KvOvj nwibv_ gRyg`vi t MÖvgxY mgvR ms¯‹…wZi ms¯‹viK Avnmvbyj Kwei
GK. ÒMÖv‡gi Rb¨B MÄ, MćK Qvov MÖv‡gi P‡j bv| MÖv‡gi cÖ‡qvRb †g‡U †QvU kn‡i, Avevi †QvU kni‡K cÖ‡qvRb †gUvevi Rb¨ †h‡Z nq AviI eo bM‡ii Kv‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wk‡íi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vb bM‡i, Avevi KviI ¯^vfvweK evmf~wg MÖv‡g-|Ó1 A_©bxwZi Ggb mij †mvRv mgxKi‡Yi c‡_i mv‡_B MÖvgxY wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i equation same same| Dfq wk‡íi KuvPvgvjB MÖvgxY| GB MÖv‡gi †fZ‡iB gvby‡li cÖ_g cwiPq| gvbyl Zvi wkÿv ms¯‹…wZ Avi kvwšÍi Avevm e‡j MÖvg‡KB wbe©vPb K‡i‡Q| MÖv‡gi †mŠ›`h©B Kwe wkíx mvwnwZ¨K‡`i †jLvq dz‡U D‡V‡Q| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ MÖv‡gi †mŠ›`h©B RvZxq †mŠ›`h©| Ggb †mŠ›`‡h©i †`kB evsjv‡`k| Bs‡iR kvm‡bi †K›`ªxqKiY bxwZi RvMi‡Y Dwbk kZ‡Ki MÖvgxY mgv‡R fvOb G‡mwQj| GB fvOb MÖvg Dbœq‡bi aviv m„wói †P‡q bMi Dbœq‡bi m~PbvB K‡iwQj †ewk| G‡Z K‡i wkwÿZ AMÖmigvY gvbyl †_‡K c`¨Kvi, M`¨Kvi, ms¯‹viK, m¤úv`K, ewYK Ges ivRbxwZKM‡Yi GKvsk cÖjyä nb bM‡i KjKvZv‡Z| Avi hviv MÖv‡gi `vq Ges ggZ¡‡eva Rwo‡q MÖvggyLxb n‡q iB‡jb Zuv‡`iB GKRb c`¨Kvi, M`¨Kvi, MxwZKvi, m¤úv`K Ges ms¯‹viK n‡jb KvOvj nwibv_ gRyg`vi| KvOvj nwibv_ gRyg`vi †mªd GKRb mgvR ms¯‹viKB e‡U| GB ms¯‹viK M½vR‡j M½vc~‡Rv K‡i †M‡Qb| A_©vr MÖv‡g †_‡KB MÖv‡gi Kj¨vY wPšÍv (village welfare)| Zuvi wePiYf~wg MÖvg| Zuvi mvabcxV Kzwóqv KzgviLvjx| wZwb g‡b-cÖv‡Y GKRb cÖMwZkxj ¯^wkwÿZ wkÿvbyivMx evOvwj| wb¤œga¨weË (lower middle class) cwiev‡ii mšÍvb Amv¤úª`vwqK nwibv_ gRyg`vi| mgvR ms¯‹viK cÖ‡kœ †KD †KD gZ‡f` `uvo Kiv‡ZB cv‡ib| KviY mgvR ms¯‹viK ej‡Z Avgv‡`i fvebv Ry‡o †h fveg~wZ© Zv ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq Ges Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi Gu‡`iB| Gu‡`i mv‡_ nwibv_ gRyg`v‡ii ms¯‹vi fvebvi g‡bvfve (attitude) Kg©cwiwa, cÖ_v-ixwZ, bxwZ, ag©, †Mvôx Ges ¯’vb we‡k‡li h_vh_ cv_©K¨ Aek¨B weivRgvb| g~jZ, nwibv_ gRyg`vi fvlv-mvwnZ¨-mgvR, gvbyl-gvbeZv, MÖvg-MÖvgvšÍ, ag©-D`viZv, wkÿv-mve©RbxbZv, ivRbxwZ-Bs‡iR we‡ivwaZv, K…wl-K…l‡Ki AwaKvi A_©vr wZwb MÖvgxY mgv‡Ri gvbyl Ges cÖK…wZ iÿvi, ms¯‹…wZi c‡ÿi ms¯‹viK wQ‡jb|
`yB. ÒKzgviLvjxi nwibv_ gRyg`v‡ii cÖYxZ ÔweRqemšÍÕ I †UKPuv` VvKz‡ii ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ ev½vjvi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm| Zb¥‡a¨ weRqemšÍ ZrKvj cÖPwjZ weï× ms¯‹…Z eûj ev½vjv‡Z wjwLZ|Ó2 wkebv_ kv¯¿xi GB Dw³i c‡iI nwibv_ gRyg`vi, ÔweRqemšÍÕ GLbI evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnv‡m Ag~j¨vwqZ Ges AhvwPZ| ZviciI MÖš’wUi mvwnwZ¨K g~j¨ hv-B _vKzK bv †K‡bv- Gi †h GKUv HwZnvwmK g~j¨ i‡q‡Q Zv-‡Zv GLb k³fv‡eB fvev hvq| Dwbk kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a©i c‡ii `kK †_‡KB A_©vr ew¼gP›`ª, iex›`ªbv_, kirP›`ª, gxi †gvkviid I cÖg_ †PŠayix ch©šÍ weï× evsjv M‡`¨i R‡b¨ A‡cÿv Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| ZvB bxwZKweZvi hy‡Mi (1820-1859) †jLKM‡Yi c`¨ hZLvwb mvwnZ¨ n‡q D‡VwQj M`¨ ZZLvwb nqwb| G mg‡qi M‡`¨ ms¯‹…Z- Z_v Zrmg k‡ãi cÖfve †ewk wQj| GB cÖfve Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq, AÿqKzgvi `Ë, ivgbvivqY ZK©iZœ, gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, K…òP›`ª gRyg`vi, nwibv_ gRyg`vi, gyn¤§v` `v` Avjx cÖgy‡Li g‡a¨B wQj| Z‡e we‡klZ c¨vixPuv` wgÎ, KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn I `xbeÜz wgÎ mn †KD †KD bZzb M‡`¨iI Rb¥ w`‡qwQ‡jb hv gy‡Li fvlvi KvQvKvwQ wQj| c¨vixPuv` wg‡Îi ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ (1858) †mB fvlv‡ZB †jLv evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm| ÔweRqemšÍÕ (1859) nwibv_ gRyg`v‡ii †jLv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kvwnbx MÖš’| Kvwnbxi welq BwZnvmMZfv‡e hvB †nvK bv †K‡bv Gi mvwnwZ¨K g~j¨, wkí¸Y fvlv ZZUv mvejxj wQj bv| Gfv‡eB wZwb Zuvi m„wó avivq AviI wewea MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv wQ‡jb| Pviæ PwiÎ (1863), Kv½vj wdwKiPuv` dwK‡ii MxZvejx, KweZv †KŠgyw` (1866), weRqv (1859), KweKí (1870), Aµzi msev` (1873), mvweÎx bvwUKv (1874), wPËPcjv (1876) K…òKjx jxjv (1892) c`¨ cyÛixK (1862), gvZ…gwngv (1897) cÖf…wZ MÖ‡š’ Zvi MÖvgcÖxwZi Av`k© Z_v ms¯‹vi gb¯‹Zv KvR K‡i‡Q| Z‡e Zuvi KweZv Ck¦i¸‡ßi cwÎKv msev` cÖfvK‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡Zv wZwb wek eQi eqm †_‡KB KjKvZvi Gme cwÎKv‡Z wjLvi Af¨vm K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji A‡bK †jL‡Ki mv‡_B mym¤úK© wQj| Z‡e wZwb Zv‡`i g‡Zv K‡i KweZv PP©v Ges MÖvgxY gvby‡li `ytL K‡ói K_v Zz‡j aivi R‡b¨ GKLvwb cwÎKv cÖKv‡ki ¯^cœ †`L‡Zb Ges c‡i Zvi h_vh_ ev¯ÍevqbI K‡iwQ‡jb| Ò1869 L„óv‡ã ÔMÖvgevZ©v cÖKvwkKvÕ cÖKvwkZ nq| 1889 L„óv‡ã A_©vfve Bnvi cÖPvi eÜ nBqv hvq|Ó3 cwÎKvwU wbf©xKfv‡e kvmK Ges Rwg`viK~‡ji mgv‡jvPbv Rvwi ‡i‡LwQj| hvi d‡j AgvbywlK AZ¨vPv‡ii nvZ †_‡K wKQzUv n‡jI K…lK Bs‡iR KzwVIqvj I Rwg`vi‡`i jvwVIqv‡ji nvZ †_‡K mvgwqKfv‡e iÿv †c‡qwQj| G Kvi‡b wZwb Rwg`vi Ges miKvwi AvbyKzj¨ bv †c‡jI Kzwóqv KzgviLvjxi gvby‡li Kv‡Q Lye m¤§vb jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb K…lK Ges Mwi‡ei eÜz Zv‡`i fv‡jvevmvi UvbB Zv‡K MÖvgxY mgvR Z_v KzgviLvjx‡Z ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡iwQj| wZb. MÖvg‡K fv‡jv‡e‡mB wZwb Zuvi cwÎKvi bvgI ÔMÖvgevZ©vÕ †i‡LwQ‡jb| MÖvgevZ©v Zuvi Rxeb wQj| wZwb cwÎKvi cÖKvk wbR evwo‡ZB †cÖ‡mi (press) gva¨‡gB K‡iwQ‡jb| †cÖmwU (press) ZrKvjxb MÖvgxY mgv‡Ri gvby‡li Kv‡Q GKwU Avðh© hš¿ wnmv‡e AwfwnZ wQj| KzgviLvjxi Gg Gb cvBjU ¯‹z‡ji cÖwZôvZv g_yivbv_ KzÐz GwU nwibv_ gRyg`vi‡K wK‡b †`b| GB n‡”Q ARcvovMuv‡q †cÖm cÖwZôvi BwZnvm Ges hvi f~wgKvq wQ‡jb KzgviLvjxi AMÖmigvb wPšÍvi cÖZxK nwibv_ gRyg`vi| GB MÖvgwU‡ZB Zuvi Rb¥ n‡qwQj 1833 mv‡ji 20 RyjvB (5 kÖveY 1240)| evev njai gRyg`vi Ges gv KgjgwY †`ex| Zuv‡`i msmvi Rxeb ¯^”Qj Ae¯’vi wQj bv e‡j mšÍvb‡K Zuviv Dchy³ wkÿv w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| Ggb `vwi`ª¨ I `ytLK‡ói Rxeb †c‡qI nwibv_ gRyg`vi wbR B”Qvkw³i Dci fi K‡i K_vq bv eo n‡q Kv‡R eo n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb| Zuvi Kó ïay A‡_©iB wQj bv wZwb Lye Kg mg‡qi g‡a¨B evev gvÕ†KI nvwi‡q AwffveKnxb n‡qwQ‡jb| GLvb †_‡K Zuvi msMÖvgx Rxe‡bi ïiæ| Avi GB ZrKvjxb cvebv †Rjvi KzgviLvjx _vbvi 265 `kwgK 89 eM© wK‡jvwgUv‡ii g‡a¨ wZwb †h gvbyl †`‡LwQ‡jb Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi bvbv `y‡f©vM (suffering) Zuv‡K gvbeZvev`x Amv¤úª`vwqK K‡i Zz‡j| KjKvZvi AvaywbK bMivq‡Yi mv‡_ Zuvi m¤úK© M‡o D‡Vwb| ZvB wZwb evievi MÖv‡g wd‡i bvMwiK wkÿvi AskUzKz w`‡q MÖv‡gi ms¯‹vi †P‡q‡Qb| GB ms¯‹v‡ii GKwU eo KvR 1863 mv‡j KzgviLvjx‡Z evwjKv we`¨vjq ¯’vcb| Zuvi Ávb fvÐvi ¯^AwR©Z| wZwb my‡hvM ey‡S KjKvZv‡Z wM‡q ms¯‹…Z, ev½vjv fvlv‡Z ey¨rcwË jvf K‡ib| cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿv bq ¯^wkÿvi ØvivB Zuvi †fZi Áv‡bi kw³ cÖKvwkZ| wZwb †eva nq ZLbKvi mg‡qi KzgviLvjxi GKRb Av‡jvwKZ gvbyl| ÒRjai †mb ˆkk‡e KzgviLvjx e½we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov †k‡Lb| wkÿK ÔMÖvgevZ©v cÖKvwkKvÕ m¤ú`K nwibv_ gRyg`vi Zvnv‡K evsjv iPbv cÖKv‡k Drmvn w`‡Zb|Ó4 GB Rjai †mb whwb nwibv_ gRyg`v‡ii ˆkke Rxe‡bi QvÎ Zuvi Rb¥I ZrKvjxb b`xqv †Rjvi KzgviLvjx MÖv‡g| Rjai †m‡bi GKwU MÖš’ ÔKv½vj nwibv_Õ cÖKvwkZ nq 1913 mv‡j|
Pvi. mvwnZ¨ Rxe‡bi GK‰iwLKZv Zuv‡K gvbe †mevi Kv‡R wbðqZv †`qwb e‡j ev‡iev‡i wewea gva¨‡gi PP©v K‡iwQ‡jb wZwb| KwjKvZvi nvIqvq wZwb mevi gv‡S †_‡KI ‡hgb Avjv`v n‡q c`¨ M`¨ Ges cwÎKv m¤úv`bv K‡iwQ‡jb- †Zgwb Gevi †Lv` MÖv‡g e‡m MÖv‡gi ZLbKvi mg‡qi evDj mvaK Zuvi AMÖR MxwZKvi jvj‡bi (1774-1891) f³ n‡q D‡Vb| jvj‡bi mv‡_ Zuvi mvÿvrI nq| wZwb jvj‡bi AvLov‡Z gv‡S gv‡S Avm‡ZbI e‡U| jvjbI Zuvi KzgviLvjxi evwo‡Z †M‡Qb| jvj‡bi wb‡g©vng~wZ© Zv‡K AvK…ó K‡iwQj| mij Ges D`vi ü`‡qi gvbyl jvjb mgv‡R Mv‡bi gva¨‡g AvRI wZwb Agi n‡q Av‡Qb| evDj Mv‡bi cw_K…r GB jvjb| Zuvi Mv‡b BnKvj Ges ciKv‡ji mgš^‡qi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| wb‡Ri AvZ¥ïw×i DciB gvbe Rb‡gi ¯^v_©KZv ZvI Zvi Mv‡bi welq n‡q‡Q| ÒI hvi Avcb Lei Avcbvi nq bv| Avcbvi wPb‡Z cvi‡j †i hv‡e A‡Pbv‡i †Pbv \Ó5

GB †PbvRvbvi c‡_B nwibv_I n‡jb Gme Mv‡bi iPwqZv| wZwbI Zuvi evwo‡Z wbR¯^ f³Kzj wb‡q Mvb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi †mme Mv‡bi †fZi iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡Zv Rxeb‡`eZvi cÖwZ AvZ¥wb‡e`b Ges wek¦vm e¨³ n‡q‡Q| wZwb mgv‡Ri Mwie, mij, evDj dwKi‡`i wb‡q Mv‡bi `jI K‡iwQ‡jb| hvi bvg wdwKiPuv` dwK‡ii `j| GB bv‡gB Zuvi m½xZ MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ nq| Zuvi GKwU weL¨vZ Mvb wb‡¤œ D×…Z n‡jv- Ò‡n w`b †Zv †Mj, mܨv nj cvi Ki Avgv‡i| Zzwg cv‡ii KZ©v, ï‡b evZ©v WvKwQ †n, †Zvgv‡i Avwg Av‡M G‡m Nv‡U iBjvg e‡m (I‡n, Avgvq wK cvi Ki‡e bv †n, Avwg ivBjvg c‡o) hv‡`i c_ m¤^j Av‡Q mvabvi ej (Zviv cv‡i †Mj Avcb Avcb e‡j †n) (Avwg mvabnxb ZvB iBjvg c‡o †n) Zviv wbR e‡j †Mj P‡j, AK~j cvivev‡i \ ïwb Kwo bvB hvi, Zzwg Ki Zv‡iI cvi, (Avwg †mB K_v ï‡b Nv‡U Gjvg †n) Avwg `xb wfLvix bvBK Kwo †`L Szwj †S‡o, Avgvi cv‡ii m¤^j `qvj bvgwU †Kej, (ZvB `qvgq e‡j WvwK †Zvgvq †n) ZvB Aag Zvib e‡j WvwK †n wdwKi †Ku‡` AvKzj cv‡o| AvK~j muvZvi cv_v‡i \Ó6

GB MvbwU Zuvi mKj Mv‡bi †miv iPbv| Mv‡bi g‡a¨B Zvi evDj bv‡gi ÔwdwKwiÕ, ÔKv½vjÕ Dcvwa `ywUi A_© cvIqv hv‡e| ms¯‹…Z ev Zrmg k‡ã c~‡e© ÔCÕ k‡ãi †ewk cÖPjb wQj e‡jB Kv½vj, e½, ev½vjv Gfv‡e †jLv n‡Zv| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b cÖwgZ evsjv‡Z, Awfav‡b ÔKvOvjÕ kãwU Gfv‡eB †jLv Ges Gi A_© Mwie, wbt¯^, Z¨vMx| jvjb hw` evDj n‡q dwKi Dcvwa †bq Z‡e ZuviB wkl¨ n‡q nwibv_ gRyg`vi †K‡bv ÔKvOvjÕ n‡eb bv| jvjb dwKi Avi KvOvj nwibv_ gv‡b kvwãK A‡_©i dwKi, KvOvj bq| Giv fv‡ei RM‡Zi `qv‡ji Kv‡Q AvZ¥wb‡ew`Z wbivnsKvix gvbyl wnmv‡e gvbe mgv‡R cwiwPZ| A_©vr AvZ¥ïw×i ms¯‹v‡i wb‡R‡`i ‡fZi Bn‡jŠwKK Rxe‡bi mKj cÖKvi cvcgy³ gvby‡li G GK ¯^‡Mvw³| dwKi jvjb kv‡ni g„Zz¨i 1891 mvj †_‡K KvOvj nwibv_ gRyg`vi Avi cuvP eQi A_©vr 1896 mvj †eu‡P wQ‡jb| Z‡e dwKi jvjb Avqy †c‡qwQ‡jb 116 eQi Avi KvOvj nwibv_ gRyg`vi †eu‡PwQ‡jb gvÎ 63 eQi| cuvP. Ògvby‡li cÖK…wZi GKwU g~j e¯‘ ggZ¡‡eva| me wRwbm‡K gvbyl ggZv w`‡q Ave„Z Ki‡Z Pvq| evB‡ii wRwbm‡K †m Rq K‡i gg‡Z¡i cwiwai g‡a¨ Zv‡K †U‡b Av‡b|Ó7 nwibv_ gRyg`vi Zuvi MÖv‡gi gvbyl‡K †mfv‡e g‡b †U‡b‡Qb Ges wb‡q‡Qb| GB Uvbvi KviY n‡”Q gvby‡li civaxbZv `vwi`ª A_©vr AmnvqZ¡| ZvB Zv‡`i Rxeb hvc‡bi †fZi kw³- m„wó Dchy³Zv m„wói KvRB wZwb K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwbB G e¨vcv‡i hv-B K‡i‡Qb m¤§y‡L Zuvi MÖv‡gi gvbyl wQj| †m Kvi‡bB wkÿv-ms¯‹vi, ¯‹zj ˆZwi, wkÿKZv †ckv MÖnY, c`¨-M‡`¨i gva¨‡g bxwZK_v w`‡q PwiÎ MVb ÔMÖvgevZ©vi cÖKvwkKvÕi gva¨‡g gvbyl‡K ˆZwi Kiv, Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i AvNvZ Kiv we‡`ªvn Qwo‡q †`Iqvq Zuvi KvR wQj| wdwKiPuv` n‡q gvby‡li AšÍ‡ii Av‡eM Mv‡bi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv evDj Mvb, jvj‡bi Mvb gvbyl‡K UvbZ| `‡j `‡j gvbyl GB Mvb ïb‡Z AvmZ| evDjiv †b‡P †b‡P Mvb MvBZ| jvj‡bi Mv‡bi A_© gvbyl eySZ| ag©-Aa‡g©i †f`v‡f` fz‡j gvbyl‡KB eo K‡i †`L‡Zb| ZvB wn›`y-gymwjg mgv‡Ri gvby‡li Kv‡Q GB Mvb H‡K¨i cÖZxK wQj| Ggb f~wgKv cÖ‡qvRb a‡i nwibv_ gRyg`viI †b‡g co‡jb GB c‡_| bv‡gi c~‡e© Dcm‡M© ÔKvOvjÕ e‡m †Mj| gvbyl Avevi Zuvi cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva †`Lvj Zuvi MvbI gvbyl ïbj| Zuvi kxl© Abymvixi msL¨vI evo‡Z _vKj| Gu‡`i g‡a¨- Rjai †mb (1860-1939), cvMjv KvbvB (1824-1889), cvÄy kvn (1851-1941), gxi †gvkviid †nv‡mb (1848-1911), gn¤§` `v` Avjx (1852-1936), G‡`i g‡a¨ Kwe gn¤§` `v` Avjx dwKi jvjb I KvOvj nwibv_ gRyg`v‡ii fve Ges my‡ii mvaK wQ‡jb| Òfzwjqv‡Q †Zv‡i †i †fvjv, Av‡M nI gReyZ †`n Ki c~Z, ‡g‡i ZvovI kg `‡gi dvjv| Zviv n‡j `gb †cÖgnv‡U gZ, wbf©‡q‡Z †`Ibv †gjv| GB Mvb wdwKi Puv` evD‡ji my‡i iwPZ|Ó8
Qq. nwibv_ gRyg`v‡ii MÖvgcÖxwZ, evDjcÖxwZ Ges m½xZcÖxwZi AbymiY iex›`ªbv_ Ges mZ¨wRr ivq evey‡KI cÖfvweZ K‡i| iex›`ªbv_ kni †Q‡o MÖvggyLxb n‡q wkjvB`‡n G‡mwQ‡jb| †mLv‡b G‡m Zuvi Pwi‡Î evDj `k©b Rxeb‡`eZv g„Zz¨‡PZbv mshy³ n‡q‡Q| Avevi mviv Rxe‡bi Zcm¨vi ¯’vb wbe©vPb K‡i‡Qb ‡evjcyi MÖv‡gi kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b| c‡_i cuvPvjx wm‡bgv‡Z mZ¨wRr ivq Bw›`i VvKiæY Pwi‡Îi AwšÍgKvj eySv‡Z Zvi gyL w`‡q nwibv_ gRyg`v‡ii Ôw`b †h †Mj mܨv n‡jvÕ MvbwU MvB‡q AvaywbK hy‡Mi mv‡_ Zuv‡K †dix cvivcviI Kwi‡q w`‡q‡Qb| g~j Mv‡bi mv‡_ GKUz A`j-e`j K‡i Avevi g~j‡K a‡i ivLvi bvgB AvaywbKZv| GB AvaywbKZvi ‡fZi GLb Avi MÖvg kn‡ii ‡f`v‡f` ‡bB| GLb gvbylB n‡”Q Kvg¨Zv, wbg©vZv, †fvMx-kw³ Avi G gvbylB gvby‡li R‡b¨ A_©vr ÔAvU© di g¨vb †mKÕ| GB g¨vb ‡m‡Ki †Luv‡RB gvbyl‡K Avevi wcQ‡bI †h‡Z nq| HwZn¨ Lyuo‡Z nq Ges ‡mLvbKvi msMÖvg-Dbœqb-AMÖMwZ, mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ, ms¯‹vi eyS‡Z nq Rvb‡Z nq|

Z_¨wb‡`©k
1. A¤øvb `Ë- cÖeÜ msMÖn, cÖ_g ms¯‹iY- 1993, c„ôv-233|
2. wkebv_ kv¯¿x- ivgZby jvwnox I ZrKvjxb e½mgvR, cÖ_g cÖKvk- 1883, c„ôv-104|
3. ‡gv‡gb †PŠayix m¤úvw`Z evsjv GKv‡Wgx, gyn¤§` gbmyiDÏxb iPbvejx, cÖ_g LÐ, cÖKvk 2004 GwcÖj, c„ôv-269|
4. ‡gv‡gb †PŠayix m¤úvw`Z evsjv GKv‡Wgx, gyn¤§` gbmyiDÏxb iPbvejx, cÖ_g LÐ, cÖKvk 2004 GwcÖj, c„ôv-268-69|
5. w`jxc wek¦vm msKjb I m¤úv`bv, jvjb m½xZ (ALÐ), cÖKvkKvj- AvM÷, 2009, c„ôv-142|
6. ‡gv‡gb †PŠayix m¤úvw`Z evsjv GKv‡Wgx, gyn¤§` gbmyiDÏxb iPbvejx, cÖ_g LÐ, cÖKvk 2004 GwcÖj, c„ôv-269-70|
7. A¤øvb `Ë- cÖeÜ msMÖn, cÖ_g ms¯‹iY- 1993|
8. ‡gv‡gb †PŠayix m¤úvw`Z evsjv GKv‡Wgx, gyn¤§` gbmyiDÏxb iPbvejx, cÖ_g LÐ, cÖKvk 2004 GwcÖj, c„ôv-334|

cÖvewÜK, wkÿvwe` mv‡eK Dcva¨ÿ, wSbvB`n K¨v‡WU K‡jR, wSbvB`n|

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