...Emily Yoffe's article, “College Women: Stop getting drunk”, it's implied that if alcohol is consumed less by women in campuses, the occurrence of rape would be minimized if not completely eliminated. I concur with this article for a myriad of reasons and view the article as a necessary read for any college age young woman wishing to familiarize themselves with the going on of campus life. This article wins my support and approval, for if more girls and women were warned of the impending dangers of drinking alcohol in copious amounts in an effort to 'fit in' they would most certainly be better equipped to make rational decisions to avoid sexual assault. One of the recurring messages within the article is ways in which women can prevent alcohol-facilitated assaults such as a reduction in alcohol consumption. Unfortunately there is a belief that telling a woman she cannot drink to match the drinking of a male counterpart can be misconstrued to seem sexist. Physically and biologically men and women are as different as the sun and the moon; it's safe to say drinking too much whether at a friend’s place, campus, or any other type of social gathering for young men and women. In the article, Yoffe contends that one of the ways alcohol consumption in college can be curbed is lowering the drinking age from 21 years (Yoffe, 2013). I firmly believe this would be one of the first steps towards reducing the occurrence of sexual assault in campuses. The idea of binge drinking is a tradition...
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...Courtney Sattler Com 316 Observation Observation Paper Males and females approach life in a different way from one another. According to gender roles on the terminology list that was posted on blackboard, “One’s internal sense of being a man/boy, a woman/girl, both, neither, etc. This internal identity may or may not be expressed outwardly, and may or may not correspond to one’s physical characteristics” (blackboard, word document). Through the three locations I noticed myself observing stereotypical behaviors between the two genders. My first observation took place at Chabad, which is right off campus, on Friday nights. My second observation took place at Starbucks at the Memorial Union (MU). My third observation took place at Barnes & Noble, at Tempe Marketplace. Each location that I observed, they each represented different aspects of gender communication. On Friday nights I attend Chabad, where I go for services and dinner, the location is right off campus. Going for services, females and males are separated by seating on opposite sides of the room of each other. The reason for separating females and males sitting on different sides is because the main focus is on the prayers rather than the opposite of gender. Where I never realized that it was about focusing on the prayers rather than the opposite sex. When we pray in synagogue males and females are experiencing the opportunity to be with your self, to communicate with yourself. Males and females need...
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...effects on the individual development and sociological perceptions. This article will also look at the potential education utility of video games and the effect of games on student engagement and social development. The College Gamer Recent data from UCLA’s Higher Education Research Institute provides useful information about video game usage on college campuses. The data show that most college students have played video games, many play them regularly, and a small percentage use them as a primary means of entertainment and leisure. In the 2009 Freshman Survey, around 1% of respondents admitted to playing over 20 hours of videogames per week. Over 35% of the respondents stated that they play at least one hour per week. There is an enormous gender disparity in the amount of time spend on videogames. While less than 1 in 50 incoming freshmen women played more than 10 hours of videogames per week, 1 in 10 males admitted to doing this (UCLA Higher Education Research Institute, 2009). The disparity increases with 10 times more males than females admitting to playing more than 20 hours per week. Video game usage tends to drop significantly during the first year of college. Over 7% more students report playing no video games at all after the first year than they...
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...matters together with Prophet Mohammed, who freely acknowledged her wisdom (Badawi, 1995). Moreover, one-sixth of the Hadith record is Aysha’s transmission of the sayings and traditions of the Prophet (Hamdan, 2005). The important role of Aysha is greatly appreciated and celebrated among Muslims today. Similarly, Khadija, the first of Prophet Mohammed, became the first prominent businesswoman and the most successful woman in Islam (Badawi, 1995). Not to mention that Fatima, who was Prophet Mohammed’s daughter, is documented as being a very politically active woman (Al Sari, 2003a, 2003b). Additionally, Sukie’na, Prophet Mohammed’s granddaughter, was a well-known mathematician (Badawi, 1995). More recently, Benazir Bhutto, a Muslim woman, became the prime minister of Pakistan (Badawi, 1995). Finally, the Nobel Prize winner Shereen Abadi from Iran is also a Muslim women’s lawyer and a political activist (Al Sari, 2003a, 2003b). Despite the important roles played by the Saudi women in history, there are a number of inequalities that disadvantaged the women. For instance, the women were not supposed to drive cars or practice law or major in mathematics, and so on (Alhareth et al.,...
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...everyone has a fixed identity. These are the aspects of a person in which he or she has no control over and cannot change, such as gender, sexuality, and race. Then there is natural identity, which is assembled by discourses and experiences throughout life. Natural identity is relational and constructed based on one’s own personal beliefs and values, as opposed to one’s fixed identity, which is based on characteristics and culture. Unfortunately, individuals let the unchangeable aspects of their identity limit them from creating their own unique identity. This can be due to societal views that expect an individual conform to the public image associated with his or her gender, race, and sexuality. “Losing Matt Shepard” by Beth Loffreda explores what she calls “The Limits of Identification”, and how these limits may have impacted the anti-gay murder of Matt Shepard. Similarly, “The Naked Citadel” by Susan Faludi could also be described as a text centrally concerned with the limits of identification, by exposing a connection between the image that men are expected to maintain by the general public and the behavior of the cadets in the Citadel. A community has the power to define an individual’s role based on gender, sexuality, or race, ultimately limiting his or her identity. The structure of every community is different, meaning that an individual’s role will differ and he or she learns this through experiences or traditions. However, these limits can lead to identity crises once individuals...
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...Becoming a Gendered Body Annual Review of Sociology SOC110-M1-A3 Santina Wood Argosy University 2 Abstract Is there such thing as a hidden curriculum in school that creates bodily differences between genders? In the article “Becoming a Gendered body: Practices of Preschools”, Karin Martin uses a method of research known as field observation in order to study how this ‘hidden curriculum’ controls children’s bodily practices and turns them into girls and boys. “Gendering of the body in childhood is the foundation on which further gendering of the body occurs throughout the life course. The gendering of children’s bodies makes gender differences feel and appear natural, which allows for such bodily differences to emerge throughout the life course.” (Martin, K. 1998) 3 The information in this study came from the widespread and in depth study conducted in five preschool classrooms. In these classrooms there were boys and girls ranging from three to five years old. Four of these classrooms were located close to the campus of a large university (Preschool A), and the fifth classroom (Preschool B) was a preschool run by a catholic church in the same city. The both shared similar curriculums and routines with one exception; Preschool B contained some religious instruction requiring children to pray before their snack. In preschool B, the children’s activities focused more on the religious aspect of certain things, but most especially on holidays, where those in preschool...
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...Haoyang Ding Soc 324 As my background, I come from China, the traditional Chinese mode of thinking that boys are important than girls. In the feudal China society this situation is more significant. Most Chinese families has a very clear distinction between different gender. For instance, my father responsible to earn money and my mom responsible to take care All family member's life. Like, cooking, take care my grandmother and grandfather. On the one hand, I grow up in the traditional Chinese family and as the only male in the second generation in my family. So mostly my opinion about sexuality are influenced by my parents. On the other hand, as a foreigner, I studied in the US four years, so I think race, religion, nationality also influences my ideas about sexuality. For my personal experience, there are several factors influenced my sexuality. Firstly, my parents influenced my sexuality. When I was children, my parents told me you can’t dress, skirt, you should dress like a man. When I was in elementary school, my parents start asking me, “do you have a girlfriend?” all those things remind me, I should dress like a man not lady and I should find a girlfriend not boyfriend. So I think my parents influenced my sexuality. Secondly, in adolescence period, all my friends are straight guy, we always talked about pretty girls. I think at this progress, I know I should date with girls, not boys and in that period I never thought about the sexuality. I never meet gay or lesbian before...
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...that struck me as a gender bias. His need to look tough because of his position at the school is described in chapter 4 as follows. “ the chancellor had advised me, back in 1968, to do something about my name and appearance if I wanted to be taken seriously as a Hitler innovator” (Dellilo, 34) Jack later goes on about how he was advised to gain more weight and even grow out a beard to better represent what he was teaching. This describes how Jack has to fit a certain look because he represents Hitler and Jack conforms to these expectations. Jacks desire to conform and fit this image that he has been labeled with is shown again in Chapter seventeen when he runs into Eric Massingale, a fellow College on the Hill professor, at the mall. Massingale is surprised at how different Jack looks out of his college attire. Some or Eric Massingales comments are as follows “I've never seen you off campus, Jack. You look different without your glasses and gown” “You look so harmless, Jack. A big, harmless, aging, indistinct sort of guy.”(Delillo, 106-107) Jacks encounter with Eric prompted him to go on a shopping spree to overcompensate for his harmless image. Jacks desire to fit into his created persona shows the readers that he is uncomfortable with his normal self and he tries to hide himself with the whole Hitler image that he created. Denise the the eleven year old daughter of Babette is someone who I think shows how someone does not fall into the typical gender roles of this country and...
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...The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0142-5455.htm Mentoring for gender equality and organisational change Jennifer de Vries and Claire Webb Organisational and Staff Development Services, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia, and Mentoring for gender equality 573 Joan Eveline Business School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia Abstract Purpose – There is considerable literature about the impact of mentoring on the mentees but little is known about the effect of the mentoring relationship on the mentor. This paper aims to address that gap. Design/methodology/approach – Interviews with 15 mentors and survey responses from 128 mentees are used to examine a formal mentoring programme. Most emphasis is on the perspective of the mentors, raising questions about how they view outcomes for themselves and their mentees, as well as the effects of mentoring on the workplace culture over time. Questions about the mentoring relationship, including gender differences, are analysed against the background of a decade-long organisational change strategy. Findings – Mentors report significant benefits for themselves and the mentee as well as the organisation itself as a result of their participation. The findings suggest that a long-term mentoring programme for women has the potential to be an effective organisational change intervention. In particular, men involved in that programme increased...
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...Internal Truth Fun Home written by Alison Bechdel is a tragicomic memoir that is chronicle of her childhood and young adult life in Pennsylvania, focusing on her difficult relationship with her closeted homosexual pedophile father. The main focus in this memoir are sexual orientation and social gender role; which for both Bruce and Alison, was something they were about to learn. According to the American Psychological Association (APA), “Sexual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes. Sexual orientation also refers to a person’s sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions”. Sexual orientation is something that everybody will experience sometime in their life, which for once allows us to be “standard”; but, the difference of identities is what makes us all anomalous. Within this world, society is made up of heterosexuals, homosexuals, and bisexuals, who are either feminine or masculine. Not one is better than the other, but particular identities like masculine females (dykes) or feminine males (fags) have the worst “to cope with the social stigma against homosexuality, [and] this pattern of prejudice can have serious negative effects on health and well-being” (APA) . We shall explore in further detail, how Alison’s open lesbian life succeeds against her father’s closet-hidden gay being and which is feminine or...
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...developing into our individual selves. Along the road of life there will be ups, downs, successes and failures, but through it all as individuals we are developing into the person we are supposed to be. Human development is that whole process, from birth to death and all that is in between. Everything we do, learn, and achieve has to do with our development. The role of development theorists are significant in knowing what we know today and the research performed from centuries earlier have guided others and inspired others to expand and continue to evolve the foundation of developmental theory into what it is today. Theorists such as Freud, Piaget and Vygotsky were the forefathers of development theory and their work was significant. However they provided the framework for other theorists to expand upon their original theories and give much more insight into how we as individuals develop. I believe I agree with several theorists, as they all were influential in their works. Some that particularly stand out though are Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg. Although Piaget was influential in his insight that “the role of maturation (simply growing up) in children's increasing capacity to...
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...STUDENTS’ CONSTRUCTION OF THE BODY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Kinesiology by Laura Azzarito B.S., Universita’ di Scienze Motorie di Torino, Italy, 1994 M.S., University of Maryland, College Park, 2000 December 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I’m very grateful to all the students and teachers who are the subjects of this work. I greatly appreciate their willingness to participate in this research and the time they dedicated to all of the interviews and member checks. I also thank the principals who gave me permission to conduct this study. I especially acknowledge and thank physical education teachers Celeste Alfred, for welcoming me to her school, and Vickie Braud for her great help in making contacts necessary to complete my data collection. Both Vickie and Celeste were wonderful throughout my research process, helping me to observe classes and arrange student interviews at the schools. I greatly appreciate all the suggestions, insights and comments of my committee members. Thank you to all of them: Dr. Kuttruff, my external committee member, for her interest in following the steps of my dissertation; Dr. Magill, for bringing a very challenging and valuable perspective to my research; Dr. Lee, for her deep knowledge and expertise in the field of physical education;...
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...Systematic Theology II ___________________ by Peter Heikkinen February 17, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………..….1 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………….1-3 EGALITARIAN EQUALITY…………………………………………………………..1-2 COMPLIMENTARIAN ROLES…………………………………………………….…2-3 CRITICAL INTERACTION……………………………………………………………………3-6 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………....6-7 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………....8 Introduction Within Christian controversial topics that divide the Church as a whole Woman in Ministry is one of the most divisive. The two main sides of this debate are; egalitarian’s who believe there are no role differences in gender to authority or teaching in the church biblically. The complementarian view also known as the traditional view holds that men have a position of authority before God in church teaching and authority in the church and home governing. James Beck gathers four New Testament scholars two for each side on the issue and sets out to show case two arguments for each side and room for rebuttal in consideration of the New Testament scripture dealing with woman in ministry. With my own view being that of a soft complementation; women have a role in teaching and authority in the home and church setting but man has positional headship of responsibility, this position will be defended with these arguments in this book and other scholarly sources in this paper. Summary Egalitarian Equality The beginning chapter...
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...Being a ‘Team’ Player: The Linguistic Alteration of Identity in Online Communities Dedicated to The Hunger Games In the first chapter of Gender and Language, Penelope Eckert and Sally McConnell-Ginet discuss how the connection between language and gender enables a “continual performance” of gendered interactions (33), which, in turn, enables “social reproduction” founded on the separate categories of male and female. They argue that language not only reflects gendered categories but “constructs and maintains these categories” (34). Being such strong categories, they claim it is “impossible” to escape gendered behavior and not influence others to give gendered responses (50). In a later chapter, Eckert and McConnell-Ginet discuss how “gender schemas and ideologies” are implied and interpreted (203). Using an example from a university setting, the authors illustrate their point that the assumption of gender may not result from “the particulars of our exchange but in familiar gender stereotypes” (204). If no specific clues or pronouns are given during the exchange of information, presuppositions relying on stereotypes often emerge. Not only do stereotypes and behavior fill the linguistic gaps, but the power in individual words alone is a cause for concern. Sally McConnell-Ginet explores this further in her article “Words in the World: How and Why Meanings Can Matter.” She argues that single words can carry multiple meanings in each use whether the speaker means them to or not...
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...countries. There are different ways of measuring this. Comparing annual or monthly earnings shows the difference between what both sexes “take home”, which is interesting from a sociological perspective. However we shall focus on the “gender pay gap”, defined as the “the relative difference in the average gross hourly earnings of women and men working full time”. This shows the difference between the actual “price” of women and men’s labor, taking into consideration the fact that men work more hours on average. How does the gender gap stand today? Despite differences between countries the gender pay gap remains a persistent characteristic of OECD labor markets. In 2006, women earned an average of 16% less than men, per hour worked. … Although we can see a slow but continuous drop over the past few decades in all countries In OECD countries, which are mainly liberal democracies that prone equality and economic efficiency, the difference in wages shouldn’t, theoretically, be directly linked to sex, but to productivity. With the convergence between the sexes, the difference in productivity should be disappearing, and yet the gender wage gap, whilst slowly declining, remains a reality. It is important to address the issue of the gender pay gap,...
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