...being un-supervised. Other people in the community speed over the limit posted and children play there and may be hit or injured. Even though the children play in the street it cause a safety risk to drivers that don’t speed or drive wreck less do to the children running in and out of the streets without looking for cars. The children are our future and they need to be protected. When a person is looking to buy a future home they want to see a nice neighborhood that looks respectable and not as if it’s a bad neighborhood. The appearance of a home in my belief can say a lot about the people who live there. Someone who takes care of their home for example pressure washing, not trash in yard, paint nicely applied. Also there are some resident that don’t have the money but the residents should do as much as they can. To give an example of this a resident in my neighborhood has fixed the garage door which is tilted half way closed and it’s not very appealing. The appearance of a residents lawn as well as home its self make a community. A yard or lawn care should at the minimum have the grass mowed. The plants should be not over grown or deceased. Living in Florida the grass isn’t always...
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...The poor people usually depends of this places for basic things like food or sleep,without that help some of them don`t survive winter. Most of these institutions exist thanks to donations made it by average people and not government assistance. Every day there is more people living on the streets and the help is simply not enough, even when these kind of institutions exist. The people which suffer of poverty even when we see them like a kind of dog in the street, they are human and they want a decent life like normal people. Is normal to say that those poor people are living on the streets by their own choice, but like I said before, that is ignorance. That people suffer a lot of things, even things that we never going to feel, for example the hungry . The sad of these situations is that most of these people is...
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...Public Class RBTree Public root As RBTNode Dim null As RBTNode Public Sub New(ByVal data As Integer) null = New RBTNode("-1") null.color = "black" root = New RBTNode(data) root.color = "black" root.Left = null root.Left.parent = root root.right = null root.right.parent = root End Sub Public Sub New() End Sub Public Sub Insert(ByVal data As Integer) null = New RBTNode("-1") null.color = "black" 'step one, insert a red node in the tree If root Is Nothing Then root = New RBTNode(data) root.color = "black" root.Left = null root.Left.parent = root root.right = null root.right.parent = root Else Dim newNode As New RBTNode(data) newNode.Left = null newNode.Left.parent = newNode newNode.right = null newNode.right.parent = newNode Dim current As RBTNode current = root Dim parent As RBTNode While (True) parent = current If (data < current.data) Then current = current.Left If (current.data < 0) Then parent.Left = newNode newNode.parent = parent Exit While End...
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...of operations. Data types are used to store various types of data which is managed by program. Data type attaches with variable to determine the number of bytes to be allocate to variable and valid operations which can be performed on that variable. Although C has several built-in data types, it is not a strongly typed language, as are Pascal and Ada. C supports various data types and here some common data type as character, integer and floating-point types. C defines five foundational data types as defined below: ▪ character ▪ integer ▪ floating-point ▪ double floating-point ▪ valueless These are declared as by char, int, float, double, and void, respectively. These types form the basis for some other types also. The extent and choice of these and data types may contrast amongst processor natures and compilers. However, in all belongings an object of type char is 1 byte. C stores character type inside as an integer. Each character has 8 bits so, we can have 256 different characters values (0-255). Character set is used to map between an integer value and a character. The size of an int is ordinarily the same as the word length of the implementation setting of the program. C has 3 classes of integer storage namely short int, int and long int. All of these data types have signed and unsigned forms. A short int requires half the space than normal integer values. Unsigned numbers are always positive and consume all the bits for the magnitude...
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...#include #include typedef struct Node { int data; struct Node *next; }node; void insert(node *pointer, int data) { /* Iterate through the list till we encounter the last node.*/ while(pointer->next!=NULL) { pointer = pointer -> next; } /* Allocate memory for the new node and put data in it.*/ pointer->next = (node *)malloc(sizeof(node)); pointer = pointer->next; pointer->data = data; pointer->next = NULL; printf("Successfully inserted.......\n"); } int find(node *pointer, int key) { pointer = pointer -> next; //First node is dummy node. /* Iterate through the entire linked list and search for the key. */ while(pointer!=NULL) { if(pointer->data == key) //key is found. { return 1; } pointer = pointer -> next;//Search in the next node. } /*Key is not found */ return 0; } int update(node *pointer, int key, int new_key) { pointer = pointer -> next; //First node is dummy node. /* Iterate through the entire linked list and search for the key. */ while(pointer!=NULL) { if(pointer->data == key) //key is found. { ...
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...Basic If Statement Syntax The structure of an if statement is as follows: ------------------------------------------------- if ( TRUE ) ------------------------------------------------- Execute the next statement ------------------------------------------------- if ( TRUE ) { ------------------------------------------------- Execute all statements inside the braces ------------------------------------------------- } Syntax: The syntax of an if...else statement in C++ is: ------------------------------------------------- if(boolean_expression) ------------------------------------------------- { ------------------------------------------------- // statement(s) will execute if the boolean expression is true ------------------------------------------------- } ------------------------------------------------- else ------------------------------------------------- { ------------------------------------------------- // statement(s) will execute if the boolean expression is false ------------------------------------------------- } ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- #include <iostream> ------------------------------------------------- using namespace std; ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- int main () ------------------------------------------------- { ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Introduction to the C Programming Language Science & Technology Support High Performance Computing Ohio Supercomputer Center 1224 Kinnear Road Columbus, OH 43212-1163 Table of Contents • • • • • • • • • Introduction C Program Structure Variables, Expressions, & Operators Input and Output Program Looping Decision Making Statements Array Variables Strings Math Library Functions • • • • • • • • • User-defined Functions Formatted Input and Output Pointers Structures Unions File Input and Output Dynamic Memory Allocation Command Line Arguments Operator Precedence Table 2 C Programming Introduction • Why Learn C? 3 C Programming Why Learn C? • • • • • • • • • Compact, fast, and powerful “Mid-level” Language Standard for program development (wide acceptance) It is everywhere! (portable) Supports modular programming style Useful for all applications C is the native language of UNIX Easy to interface with system devices/assembly routines C is terse 4 C Programming C Program Structure • • • • • Canonical First Program Header Files Names in C Comments Symbolic Constants 5 C Programming Canonical First Program • The following program is written in the C programming language: #include main() { /* My first program */ printf("Hello World! \n"); } • • C is case sensitive. All commands in C must be lowercase. C has a free-form line structure. End of each...
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...Minimum Shelf Problem Description At a shop of marbles, packs of marbles are prepared. Packets are named A, B, C, D, E …….. All packets are kept in a VERTICAL SHELF in random order. Any numbers of packets with these names could be kept in that shelf as in this example: bottom of shelf ---> [AAAJKRDFDEWAAYFYYKK]-----Top of shelf. All these packets are to be loaded on cars. The cars are lined in order, so that the packet could be loaded on them. The cars are also named [A, B, C, D, E,………….]. Each Car will load the packet with the same alphabet. So, for example, car ‘A’ will load all the packets with name ‘A’. Each particular car will come at the loading point only once. The cars will come at the loading point in alphabetical order. So, car ‘B’ will come and take all the packets with name ‘B’ from the shelf, then car ‘C’ will come. No matter how deep in the shelf any packet ‘B’ is, all of the ‘B’ packets will be displaced before the ‘C’ car arrives. For that purpose, some additional shelves are provided. The packets which are after the packet B, are kept in those shelves. Any one of these shelves contains only packets, having the same name. For example, if any particular shelf is used and if a packet with name X is in it, then only the packets having names X will be kept in it. That shelf will look like [XXXXXXX]. If any shelf is used once, then it could be used again only if it is vacant. Packets from the initial shelf could be unloaded from top only. Write a program...
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...C PROGRAMMING Section 1. Topics: Functions Statements Input Output Variables Introduction The C programming language has been the most popular high level language used for engineering applications for the last 20 years. It shares many common structures with other procedural languages, such as Pascal, and can be used for general purpose programming of a PC. However, it is also particularly good for development of embedded application programs such as those found in phones, video recorders and so forth. The term procedural language refers to the fact that the language uses procedures to do particular tasks such as printing on the screen. In C these procedures are known as functions and are described below. What is so good about a language like C? The basic reason such languages were developed was to make it easier for humans to program computers. The alternative is the language of the computer, i.e., binary codes. Clearly such ‘low-level’ languages are not very appealing for humans, although sometimes necessary for detailed engineering work. (In fact C is often ‘mixed’ with such languages for engineering applications.) C uses words and symbols that are part of, or similar to, normal language. This makes it easier for programmers to develop code. The C code is converted to the machine code by a special program called a compiler. See note 1. But perhaps the most useful thing about such a language is that it provides the developer with a library of ‘mini-programs’...
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...Report Bundle C++Ox: The Dawning of a New Standard Contents C++0x: The Dawning of a New Standard It's been 10 years since the first ISO C++ standard, and 2009 will bring us the second. In this special report, DevX delves into the new features being discussed by the standards team. Learn how these new features will revolutionize the way you code. Overview: C++ Gets an Overhaul It's been 10 years since the first ISO C++ standard, and 2009 will bring us the second. Learn about the new features being added and how they will revolutionize the language. Easier C++: An Introduction to Concepts C++0x concepts bring the full power of the Generic Programming paradigm to C++, making templates more expressive, easier to write, and easier to use. Spectacularly poor template error messages are a thing of the past! Simpler Multithreading in C++0x The new standard will support multithreading, with a new thread library. Find out how this will improve porting code, and reduce the number of APIs and syntaxes you use. The State of the Language: An Interview with Bjarne Stroustrup C++ founding father assesses the language on the eve of its new standard. Timeline: C++ in Retrospect From its nascent pre-processor in 1979 to today's incredibly sophisticated language features and libraries, we've documented each step along the way. C++0x: The Dawning of a New Standard Overview: C++ Gets an Overhaul Overview: C++ Gets an Overhaul C++Ox: The Dawning...
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...LANGUAGE PROCESSORS Presented By: Prof. S.J. Soni, SPCE – Visnagar. Introduction Language Processing activities arise due to the differences between the manner in which a software designer describes the ideas concerning the behavior of a software and the manner in which these ideas are implemented in a computer system. The designer expresses the ideas in terms related to the application domain of the software. To implement these ideas, their description has to be interpreted in terms related to the execution domain. Semantic Gap Semantic Gap Application Domain Execution Domain Semantic Gap has many consequences Large development time Large development effort Poor quality of software Specification and Execution Gaps Specification Gap Application Domain Execution Gap PL Domain Execution Domain The software engineering steps aimed at the use of a PL can be grouped into Specification, design and coding steps PL implementation steps Specification and Execution Gaps Specification Gap It is the semantic gap between two specifications of the same task. Execution Gap It is the gap between the semantics of programs (that perform the same task) written in different programming languages. Language Processors “A language processor is a software which bridges a specification or execution gap”. The program form input to a language processor as the source program and to its output as the target program. The languages in which these...
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...C Functions Intended Learning Outcomes • Distinguish the basic concepts of functions • Differentiate built-in function to user-defined function • Differentiate the functions that do not return a value and functions that return a value. • Apply or create function/s to solve problems Function • known with various names like a method or a sub-routine or a procedure, etc. • is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions. Two types of function • Built-in function – Functions inside the libraries – Stdio.h -> printf() – Math.h -> sqrt() • User-defined function – Functions that are declared and defined by programmers. Functions • You can divide up your code into separate functions. How you divide up your code among different functions is up to you, but logically the division usually is so each function performs a specific task. Advantages of user defined functions 1. Helps to decompose the large program into small segments which makes programmer easy to understand, maintain and debug. 2. If repeated code occurs in a program. Function can be used to include those codes and execute when needed by calling that function. 3. Programmer working on large project can divide the workload by making different functions Advantage Structured Approach Method-oriented Approach Dividing...
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...Let Us C Fifth Edition Yashavant P. Kanetkar Dedicated to baba Who couldn’t be here to see this day... About the Author Destiny drew Yashavant Kanetkar towards computers when the IT industry was just making a beginning in India. Having completed his education from VJTI Mumbai and IIT Kanpur in Mechanical Engineering he started his training company in Nagpur. Yashavant has a passion for writing and is an author of several books in C, C++, VC++, C#, .NET, DirectX and COM programming. He is a much sought after speaker on various technology subjects and is a regular columnist for Express Computers and Developer 2.0. His current affiliations include being a Director of KICIT, a training company and DCube Software Technologies, a software development company. In recognition to his contribution Microsoft awarded him the prestigious “Best .NET Technical Contributor” award recently. He can be reached at kanetkar@kicit.com. Preface to the Fifth Edition It is mid 2004. World has left behind the DOTCOM bust, 9/11 tragedy, the economic downturn, etc. and moved on. Countless Indians have relentlessly worked for close to two decades to successfully establish “India” as a software brand. At times I take secret pleasure in seeing that a book that I have been part of, has contributed in its own little way in shaping so many budding careers that have made the “India” brand acceptable. Computing and the way people use C for doing it keeps changing as years go by. So overwhelming...
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...assumes a different numeric (number) and/or alphanumeric (combination of numbers and letters) value. * Start with a letter * 1 to 32 character * 1 word * NO SPECIAL SYMBOL ASIDE FROM UNDERSCORE (_) * Not a KEYWORD TYPES OF VARIABLE 1. Constructive – It doesn’t change 2. Destructive – It change to another value DATA In the C programming language, data types refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of different types. The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in storage and how the bit pattern stored is interpreted. The types in C can be classified as follows: S.N. | Types and Description | 1 | Basic Types:They are arithmetic types and consists of the two types: (a) integer types and (b) floating-point types. | 2 | Enumerated types:They are again arithmetic types and they are used to define variables that can only be assigned certain discrete integer values throughout the program. | 3 | The type void:The type specifier void indicates that no value is available. | 4 | Derived types:They include (a) Pointer types, (b) Array types, (c) Structure types, (d) Union types and (e) Function types. | The array types and structure types are referred to collectively as the aggregate types. The type of a function specifies the type of the function's return value. We will see basic types in the following section, whereas, other types will be covered in the upcoming chapters. Integer Types Following...
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...Object oriented programming refers to a method of programming in which individual objects, usually called "methods" and "functions", are created and used in junction with each other to perform a function. These objects are organized within the program through use of things called structures or classes. A class is something we use to create a blueprint of sorts for a assortment of variables and components. Similarly, a structure serves the same purpose. The only difference between a structure and a class is that a structure's members are public by default and a classes members are private by default. Another form of "blueprint" used by programmers is the data union. While a union is very primitive in comparison to a structure or class, it is a good tool to use to conserve memory in larger applications. A union uses the same memory block for multiple variables at different points. While two variables in a union cannot be accessed at the same time, a union is a good way to re-use blocks of memory that would normally be left void after a variable is finished with. Now that I have covered the basic points of classes, structures and unions, I will go into more detail of just how powerful a class or structure can be. In basic reference, a class is simply a blueprint to something we create instances of later in the program. This is a very vague statement however, because in object-oriented programming the class is the backbone of the program. It is what makes the...
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