, victims of the Difaqane (forced migration) began arriving in Zambia in the early 19th century. Squeezed out of Zimbabwe, the Makalolo people moved into southern Zambia, pushing the Tonga out of the way and grabbing Lozi territory on the upper Zambezi River. Zambia is a land locked country with a population 12,935,368. Kenneth Kaunda, a militant former schoolteacher, took over the leadership of the Africans from the more moderate Nkumbula and in 1959 formed a new party, the United National Independence Party (UNIP). Following a massive civil disobedience campaign in 1962, Africans were given a larger voice in the affairs of the protectorate. On 24 October 1964 Northern Rhodesia became independent as the Republic of Zambia, with Kaunda as its first president; he was reelected in 1968 and 1973. The main problems faced by Kaunda in the first decade of independence were uniting Zambia's diverse peoples, reducing European control of the economy, and coping with white-dominated Southern Rhodesia (which unilaterally declared its independence as Rhodesia in November 1965). * Requirements for travel to Zambia Visa Information:
• Most visitors will need visas and should contact the nearest Zambian consulate for more information
• All travelers must have a valid passport.Health Requirements:
• All visitors must get anti-malaria medication - consult your pharmacist about the right kind. As the disease is transmitted via infected mosquitoes: prevent bites by using mosquito repelling lotions or stick, wearing long and wearing long-sleeved clothing, trousers and socks when outside at night (when they're most active) and sleeping under a bed net or in a room/tent with mosquito proofing (remember to keep the flaps zipped at all times. • Immunizations against hepatitis A and B and tetanus is recommended
• Visitors from or passing through a cholera zone must be able to produce a valid certificate of immunization. Air travelers who only pass through the airports of such a zone need not worry about this. Speak to your doctor before you travel - get accurate and current advice on inoculation requirements and any recently recognized medical precautions that may be necessary.What to pack:
Casual, comfortable, lightweight clothing are best for travelling in Africa. Suggested items are:
• Light cotton tops and cotton trousers
• Khaki, brown, green and beige colors
• Shirts with long sleeves (even in summer; they will protect you from the sun and from mosquitoes)
• T-shirts
• Shorts or a light skirt
• Jeans or safari trousers for evenings and cooler days
• Sweater or fleece
• Heavy jacket for game drives (especially during the winter months)
• Socks
• Comfortable walking shoes/boots
• Sun block and sunglasses
• Hat
• Torch (when staying at bush camps)
• Swimsuit as many lodges have a pool
• Light, compact raincoat during the rainy months Layers are most practical for the fluctuating day/night temperatures of Zambia. | | | | * Immunizations needed before travel * The Centre for Disease Control (CDC) lists the following vaccines, which may be recommended for travel to Southern Africa. Discuss your travel plans and personal health with a health-care provider to determine which vaccines you will need. You should see your doctor at least 4-6 weeks before your trip to allow time for them to take effect:
• Hepatitis A or immune globulin (IG)
• Hepatitis B if you might be exposed to blood (for example, health-care workers), have sexual contact with the local population, stay longer than 6 months, or be exposed through medical treatment.
• Rabies, if you come into direct contact with wild or domestic animals
• Typhoid, particularly if you are visiting developing countries
• Booster doses for tetanus-diphtheria, measles and a one-time dose of polio vaccine for adults, as needed
• A yellow fever vaccination certificate may be required for entry into certain African countries, particularly if you are coming from a country in tropical South America or elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, use common sense when it comes to food and beverages. If you're unsure of their origin, don't eat or drink them. However, general health problems due to poor food preparation are most unlikely in the high quality places at which people on safari typically stay. * Safety and security information * We advise you to exercise a high degree of caution in Zambia because of the risk of criminal activity. * Pay close attention to your personal security at all times and monitor the media for information about possible new safety or security risks. * There has been violent civil unrest in the town of Mazabuka (on the road to between Lusaka and Livingstone), resulting in deaths. Zambian police have set up roadblocks and restricted travel within the town. Travelers should avoid travel to Mazabuka until calm has been restored. There have also been reports of violent demonstrations in the Mpulungu area (near Lake Tanganyika). * You should avoid large crowds, political rallies and demonstrations as they may turn violent. * We advise you to reconsider your need to travel to the border areas with the Democratic Republic of the Congo because of the presence of armed criminal gangs, and the border areas with Angola and Mozambique because of the presence of landmines near these borders. * The level of HIV/AIDS infection in Zambia is high. * Australia does not have an Embassy or Consulate in Zambia. The Australian Embassy in Zimbabwe provides consular assistance to Australians in Zambia. * Be a smart traveler. Before heading overseas:
Organize comprehensive travel insurance and check what circumstances and activities are not covered by your policy. Diseases indigenous to this country and your risk for contracting the diseases * The chance of contracting a disease while traveling on safari in Africa is actually very slight and with proper precautions, most diseases can be easily avoided. In fact, you may be surprised to learn that for southern Africa (South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe) there are no required inoculations (unless traveling from a yellow fever zone) and health concerns are basically the same as those for travel to Eastern Europe or the Caribbean. For East Africa, health concerns and inoculations are similar to those for travel to South America or East Asia. In addition, Southern Africa has some of the finest medical facilities anywhere in the world and they are easily accessible, should the need arise. * Interestingly, the two most common health problems travelers experience while on safari are common colds caught on airplanes and overexposure to the sun. Although there may be little you can do to avoid contracting a cold, exposure to the sun can be minimized. A good sun hat and high SPF sun block are absolute essentials while on safari. Other safari necessities include lip balm with sunscreen and a good pair of sunglasses with a sturdy case.

Be sure to drink large amounts of water every day to avoid dehydration and consider taking sodium tablets to replenish your body’s salts. In countries where drinking water isn't properly regulated, it is advisable to stick to bottled or boiled water and avoid tap water, water fountains and ice cubes. Ask your travel company about the safety of drinking water in the areas you'll be visiting. * Malaria
Although malaria is certainly present in Africa, if proper precautions are observed, the risks of contracting this disease are minimal. However, if you're traveling to an area where malaria is known to be prevalent, you should plan on taking the following precautions:
• Apply insect repellent to exposed skin - recommended repellents contain 20%-35% DEET, and there are a number of different brands on the market to choose from.
• Wear long-sleeved clothing and long pants if you're outdoors at night.
• Avoid swimming in stagnant water.
• Use a mosquito net if your tent or room isn't screened or air-conditioned and spray insecticide or burn a mosquito coil before going to bed.
• Take the malaria tablets recommended for the region you're traveling to, and keep taking them until the course is complete. * If you do experience flu-like symptoms either during, or within four to six weeks after your visit to a malaria area, visit a doctor immediately. More detailed information on malaria may be found on the Web site for the US CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. * AIDS/HIV
What is the risk of HIV/AIDS for safari travelers? Although this disease is prevalent in Africa, you will, in all likelihood, not come across any evidence of it at all. Because AIDS is primarily a lifestyle disease, there are only certain ways of contracting it. If you are planning any sort of intimate contact, always use condoms to reduce the risk of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. In addition, you should avoid handling strange animals, especially monkeys, dogs and cats for any reason. In the unlikely event that you are involved in an accident, the blood in Africa is very well screened and several different air evacuation services are available, such as the Flying Doctor Service, Medjet Assist, and the Medivac systems. Your travel insurance company can provide further details. * Other Precautions
Besides malaria, there are other insect-borne diseases in Africa such as dengue, yellow fever and sleeping sickness (transmitted by tsetse fly bite). However, these are less common and using the same precautions as you would against mosquito bites -specifically, long-sleeved clothes and trousers, repellents and mosquito nets - will help prevent them. * The Centre for Disease Control (CDC) lists the following vaccines, which may be recommended for travel to Southern Africa. Discuss your travel plans and personal health with a health-care provider to determine which vaccines you will need. You should see your doctor at least 4-6 weeks before your trip to allow time for them to take effect:
• Hepatitis A or immune globulin (IG)
• Hepatitis B if you might be exposed to blood (for example, health-care workers), have sexual contact with the local population, stay longer than 6 months, or be exposed through medical treatment
• Rabies, if you come into direct contact with wild or domestic animals
• Typhoid, particularly if you are visiting developing countries
• Booster doses for tetanus-diphtheria, measles and a one-time dose of polio vaccine for adults, as needed
• A yellow fever vaccination certificate may be required for entry into certain African countries, particularly if you are coming from a country in tropical South America or elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Finally, use common sense when it comes to food and beverages. If you're unsure of their origin, don't eat or drink them. However, general health problems due to poor food preparation are most unlikely in the high quality places at which people on safari typically stay. * Graphics and pictures

References http://www.eyesonafrica.net/Articles/safaris-diseases.htm.Retrieved on June 6, 2011 http://www.itrektravelinsurance.com.au/travel-insurance/advice/Zambia.html.Retrieved on June 6, 2011 http://www.reedmatlodge.com/.Retrieved on June 6, 2011 http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.img.extra-hotels.info/hotels-images/Y/YHL390000.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.zambia.extra-hotels.info/H,ZM5NEM,Eight-Reedbuck.html&h=266&w=390&sz=16&tbnid=t9rXQ7dXH4bJSM:&tbnh=85&tbnw=125&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpictures%2Bof%2Bkabulonga%2Bin%2Bzambia%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=pictures+of+kabulonga+in+zambia&usg=__PZbIVov-XK7vhkvLwZwtYFy94NM=&sa=X&ei=SMHtTaGfOo3GsAOo_pyeAw&ved=0CDAQ9QEwBw&dur=6100.Retrived on June 6, 2011 http://www.panoramio.com/photo/3062178.Retrieved on June 6, 2011.