...Environmental Ethics December 3, 2015 Anthropogenic Climate Change and Its Impacts The Earth’s climate is immensely susceptible to perturbations of natural systems. These fluctuations are incredibly cyclic, and have been studied to shift between periods of warm and cold temperature anomalies. Although the Earth cycles naturally on its own, it is evident that excessive emission production is enhancing the greenhouse effect, and therefore causing natural climatic shifts to happen at a faster rate. People are discernibly prone to assume that since Earth’s climate cycles naturally, that Global warming is autonomous of anthropogenic impact. Global warming is not the root of climate change, but instead the medium between anthropogenic intoxication of the atmosphere, and the response of Earth’s dynamic systems. It is not the actions of one individual that have an impact on the balance of Earth’s climate system; rather, it is the actions of many people, over a long period of time that will cause a chemical imbalance of the atmosphere, resulting in climate change. Nations that emit greenhouse gases at levels beyond their fair share of safe global emissions are obligated to aid in financing reasonable adaptation essentials and unavoidable damages of low-emitting countries and individuals that have done little to cause climate change. There is no one individual that can be held responsible for the damage associated with climate change. Instead of a single cause, millions of people will...
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...By definition, the Anthropocene is a proposed epoch that began when human activities started to have a significant global impact on Earth's ecosystems. The idea of an anthropogenic era is a highly debated topic amongst many researchers such as: Paul Wapner and Christopher J. Preston, who have attempted to provide viable solutions to ease the Anthropocene. They also argue that “we have so tamed, colonized, and contaminated the natural world that safeguarding it from humans is no longer an option” (Wapner, 111). Wapner depicts how humanity's imprint is now everywhere, and all efforts to "preserve" nature are highly improbable in the near future. Although a bold and convincing statement, it relies on a “slippery slope” type assumption that the...
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...What is Your Carbon Footprint? Carbon footprint, what is that? It is a measurement of the environmental impact of a particular individual or organization’s lifestyle or operation, measured in units of carbon dioxide. Upon calculating my own carbon footprint, the results were 19,373 pounds of carbon dioxide per year. Compared to the United States average of 20,750 pounds. Surprisingly that is only a difference of 1,377 pounds. In comparison to other countries like China, which are approximately 21,995 pounds and India at an estimated 1,245 pounds. The United States falls in the median at 20,750 pounds. That is a difference of 4% with China and 13% with India. What makes the difference? Any attempt to decrease the effects of your carbon emissions by either participating in other activities which have the same end results. There is a plethora of ways to offset your carbon emissions. For instance, on the road remember to stay intact with your vehicle’s maintenance and upkeep. Ensure you are getting tune-ups according manufacturer’s specifications for your make and model. Check your vehicles tire pressure and fluids, often. Reduction in the load you carry in your vehicle can also help. Also, utilize renewable fuels like E85. At home, switch out your regular light bulbs for the energy efficient bulbs. Turn off and or unplug any electronic devices when not in use. Utilize “Blackout Curtains” in rooms with lots of sunlight to regulate temperate...
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...HOW DOES THE CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECT THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY Contents Introduction 3 Problem statement 4 Delimitation 4 Methodology 5 Risk management 6 Charateristics of insurance industry 6 Risk qualification 8 Approximate cost for a threat determination 8 Probability of threat accuracy or that vulnerability will be affected 9 SWOT analyses 10 Matrix between Strengths-Threats and Opportunities-Weaknesses 11 Conclusion of SWOT analysis 13 CONCLUSION 14 Introduction Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average. Climate change may be limited to a specific region or may occur across the whole Earth. Nowadays the impact of the climate change can be seen around the globe - seasons are shifting, temperatures are climbing and sea levels are rising. And meanwhile, our planet must still supply us – and all living things – with air, water, food and safe places to live. Weather related consequences, caused by climate change, present challenges that threaten the understanding of extreme weather and natural disaster related damages. Many natural disasters (like floods, earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions) all around the world have showed that people are now exposed to extreme weather events. The lack of financial preparation to face...
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...Mitigation potential of climate-optimal trajectory planning in the North Atlantic Flight corridor Sigrun Matthes1 , Volker Grewe2, Christine Frömming2, Sabine Brinkop2, DLR German Aerospace Center, 82334 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany Thierry Champougny3 EUROCONTROL, 1130 Brussels, Belgium Amund O. Sovde4 CICERO, 0349 Oslo, Norway and Emma Irvine5 University of Reading, UK Mitigation of aviation climate impact is one strategic goal spelled out for a durable development of air traffic. Operational measures to identify climate-optimal aircraft trajectories by air traffic management (ATM) are one option to reduce climate impact. We present results from a comprehensive approach for climate-optimized flight planning applied for a case study the North Atlantic Flight corridor (NAFC) performed within the collaborative project REACT4C (Reducing Emissions from Aviation by Changing Trajectories for the benefit of Climate) funded under the European FP7 programme. Ultimate goal was to identify maximum mitigation gain (in climate impact) for a specific investment, hence minimal marginal mitigation costs. For this purpose consecutively those flights trajectories options are selected which offer the highest mitigation potential taking into account five archetypical weather patterns in NAFC, and traffic samples in eastbound and westbound both direction. Using a concept of 4-dimensional climate cost functions integrated into a simulation system for operational planning...
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...The Rise of Air Transport and its impact on the Environment [pic] Table of Content 1 Abstract 3 2 Introduction 3 3 HISTORY OF THE WORLD AIR transport 3 3.1 How it all began 3 3.2 ICAO and IATA-history and reality 4 4 Air Transportation and the Environment 5 4.1 Demand for Air Transport 5 4.2 Environmental Impact of Aviation 7 4.3 CO2 emissions per passenger kilometer 7 4.4 Aircraft Water Emission 9 4.5 Nitrogen Oxides 9 4.6 Impact of Aviation on Biodiversity 10 4.7 Noise Emissions and its impact on humans as well as biodiversity 11 5 Cost of Aviation on certain examples 11 5.1 Aviation Cost for exotic flowers 11 5.2 The Berlin Airport Fiasco 12 6 Historical Trends in Aircraft Transport 13 7 Conclusion 14 8 Table of Figures 15 9 Sources 15 1 Abstract The following Assignment has the topic of showing the history of aviation and within this showing the environmental impact of aviation. Due to this the history is shown and in addition different types of problems connected to aviation such as carbon oxide and greenhouse gases are explained. At last there is an introduction in data’s showing aviation in its beginning as a mass transport and now. 2 Introduction Transportation - one of the most important sectors of the economy, performing the function of a kind of circulatory system in a...
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...Question 4 The European Union proclaimed that during time of 1990 and 2006, the carbon emissions from international aviation were increased by 100% although the total greenhouse gases emissions was fallen by merely 3% in the European Union. Provided by the European Commission the average carbon emissions between 2004 and 2006 were about 218 million tones, without any adequate regulations, it would expected to be 400 million after ten years which is 2020. It indicated that the aviation industry has contributing to the global climate change which is going to increase hereafter. It is acknowledged that reducing climate change is a moral support of protecting our living atmosphere. Currently, the airlines in European Union are belt-tightening in order to reduce emissions, however, the outcome is not satisfactory at present, for instance, there is problem on the emission trading scheme. Thus, creating more environmental regulations for airlines in the European Union is necessary as to tackle the emission problem more effectively. Data from the Guardian UK shows that the plane industry occupied the second place in the National Carbon Calculators which takes 4,375 per person per year in average. Despite there are environmental policies regulating the carbon emissions by the airbus within the European Union, such as setting levels of carbon emissions for airlines, it is not well-performed. Under the regulations, those airlines could reduce their emissions could sell their surplus...
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...emeraldinsight.com/1755-4217.htm WHATT 1,3 Is tourism with a low impact on climate possible? Jonathan Chenoweth Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of a range of different travel and tourism options, and quantifies the carbon-dioxide emissions resulting from international vacations, breaking down emissions categories into those resulting from transport, accommodation and recreation. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses summary data to review a range of possible vacation scenarios and examines their relative carbon-dioxide emissions in order to compare the relative climatic impact of different forms of tourism and vacation options. Findings – The paper concludes that intercontinental flights and cruise ship travel are particularly carbon-intensive, which suggests that these two forms of tourism will be particularly vulnerable to any policy initiative to curb or price carbon emissions. Ends by considering whether climatically responsible international tourism is possible, and outlines some low-carbon options. Originality/value – The paper relates data on carbon emissions to the implications for tourism arising from climate change. Keywords Climatology, Tourism, Global warming Paper type General review 274 The nature of the challenge While much of the discussion about the climate change impacts of international travel focuses upon international aviation, all forms...
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...Economic Assessment: Outcome 2 &3 [Pick the date] 1a).What is Gross Domestic Product? GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product. GDP is the monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country within a given time period. Any goods or services produced outside the specified country is not included the country’s GDP. GDP is usually used as an indicator of an economy’s health and it also measure a country’s standard of living. GDP is often calculated quarterly and yearly and is used as a comparison to the previous quarter or year. GDP is composed of overall consumption of the country, government spending, investments and net exports (exports – imports). The formula for calculating is GDP = C + I+ G + (X-M). b).Distinguish between real gross domestic product and nominal gross domestic product. Nominal Gross Domestic Product is a monetary measure of the value of finished goods and services produced for a period of time (quarterly or annually). Nominal GDP does take inflation into consideration. Real Gross Domestic Product calculates the value of economic productivity in a given year accustomed for changes in price. It takes into consideration inflation before giving results. Real GDP is very different from Nominal GDP. This is proven below: 1. Nominal GDP does take inflation or deflation into consideration in its calculation whereas Real GDP is obtained only after including the effect of inflation or deflation. 2. Nominal GDP is calculated at current...
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...inclusive Wealth report 2012 measuring progress toward sustainability Summary for DeciSion-makerS unu-iHDP Secretariat of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change conTriBuTorS Science Advisor Partha Dasgupta – university of cambridge Report Director anantha Duraiappah – iHDP executive Director Science Director Pablo muñoz – iHDP academic officer Report Authors matthew agarwala – London School of economics and Political Science Giles atkinson – London School of economics and Political Science/centre for climate change economics and Policy edward B. Barbier – university of Wyoming elorm Darkey – university of Bonn Partha Dasgupta – university of cambridge anantha Duraiappah – iHDP Secretariat Paul ekins – university college London Pablo fuentenebro – iHDP Secretariat Juan Sebastian Lozano – The nature conservancy (colombia) kevin mumford – Purdue university Pablo muñoz – iHDP Secretariat kirsten oleson – university of Hawaii Leonie Pearson – university of melbourne charles Perrings – arizona State university chris Perry – un-Water Decade Programme on capacity Development (unW-DPc) Steve Polasky – university of minnesota Heather Tallis – Stanford university Stacie Wolny – Stanford university Report Review Board John agnew – university of california, Los angeles Peter Bartelmus – Bergische universitaet Wuppertal/columbia university Julia Bucknall – World Bank Dabo Guan – university of Leeds michael Harris – university of Sydney...
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...world. The education index is found by calculating the mean years of study and the expected years, and the value for the UK is 0.86/1. Sixty-five percent of men and women hold at least an upper secondary degree, and they have a healthy pupil to teacher ratio of 16.5:1. They are also doing well for the environment as they exhibited their lowest level of CO2 emissions in over a century, and this is a significant improvement from the times when they were put under restrain by climate acts to regulate their coal industry due to the harm it was causing. During international international instability or reductions in the supply of raw materials or commodities, the UK could experience effects ranging from increased food, price volatility to changing migration patterns as environmental refugees move from areas affected by extreme weather events. The United Kingdom strive to specialize in areas where they have comparative advantage and trade in areas where the scenario is such that they can benefit more from trading rather than to be independent. There are three key areas that they experience comparative advantage. The creative industry, tidal energy, and robotics and autonomous systems. The creative services industry is worth over £80 billion to the UK economy annually. UK is also the undisputed global leader in marine energy. For the regression analysis of my research I considered the situation that the average burden of tax had a negative impact on the rate of economic growth. From...
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...Sustainability Assessment of Nike Shoes Andrew Derrig Jake Stocker Luke Warren Pearson King Ethan Tinson Ellen Winston For Sustainability Science ENVS 195, Fall 2010, Dr. Saleem H. Ali Introduction and Justification In Greek, Nike means “victory” and since the beginning of the company in 1972, victory has been a term that has represented many things about the Nike brand. The Nike corporation produces athletic shoes, apparel, equipment and accessories that can be found in distributors in over 170 countries worldwide, it sponsors many professional and college level sports teams and has grown to be one of the largest athletic apparel corporations in the world. In the early „70s they started out manufacturing running shoes featuring innovative new technology that increased traction and made the shoe lighter as a whole. (Nike, 2010) Since then the Nike brand has taken off and become more than simply successful, it is infamous though for a few different reasons. The Nike name, generally linked to success and wealth, first got into trouble in the early „90‟s when footage of sweatshop and child labor in their factories was broadcast on international television, smearing their name across the globe. (Beder, 2002) In 1998 cofounder and CEO Phil Knight even recognized that the Nike name and product “has become synonymous with slave wages, forced overtime, and arbitrary abuse.”(Levenson, 2008) Since those dark days however, Nike has made a concerted effort to both improve their reputation...
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...information contained in this document may be reproduced or disclosed to any parties without the written permission of the authors. Introduction Climate change is widely known to be the most important environmental problem for humankind on this Earth. As we know there is a limit with our atmosphere and the world’s economies are connected through trade and capital flows, and based on this situation, an international cooperation to control greenhouse gases is essential. Can each individual be relied upon to make decisions that influence the Earth’s carbon-dioxide concentration in the social interest? Must governments adjust the incentives we face so that our self-interested choices are also in the social interest? How can governments adjust the incentives? Parkin (2011) has argued that sometimes it is possible to reduce the inefficiency arising from an external cost by establishing a property right where one does not currently exist. Property rights are legally established titles to the ownership, use, and disposal of factors of production and goods and services that are enforceable in the courts. Since the Kyoto Protocol1 was signed in 1997, carbon emissions trading has become a widely discussed instrument for climate policy. This proclaimed a completely new approach in climate policy together with new policy instruments for climate protection aimed to reduce greenhouse gases in other countries at lower cost than at home, by making use of the three flexible mechanisms set out...
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...Assignment Hassan Gulzar B-13733 Supply Chain Process of Nike To, Sir Imran Hussain Nike’s supply chain, and its emphasis on sustainability – along with its aim to cut emissions – has been well-reported. But it goes far deeper than merely calculating the carbon cost and asking its transport providers to try to cut emissions. No, this is a company well ahead of the curve in sustainability. And there’s a lot other companies can learn from it. If its vision of the future comes to pass, then logistics providers seriously need to take note. It could change everything. Company Overview NIKE, the world's biggest shoe company, has a reputation for fancy footwork, especially in the arena of marketing. With both Forrest Gump and Michael Jordan sporting NIKE's athletic shoes, NIKE's appeal is wide ranging. The shoe giant still holds nearly 37% of the US market, a giant lead over #2 Reebok, which has 20.5%, and #3 Fila, with only 5.1%. NIKE - a powerhouse in the world of sports, the designer and international marketer of athletic shoes, casual footwear, apparel, and accessories - is looking for new growth opportunities. Founders: Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight. First year-sales totaled $ 8,000 (1962). Employees: NIKE employs approximately 26,000 people worldwide with 650,000 workers are employed in Nike contact factories around the world. Revenue FY05: $ 13.7 billion ( 12% increase from FY04) Manufacturing: Nike brand had 137 factories in Americas (including US), 104 in EMEA...
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...study of Environmental Change and Sustainability, School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK. Email: r.a.howell@sms.ed.ac.uk Investigating the LongTerm Impacts of Climate Change Communications on Individuals’ Attitudes and Behavior Rachel A. Howell1 Abstract To assess the effectiveness of climate change communications, it is important to examine their long-term impacts on individuals’ attitudes and behavior. This article offers an example study and a discussion of the challenges of conducting long-term investigations of behavioral change related to climate change communications (a vital and underresearched area). The research reported is a longitudinal panel study of the impacts on UK viewers of the climate change movie The Age of Stupid. The heightened levels of concern, motivation to act, and sense of agency about action that were initially generated by the movie did not measurably persist over the long term. The results also show that behavioral intentions do not necessarily translate into action. Data analysis raised issues concerning the reliability of participants’ causal attributions of their behavior. This and other methodological challenges are discussed, and some ways of avoiding or lessening problems are suggested. Keywords climate change communications, proenvironmental behavior, behavioral change, behavioral intentions, public attitudes Article Downloaded from eab.sagepub.com by guest on October 6,...
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