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ECRETARIA DE AGRICULTURA,
GANADERIA, DESARROLLO RURAL PESCA Y
ALIMENTACION
S

Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Rural

Dirección General de Apoyos para el Desarrollo Rural

14

Elaboración de quesos tipo
Panela y Oaxaca

E procesamientodelalechepermitediversificarlasactividadesdelosmiembrosdelafamilia, l obtenermayoresingresosymejorarlaalimentación.LosquesostipoPanelayOaxacatienenya unmercado abierto, por lo que su elaboración puede resultar muy redituable para las familias rurales.

Introducción
Para la elaboración de cualquier tipo de queso, la recepción, el análisis de calidad y la pasteurización de la leche son procedimientos rutinarios que deben observarse cuidadosamente.

Queso tipo Panela
Este producto es un queso fresco elaborado con leche natural de vaca, pasteurizada, no acidificada y que puede ser entera o parcialmente descremada.

Como todos los quesos frescos mexicanos, su composición incluye un porcentaje elevado de agua (hasta 58 %) y por ello es altamente perecedero, de ahí que tiene que conservarse bajo refrigeración desde el momento de su elaboración. La tecnología básica del queso panela es la buena calidad de la leche, porque ella aporta

el sabor, el

aroma, su textura y las características alimenticias del producto.

El principio general para el procesamiento de la leche para producir queso es:

buena

leche = buen queso. Por lo tanto, la leche debe producirse con toda limpieza e higiene; debe estar libre de insectos, estiércol y basura en general ya que además de contaminarla, alteran la calidad de la misma y de los productos a elaborar. La leche debe transportarse en botes de acero inoxidable o de plástico.

Análisis de la leche recibida
La calidad de la leche puede ser medida por medio de diversas pruebas indicadoras. En el caso de una microempresa que procesa hasta 1000 litros de leche al día proveniente de hasta tres establos, es

indispensable la implementación de las pruebas de acidez

titulable y de densidad de la leche, las cuales requieren una inversión de equipo y reactivos relativamente baja.

Sistema de Agronegocios Pecuarios

Acidez titulable
La prueba de la acidez titulable forma parte del examen básico de la calidad de la leche bronca. La acidez titulable mide la cantidad de álcali necesario para llevar el pH de la leche hasta 8.4 (empleando fenolftaleína como indicador); generalmente el resultado es expresado por una cantidad equivalente de ácido láctico. Con base en lo anterior, el principio de la acidez titulable es el poder de combinación de la leche con una base. En
México los grados Dormic (°D) constituyen la unidad de medida más utilizada para expresar la cantidad de ácido láctico contenido en la leche. El rango aceptado es de 14 a
20 °D para una leche normal.
La acidez es un indicador de la calidad de la leche. Proporciona

indirectamente la

riqueza de la leche en sólidos no grasos, especialmente en proteínas y puede servir como indicador de actividad bacteriana en la leche, durante su transformación y en los productos lácteos.

Material, equipo y reactivos:

-

1 soporte universal.

-

1 bureta.

-

1 vaso de precipitado.

-

1 gotero.

-

1pipeta graduada de 10 ml.

-

Fenoftaleína y NaOH 0.1 N.

Procedimiento: Se depositan 9 mililitros de leche en un vaso de precipitados, se agregan dos a tres gotas de fenolftaleína y se procede a titular con la solución de NaOH
0.1 N, hasta obtener el punto de virar a una coloración muy tenue que debe perdurar al menos 30 segundos.

Interpretación de los resultados: Los mililitros gastados de NaOH 0.1 N multiplicados por 10, se expresan directamente en grados Dornic, y éstos a su vez, en gramos de ácido láctico. Una acidez en la leche mayor de 20°D en la recepción, puede ser sospecha de que existe actividad de la flora bacteriana natural.

Prueba de densidad
La densidad que se mide en la leche es la densidad relativa, es decir, el cociente que resulta de dividir la masa de un volumen de leche, entre

la masa de un volumen igual de

agua, a una temperatura dada. Se relaciona con el contenido de sólidos totales y con la temperatura del fluido; por ello, para que su comparación tenga validez debe ser relacionada con una temperatura de referencia, convencionalmente establecida a 15°C.
La leche entera generalmente tiene una densidad de 1.031, lo que también se puede reportar en grados densimétricos Quevenne, o Q° (v.g. 31°Q). Con esta prueba se puede

Pastoreo Rotacional Intensivo

!

determinar de manera indirecta la adición de agua a la leche; sin embargo, el valor de este indicador es muy variable, por lo tanto, para poder juzgar una leche, hay que hacer determinaciones más precisas; se puede sospechar, aunque no afirmar la adición de agua a la leche.

Material, equipo y reactivos
-

1 probeta de 500 ml.

-

1 lactodensímetro.

-

1 termómetro

Procedimiento
Se agita la leche y se deposita en una probeta resbalando por las paredes, evitando así la formación de espuma. Se hunde el lactodensímetro y se le da un pequeño giro. Cuando queda en reposo, se procede a leer la escala al nivel de la parte alta del menisco. La corrección de la temperatura en esta prueba es importante, ya que la temperatura normal para esta determinación es de 15°C. T emperaturas distintas requieren la correspondiente corrección de valores.

La corrección por temperatura se realiza de la siguiente manera: si la temperatura de la leche es mayor de 15°C, se aplica la fórmula:

lectura de la densidad + 0.002(T - 15);

cuando la temperatura de la leche sea menor a 15°C la fórmula es:

lectura de la densidad -

0.002(15 - T).

Pasteurización de la leche
La pasteurización es un proceso térmico que se realiza para eliminar los microorganismos patógenos presentes en la leche, sin alterar las propiedades físicas y químicas de ésta.

El método más utilizado para eliminar patógenos es el calentamiento de la leche a 60°C durante 20 minutos. Actualmente la pasteurización se realiza a 62.8°C durante 30 segundos o a 71.7°C durante 15 segundos con equipos sofisticados.

Cuando el capital de la empresa no permite invertir en sistemas de pasteurización, se recomienda hacer un sistema de baño María de la siguiente manera: se necesita una parrilla, un bote tamalero de acero inoxidable con capacidad para más de 100 litros y una tina de lámina o de aluminio extendida (en las tienda especializadas, a las tinas extendidas de aluminio les llaman "budineras"). La budinera se coloca sobre la parrilla y se llena una cuarta parte con agua; en el fondo se depositan unos tres ladrillos y sobre éstos, el bote

"

Sistema de Agronegocios Pecuarios

tamalero que contiene a la leche. Así se logra que el calor se transmita primero al agua y después a la leche; sin embargo, es necesario agitar la leche para distribuir mejor el calor.
De esta forma se realiza la pasteurización lenta de la leche, pues este sistema nos permite mantener constante por más tiempo la temperatura de la leche una vez que se apague la flama. Enfriamiento de la leche
Después de la pasteurización, la leche debe ser enfriada hasta 32°C para la aplicación del cuajo. Es importante que durante la pasteurización y el enfriamiento, se agite de manera constante la leche para favorecer la evaporación de gases que generan sabores y olores desagradables en el queso.

Aplicación del cuajo
El cuajo se aplica una vez que la temperatura de la leche se fija en 30-32°C. Se aplican
10 mL de cuajo fuerza 1:10,000 por cada 100 litros de leche; se agita brevemente la leche para distribuirlo bien y se deja reposar.

Para determinar el momento óptimo de cuajado se introduce un cuchillo en la cuajada; si el cuchillo sale totalmente limpio, la cuajada está lista para cortarse. Normalmente el tiempo de cuajado varía entre 15 y 35 minutos, dependiendo, entre otros factores, del tipo de cuajo y del volumen de leche.

Corte de la cuajada
Se recomienda que el corte de la cuajada se haga con liras de acero inoxidable horizontales y verticales. El corte mejora la consistencia de la cuajada. Se debe realizar primero en forma horizontal y luego en forma vertical. A la cuajada que ha sido cortada se le llama grano. En esta fase se obtienen dos productos: el grano y el suero.

Pastoreo Rotacional Intensivo

#

Tratamiento de la cuajada
Después de cortada, se deja reposar de 5 a 10 minutos. Se agita 5 minutos muy suavemente y se inicia el calentamiento hasta 38°C, lentamente: lo ideal es 1°C cada 5 minutos, para darle textura. Después se deja reposar 5 minutos más.

El rendimiento de queso Panela es aproximadamente de 15 kilos por cada 100 litros de leche tratada.

Desuerado y salado
El suero se retira casi en su totalidad. La cuajada se junta en un extremo del recipiente que la contiene y se muele con las manos. En seguida se agrega la sal, cuidando que quede bien distribuida. La cantidad de sal varía según el gusto; una recomendación puede ser
10 g de sal por cada litro de leche procesada.

Moldeado
Los moldes pueden ser canastos o moldes de plástico con forma de canasto u otra forma. Generalmente los canastos son de medio y un kilo. Si el molde es mayor de 2 kilos, se le llama panela.

Bien llenos los canastos, se dejan escurrir de
15 a 20 minutos a temperatura ambiente.
Se voltean los quesos y se dejan reposar por un periodo

de

2

-

3

horas

antes

de

envasarse en bolsa de plástico y guardar en refrigeración. El rendimiento de queso Panela es aproximadamente de 15 kilos por cada 100 litros de leche tratada.

$

Sistema de Agronegocios Pecuarios

Queso tipo Oaxaca
La gran mayoría de elaboraciones de queso Oaxaca, se hacen a partir de leche cruda. La
Secretaría de Salud acepta al Oaxaca de leche cruda, como "queso pasteurizado", tomando en cuenta que se emplea agua caliente para el fundido de este queso.

El proceso para elaborar este tipo de queso comprende también

las

consideraciones

descritas para el queso panela. El proceso de recepción y medición de la calidad es el mismo; la

diferencia

radica

en

la

manufactura del queso, como se mostrará a continuación: Acidificación de la leche
La acidificación de la leche puede realizarse de dos formas:

Acidificación natural
En un recipiente de acero inoxidable, de aluminio o de plástico, la leche debe reposar sin recibir tratamiento alguno durante 8 a 24 horas. En este periodo la flora bacteriana natural de la leche inicia su actividad de crecimiento, provocando el aumento en la acidez. En lugares donde la humedad relativa es alta y la temperatura ambiente promedio es mayor de 20°C, la leche de la ordeña de la mañana puede alcanzar la acidez necesaria (32° - 35 °D) antes de 8 horas y estar lista para procesarla por la tarde.

Si la leche no ha alcanzado la acidez necesaria (mínimo 32 °D) para el proceso, se debe dejar en reposo más tiempo. En caso de que la leche haya sobrepasado la acidez requerida, se adiciona leche fresca. Con base en lo anterior, si se sigue este método, es importante dejar toda la leche del primer día en reposo; de esta manera, el siguiente día tendremos dos tipos de leche para procesar: ácida y fresca (de la ordeña del día), y la mezcla será más fácil de lograr.

Acidificación con ácido acético glacial
Este método de acidificación, consiste en agregar ácido acético glacial a la leche en cantidades tales, que permitan alcanzar los 32 -35°D. Es importante destacar que de esta forma, se alcanza la acidez necesaria en cuestión de minutos.

Pastoreo Rotacional Intensivo

%

No existe una cantidad establecida de ácido que se deba agregar a la leche; depende de la leche y de la fuerza del ácido, básicamente. Para fines prácticos, se recomienda comenzar con
1 mL de ácido por cada litro de leche y, de ser necesario, agregar 0.2 mL de ácido, por cada litro de leche, realizando las correspondientes pruebas de acidez, hasta lograr la necesaria
(32 -35°D).

La diferencia entre el primer y segundo método respecto al producto que se obtiene, es básicamente que en el primer método se desarrolla sabor y aroma a causa de la actividad de los microorganismos que se encuentran en la leche y en el segundo, estas características no se alcanzan a desarrollar totalmente. Sin embargo, se debe tener especialmente cuidado en la acidificación, pues es uno de los puntos mas importantes del proceso. Un buen quesero, con cierta experiencia, puede lograr buenos quesos con cualquiera de los dos métodos.

Calentamiento de la leche
Una vez acidificada la leche, se debe calentar hasta llegar a 30-32°C con el fin de poder aplicar el cuajo. Para calentar la leche y llegar a una temperatura relativamente baja, se debe considerar el volumen a calentar. Si el volumen de leche es grande y lo tenemos en un solo recipiente, el calentamiento será lento; sin embargo, la leche que se encuentra en el fondo del recipiente recibe todo el calor y puede provocar que algunos componentes sólidos, como las proteínas, sufran cambios considerables y ocasionen rendimientos bajos en la elaboración final del producto. Para solucionar lo anterior existen dos opciones:



Si el volumen de leche (menos de 100 L) es poco y manejable, se debe agitar de manera constante la leche mientras se calienta, con el fin de que el calor se distribuya de manera más homogénea.



Si el volumen de leche es grande (mayor de 100 L), es recomendable usar un sistema de baño María como ya se describió.

Aplicación del cuajo y corte de la cuajada
Estos dos pasos son similares que los ya descritos para el queso tipo panela.

Trabajo del grano y reposo
El trabajo del grano consiste en agitar, de manera suave, el grano dentro del mismo suero durante 15 minutos cuerpo

&

aproximadamente, y consistencia;

con

el

fin

de

darle

con estos movimientos

Sistema de Agronegocios Pecuarios

se

elimina parte de la humedad que contiene el grano. Durante la agitación, las bacterias presentes en el grano siguen desarrollando sabor y aroma. Es importante mantener la temperatura a 32°C.

Desuerado
Durante el reposo, el grano se asienta en el fondo del recipiente, lo que facilita la eliminación de la mayor parte del suero (3/4 partes). Es necesario tener a la mano una coladera para detener los granos que puedan ir en el suero. El grano al final queda con aproximadamente 1/4 del total de suero.

Prueba de estirado
Un fragmento de la cuajada se bate con agua a 70 - 80°C. Si se estira ya se llegó al "punto" para amasar toda la cuajada. Esta prueba, se debe realizar en el primer método, después del desuerado, para verificar que las bacterias naturales hayan mantenido la acidez en la cuajada. Si le falta, el grano se deja reposar un tiempo mayor hasta que alcance el punto de la prueba. En este caso, se debe realizar una prueba cada cierto periodo de tiempo (10 20 minutos). Cuando se realiza la acidificación por medio de ácido acético glacial, esta prueba debe realizarse inmediatamente después de aplicar el ácido, en este caso se toma una pequeña porción de leche, se le aplica cuajo y se realiza la prueba.

Amasado y estirado de la pasta
Y que se confirmó el punto de amasado, se realiza el desuerado total y se procede a a amasar toda la cuajada: en un recipiente se deposita la cuajada, se agrega agua caliente a 70 - 80°C y se procede a amasar juntando la cuajada ya sea con un agitador o con las manos (usando guantes). El agua se va cambiando según lo requiera. Y que logramos a juntar la masa y esté en el punto de estirarla, se procede a la formación de tiras que se van depositando en otro recipiente que contiene agua fría donde reposan unos 15 minutos antes de pasar a la siguiente actividad.

Pastoreo Rotacional Intensivo

'

Oreado
Las tiras o correas de queso se retiran del agua fría y se cuelgan durante unos 20 minutos para que escurra el exceso de agua.

Salado
El salado se realiza por frotación en las tiras. La cantidad de sal varía según el gusto y puede aplicarse en un rango de 0.75 a 2% del peso del queso.

Formación de bolas
Las

bolas

de

queso

se

forman

según

el

tamaño

que

se

desee.

Es

recomendable

envolverlas en plástico y conservarlas en frío.

El rendimiento de queso Oaxaca oscila entre 9 y 11 kg/100 litros de leche.

Consideraciones importantes
Conviene registrar el peso total de producto obtenido, el volumen de leche procesada diariamente, los resultados de los análisis, etc. Esto permitirá acumular información y observar cambios y errores, con lo que podrían hacerse adaptaciones al proceso.
Durante todo el proceso, las condiciones de higiene deben perdurar en todo el entorno: personal, utensilios, leche, equipo, etcétera.



Sistema de Agronegocios Pecuarios

Bibliografía
Villegas de G., Abraham.1993. Los Quesos Mexicanos. CIESTAAM. Chapingo,
México. Elaboración de productos lácteos.1993. Manuales para educación agropecuaria SEP/trillas. México D.F
.

FAO. 1973. Pago de la leche según la calidad. Roma, Italia.

Silva, S. Y colaboradores . 1998. Memorias del curso "Fabricación de quesos naturales y control de calidad. Tulancingo, Hgo., México. 201 p.

Responsable de la Ficha
Ing. Andrés Apango Ortiz
Sistema Integral de Servicios al Agro del Colegio de Postgraduados.
Carretera México-T excoco km 36.5, Montecillo, Estado de México. C.P 56230.
.
T el/Fax (595) 202 00 Ext. 1580

Correo electrónico: andre_apor@yahoo.com

Pastoreo Rotacional Intensivo



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...ecutive Summary The New Australian Company is a new red wine brand that will be introduced in Singapore. The brand is a unique and high quality red wine brand that meets the growing preference of consumers. It will be distributed to several hotels, restaurants, supermarkets, and wine boutiques/shops that are located in the commercial business districts of the city-state. The brand is managed and owned by a group of wine-lover businessmen who have tremendous experienced in business administration, marketing and sales management and customer service. The owners are now looking for additional investments in order to capitalize the project well. The company has already made several negotiations with successful business distributors in Singapore. The company is confident to compete with many large distributors because it is closely working with top-notch suppliers and manufacturers who are known as wine experts or cellar masters. The target market is the Generation Y or the millennial because it is 77 percent of the population. This group also consumes wines at a faster and higher rate. The sales forecasts for the New Australian Company begin with $700,000 for the first year, and this will increase to 50 percent ($1, 050,000) in the second year, and 60 percent ($1,680,000) in the third year of operation. The company will be expecting a profit margin of 30-40 percent, and at least 25 percent return of investment in the first operational year. The company wants to change...

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