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Tema: La Muerte
Titulo: "La muerte según Schopenhaver"
Introducción:
La muerte es tan natural a la vida como el nacimiento, de hecho ambos, nacimiento y muerte, son recíprocos e inversos.
Todos nuestros actos biológicos: respirar, comer, dormir, etc., nos evitan morir directa o indirectamente. Pero la muerte siempre triunfa sobre nosotros según Schopenhauer le pertenecemos a la muerte por el simple hecho de haber nacido y tratar de conservar la vida, que se nos escapa, sutil y rotunda, como el agua en un arroyo, no es diferente a querer que una burbuja de jabón nunca se reviente.
Si al hombre le perteneciera la vida eterna, al paso del tiempo optaría por preferir la nada, ya que por su propia disposición ésta le llegaría a parecer un tormento monótono, aburrido y absurdo. Del mismo modo, si el hombre cumpliera sus sueños de vivir en un mundo donde tuviera todo lo que necesita, es decir, un mundo que no fuera miserable, lejos de ser feliz, se vería invadido por el tedio, el aburrimiento y el hastío. Y solo en la medida en que en su vida se viera presente de nuevo la carencia, escaparía de la monotonía.
Cuerpo:
Esto nos hace pensar que la felicidad es contradictoria a la vida humana.
Para que el hombre pudiera alcanzar la felicidad, y pudiera escapar del círculo vicioso de miseria-tedio tendría que dejar de ser lo que es: tiene que morir.

"Pero, si consideramos más de cerca la cuestión vemos, ante todo la existencia de lo que es inorgánico atacada en cada momento y finalmente disgregada por las fuerzas químicas; y la de los seres orgánicos, en cambio, hecha posible sólo por un continuo recambio de la materia que exige un constante aflujo y una continua ayuda del exterior. Por tanto, ya en sí misma, la vida orgánica se asemeja a la barra tenida en equilibrio en la mano, que debe ser siempre movida, y es por ello una continua necesidad, una deficiencia, una carencia sin fin. Sin embargo, la conciencia es posible sólo mediante esta vida orgánica. Por eso, todo esto es la existencia finita como opuesto de la cual se debería pensar en una existencia infinita, en cuanto no expuesta a ataques externos ni menesterosa de ayuda externa y, por ello, como ‘lo que es eternamente idéntico a sí mismo’ en quietud eterna ‘no sometido a generación ni a corrupción’ (Platón, Timeo, 27 d), sin cambio, sin tiempo, sin pluralidad y diversidad (…) Una existencia tal debe ser a la que nos conduce la negación de la voluntad de vivir." (SHOPENHAUER,Arthur)

Es claro que el hombre es el único ser vivo que lleva en sí el concepto de la muerte. Vemos al individuo nacer y morir lo vemos salir de la nada, sufrir luego por la muerte y volver a la nada de donde salió.

"No conocemos mayor juego de dados que el del nacimiento y de la muerte" (SHPENHAUER,Arthur)En cada momento podemos morir ante las más absurdas e insignificantes circunstancias. La vida es azar. Y a pesar de que siempre estamos seguros de que algún día moriremos, la muerte sólo nos angustia en ciertos momentos en que algún hecho nos la trae a la imaginación. Pero contra la poderosa voz de la Naturaleza, la reflexión puede poco. En el hombre al igual que en el animal, que no piensa existe la convicción de ser él mismo la naturaleza el mundo mismo, el centro del universo, lo cual impide que la idea de una muerte inevitable le atormente demasiado gracias a lo cual se debe que el individuo pueda llevar su vida con tranquilidad como si ésta nunca terminara. Y tan fuerte es esta idea que se podría asegurar que ningún hombre tiene la convicción completa de su muerte, "pues, de ser así, no habría la diferencia que hay entre el estado de ánimo de un hombre en general y el de un condenado a muerte."(SHOPENHAVER,Arthur)

"Cuando en otoño se observa el pequeño mundo de los insectos y se ve que uno se prepara un lecho para dormir el pesado y largo sueño del invierno, que otro hace su capullo para pasar el invierno en estado de crisálida y renacer un día de primavera con toda su juventud y en toda su perfección, y en fin, que la mayoría de ellos, al tratar de tomar descanso en brazos de la muerte, se contentan con poner cuidadosamente sus huevecillos en lugar favorable para renacer un día rejuvenecidos en un nuevo ser, ¿qué otra cosa es esto sino la doctrina de la inmortalidad enseñada por la naturaleza? Esto quiere darnos a entender que entre el sueño y la muerte no hay diferencias radicales, que ni el uno ni la otra ponen en peligro la existencia. El cuidado con que el insecto prepara su celdilla, su agujero, su nido, así como el alimento para la larva que ha de nacer en la primavera próxima, y hecho esto muere tranquilo, seméjase en todo al cuidado con que un hombre coloca en orden por la noche sus vestidos y dispone su desayuno para la mañana siguiente, y luego se duerme en paz." (SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur)

Schopenhauer, inspirado en las diferentes formas de vida que conforman la naturaleza, llega a reflexionar que "nuestra vida debería de ser considerada como un préstamo que nos hace la muerte, y el sueño sería el interés diario pagado por este préstamo." (SHOPENHAUER,Arthur)

Para Schopenhauer, lo que nos causa temor de la muerte no es el dolor que la puede acompañar, ya que el dolor lo soportamos diariamente, además de que la muerte nos libera de él, e inclusive estamos dispuestos a pagar con dolores el precio de seguir vivos. "Muerte y dolor son cosas distintas a nuestros ojos" (SHOPENHAUER,Arthur) lo que nos causa el temor a la muerte es más bien el aniquilamiento del individuo, y es así que nos rebelamos ante ella.

"Pero también es muy digno de atención, por una parte, que los mismos dolores y males de la vida son fáciles de evitar, y que la misma muerte, en huir de la cual empleamos el esfuerzo de nuestra vida, es de desear y a veces corremos hacia ella gustosos, y por otra parte, que tan pronto como la necesidad y el sufrimiento nos conceden una tregua, estamos tan próximos al tedio que deseamos que pasen las horas rápidas." (SHOPENHAUER,Arthur)
Conclusión:
Schopenhauer vio al mundo como un sitio en el cual unos cuantos devoran a los otros y en todo instante miles de animales mueren y sufren. La violencia y la injusticia predominan por doquier, la vida de cada ser no tiene significado y termina inevitablemente en la muerte. En tanto que vivimos, somos esclavos de nuestros deseos y la insatisfacción nos domina. Y nos dice que "Cada partida es una anticipación de la muerte y cada encuentro una anticipación de la resurrección."(SHOPENHAUER, Arthur). Me parece que Shopenhauer tiene mucha razón ya que nosotros tenemos miedo de lo que hay después de la muerte y que nuestra vida es solo un préstamo que nos hacen y que después tenemos que pagar este préstamo con la muerte. No deberíamos temer de la muerte y tampoco esperarla porque tú nunca sabes cuándo te puede llegar ni de qué manera y eso no depende que los buenos actos que tu hayas hecho aquí en la tierra porque cuando te llego la hora te llego la hora y no podemos hacer nada para cambiar eso.

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