...INDONESIAN; USE A CAPITAL PUNISHMENT FOR ANTI TRAFFICKING CRIME CHAPTER I-INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Indonesia is a source, transit, and destination country for women, children, and men trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor. The greatest threat of trafficking facing Indonesian men and women is that posed by conditions of forced labor and debt bondage in more developed Asian countries and the Middle East. The government stopped permitting Indonesian women to travel to Japan and South Korea as “cultural performers,” to curtail a practice that led to victims being trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation. However, in 2007 traffickers increasingly used false documents, including passports, to obtain tourist visas for women and girls who are subsequently forced into prostitution in Japan, through the unlawful exploitation of recruitment debts as high as $20,000 each. Trafficking of young girls to Taiwan as brides, mainly from West Kalimantan, persisted. Traffickers use false marriage licenses and other false documentation in order to obtain visas and subsequently force the women and girls into prostitution. Women from the People’s Republic of China, Thailand, and Eastern Europe are trafficked to Indonesia for commercial sexual exploitation, although the numbers are small compared with the number of Indonesians trafficked for this purpose. The Government of Indonesia does not fully comply with the...
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...of capitalist domination, which relates to each of these categories, suggests that the main cause of conflict in society is inequality, and this inequality brings about disadvantages to workers and benefits to the owners of capital. Although this perspective is backed by strong examples in today’s society, such as the decline in skilled labour leading to greater inequality between the proletariat (workers) and the bourgeoisie (capital owners), it spends too much time on blaming the structure of the system for making inequalities worse, without taking into consideration how much worse these inequalities would be today if the system were not structured the way it is. Therefore, when criticizing systems such as government, and its ability to organize and manage society, it is essential to recognize that without a government in place, and if society were to be adhocratic, the world would be chaotic and not nearly as efficient as it would be if a government were established. The government plays key roles in not only the stabilization of society, but also in helping it prosper in the long run. In this paper, I will argue through a functionalist perspective in that the government has a key function in organizing the regulation of both physical and human capital such that society may achieve prosperity, and that current issues within society would only get worse if the established government were to be abolished. A significant role that the government plays in society is to create...
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...Yes Globalisation is necessary, for an economy to grow. Globalisation refers to the integration of economic, technological, socio-political factors with the world. And with globalisation, with the mutual co-operation and assistance -particularly with reference to the law of comparative advantage- it is going to be beneficial. Globalisation also helps reducing the poverty level in the country-there are plenty of evidences and record to support it.Developing countries specially require globalization. Because Indians are very rich in resources of skilled manpower.So Other countries are interested to invest in India.We don’t have that much funds/money to make very huge industries or developments.There is no shame to invite other countries for investing.lot of advantages are there..employment,infrastructure development,tourism , foreign exchange and etc..Even America would be nowhere if globalisation was an imaginary concept never put forward. Half the world’s countries would be reeling in depression right now if not for globalisation. For example, petroleum, most countries are on the verge of depleting their entire reserves and some countries don’t have it at all. Seeing this if not for globalisation the entire world would be left crippled due to the massive energy crisis facing them. while globalisation is necessary it is not sufficient to ensure communities gain from globalisation. To keep and spread the gains,government must not only reduce barriers to trade and investment, they...
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...Illicit Financial Flows From Developing Countries: 2001-2010 Dev Kar and Sarah Freitas December 2012 Illicit Financial Flows From Developing Countries: 2001-2010 Dev Kar and Sarah Freitas1 December 2012 Global Financial Integrity Wishes to Thank The Ford Foundation for Supporting this Project 1 Dev Kar, formerly a Senior Economist at the International Monetary Fund (IMF), is Lead Economist at Global Financial Integrity (GFI) and Sarah Freitas is an Economist at GFI. The authors would like to thank Simón Ramírez Amaya, an intern at GFI, for assistance with data research as well as Raymond Baker and other staff at GFI for helpful comments. Any errors that remain are the authors’ responsibility. We are pleased to present here our analysis of Illicit Financial Flows From Developing Countries: 2001-2010. In our previous annual reports we have utilized the World Bank Residual model adjusted for trade mispricing, presented in both gross non-normalized and in filtered normalized calculations. In this year’s report we are adding a second form of analysis, the Hot Money Narrow model adjusted for trade mispricing, again presented in non-normalized and normalized calculations. The results for 2010 are summarized as follows: World Bank Residual Plus Trade Mispricing, Non-Normalized World Bank Residual Plus Trade Mispricing, Normalized Hot Money Narrow Plus Trade Mispricing, Non-Normalized Hot Money Narrow Plus Trade Mispricing, Normalized US$ 1,138 billion US$ US$...
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...1 A: A share Ａ股；甲类股份 abatement of tax 减税；减扣免税额 ABN AMRO Bank N.V. 荷兰银行 above-the-line expenditure 线上项目支出；经常预算 支出 above-the-line receipt 线上项目收入；经常预算收入 ABSA Asia Limited 南非联合亚洲有限公司 absolute change 绝对数值变更 absolute expenditure 实际开支 absolute guideline figure 绝对准则数字 absolute interest 绝对权益 absolute order of discharge 绝对破产解除令 absolute profit margin 绝对利润幅度 absolute value 实值；绝对值 absolutely vested interest 绝对既得权益 absorbed cost 已吸收成本；已分摊成本 absorption 吸收；分摊；合并 absorption rate 吸收率；摊配率；分摊率 ACB Finance Limited 亚洲商业财务有限公司 acceptable form of reciprocity 合理的互惠条件 acceptable rate 适当利率；适当汇率 acceptance agreement 承兑协议 acceptance for honour 参加承兑 acceptor 承兑人；接受人；受票人 acceptor for honour 参加承兑人 accident insurance 意外保险 Accident Insurance Association of Hong Kong 香港 意外保险公会 accident insurance scheme 意外保险计划 accident year basis 意外年度基准 accommodation 通融；贷款 accommodation bill 通融票据；空头票据 accommodation party 汇票代发人 account balance 帐户余额；帐户结余 account book 帐簿 account collected in advance 预收款项 account current book 往来帐簿 account of after-acquired property 事后取得的财产 报告 account of defaulter 拖欠帐目 account payable 应付帐款 account payee only [A/C payee only] 只可转帐；存入 收款人帐户 account receivable 应收帐款 account receivable report 应收帐款报表 account statement 结单；帐单；会计财务报表 account title 帐户名称；会计科目 accountant's report 会计师报告 Accountant's Report Rules 会计师报告规则 accounting and auditing procedure 会计与审计程序； 会计与核数程序 Accounting Arrangements 《会计安排》 accounting basis 会计基础 accounting by Official Receiver 破产管理署署长呈 ...
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...Introduction Many people have argued that crimes committed by juveniles should not be tried in adult court. Such arguments have been made on the perception that during the time of the crime, the juvenile was not in a position to clearly understand what the crime entailed. Nonetheless, while this might be true according to those that argue in favor of juveniles being tried in juvenile courts, a hidden reality exists that the social issue behind certain crimes are much more complicated than the allegations made pertaining to juvenile courts and certain crimes. When allegations such as “the juvenile was raised knowing that his behavior was acceptable” are being employed to reason for the juvenile being tried in a juvenile court (even when crimes of homicide are committed) then those who commit capital crimes ought to be penalized by the law as written by the law. Under this presumption alone, anyone who commits capital crime is subject to the penalties of the law. This creates the reasons as to why juveniles should be treated as adults in homicide cases. Research findings by Fox, J....
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...Crime is a behaviour/act that goes against a society’s law, and therefore has legal consequences attached if broken, e.g. prison sentence, penalty charge. Deviance is an act/behaviour that goes against a societies norms and values, however is not against the law and therefore not punishable by law. It is a relative term dependent on different societies and their norms and values; what is considered deviant also changes over times, for example it used to be considered deviant for women to smoke, whereas now that is accepted (western). There is a clear relationship between gender and crime according to official statistics. It has been revealed that men about six or seven times more likely to offend than women. In self-report studies the figures are not as large, however, men are still in the majority. Also when we look at victims of crime it appears that men are more likely to be victims of crime than women. Messerschmidt says young men want to conform to the dominant form of masculinity which he called ‘hegemonic masculinity’. It’s the idealised form which is ‘defined through work in the paid labour market, the subordination of women, heterosexist and the uncontrollable sexuality of men’, (It’s a form of masculinity that most men aim to accomplish and is prized and prestigious). Messerschmidt argues that different men use crime and deviance to accomplish prestigious hegemonic masculinity. Depending on their status and class position, different men attempt to accomplish this masculinity...
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...offenders and became the main objective. Also during this time the term penology was replaced by the term corrections. Corrections is defined as the supervision and monitoring of offenders, the secure holdings of inmates in prisons, and the treatment of problems such as drug addiction, mental illness and other services (Seiter, 2014, “Chapter 1, The History of Crimes and Corrections, What is Corrections?”). In the eighteen century an Italian theorist founded the classical school of criminology. His first theory of crime causation was linked to appropriate punishments. “Beccaria suggested that the purpose of punishment is utility or the prevention of crime. Included in his principles are that crime is an injury to society, that prevention is more important than punishment, that the accused have the right to speedy trials and humane treatment, that there should be no secret accusations or torture, that certainty and swiftness of punishment (more than severity) best deter crime, and that imprisonment should be more wisely used as a punishment” (Seiter, 2014, “Chapter 1, The History of Crimes and Corrections, Theories of Crime and...
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...Capital Punishment Is No Resolution For Juvenile Offenders Juvenile Delinquents Should Not Have To Worry About Capital Punishment Tkemia S. Gibson 1000 Huntington Mews. Clementon, New Jersey 08021 Juvenile Delinquency Capital Punishment 2 Introduction/Abstract….. page 3 Judicial System…… page 5 Juvenile versus Adults…… page 6 Rehabilitation……. page 8 Conclusion……. page 9 Reference page… page 11 Capital Punishment 3 Introduction/Abstract In today’s society our judicial system has been trying to use rehabilitation, treatment services, and reformation to aide our youth in place of Capital Punishment. Capital Punishment was done away with on March 1, 2005. When dealing with medical research and therapist teams the process has become more opened to helping juveniles to overcome any negative behaviors in the legal system. Capital Punishment 4 Capital Punishment over the years has always been one of the most controversial topics that stay in communication with our legal system. In committing murder as a child, it is hard not to become judgmental in thinking that a child knows right from wrong. When thinking of a teenage child committing murder at times you may think do they really realize what they have just done and do they even know the consequences. My position is juveniles who commit the act of murder should not have to suffer the resolution of capital punishment because they are still children and their brains are not...
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...penal system is one of most significant boundaries between Canada and the United States. Though not perfect, it's absolutely clear that Canada has the far more superior legal system. Unlike the United States, Canada no longer practices capital punishment which is barbaric to say the least. Furthermore Canada's belief in conjunctive punishment is better with dealing with offenders than America's consecutive punishment. Finally Canada's goal to concentrate more on rehabilitating and educating criminals is far more effective and efficient in eradicating future crime then just incarcerating them. There are two main types of law, Substantive and Procedural. Substantive law creates, defines and regulates rights and obligations of citizens; in contrast procedural law prescribes the manner to enforce rights and obligations. (Dickson) Substantive law divides into Public law which in turn breaks up into four other laws including criminal law. Criminal law outlines all the acts that are regarded as offences to society and it consists of the penal system. The penal system is comprised of sets of punishments and sentences pertaining to a specific crime. It includes the maximum number of years a lawbreaker can be sentenced to, depending on the type of crime and its severity. (Cavadino) The penal system serves as a guide for judges when they make their final decisions. Criminal law including the penal system is within federal jurisdiction for both countries with the only difference being that...
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...The first case I will discuss is the Roper v. Simmon case in 1993 and the sentencing change in 2004. The second case is Yarborough v. Alvarado in 2004. I will discuss criminal justice theories that may help explain the crime. The juvenile courts and juvenile corrections prosecution and punishment of minor persons accused in each case. Also, the victims’ family’s reaction to the legislations decision to change the law in each case. This discussion should illustrate a clear picture of the importance each case played in the juvenile justice system. The Roper v. Simmons case starting...
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...p. 79). Four reasons of Racial Disparity The four reasons for the flourishing continuance of racial disparity in the criminal justice sentencing process are ineffective assistance of procedural bars, and council, jury selection and venue, prosecutorial discretion, and juror racism (Tabak, 1999, p. 6). Research documenting states like New York and California prosecutions have board spectrums concerning discretion seeking capital punishment; however, these four reasons apply to cases, which capital punishment is sought. “Capital punishment can be sought for intentional murders which individual may commit during the course of a felony and the intent to commit murder can be formed instantaneously before the killing without premeditation” (Tabak, 1999, p. 6.) Ineffective assistance of procedural bars and counsel is a reason for the existence of racial disparity because “proving the ineffectiveness of procedural bars and counsel is extremely difficult to prove with the system that lawyers are ineffectual” (Tabak, 1999, p. 6). An individual facing capital punishment or life with parole may seem...
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...http://www.jstor.org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/stable/3053466 2. .) In all societies certain kinds of behaviour are either encouraged or discouraged by a set of social rules, from mild discouragers such as frowns of disapproval to applause of approval. Behaviours that infringe upon the happiness of others or their property or the general wellbeing of those within the community were discouraged with stronger means such as verbal abuse, beatings and banishment. (Allen and Simonsen, 1998) 3. Theorists such as von Hentig of the early 1900’s proposed that Bentham’s theory of deterrence was invalid due to the fact that the pleasure of committing a crime is a “near object” whereas the consequence of crime imposed by the legal system is a “long-distance danger” and is unable to counteract the immediate rewards of crime. (Paternoster, 2010, p773) HOW MUCH DO WE REALLY KNOW ABOUT CRIMINAL DETERRENCE? Paternoster, Raymond Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology; Summer 2010; 100, 3; ProQuest Central pg. 765 Bentham's Utilitarian Critique of the Death Penalty Hugo Adam Bedau The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), Vol. 74, No. 3 (Autumn, 1983), pp. 1033-1065 Published by: Northwestern University Article DOI: 10.2307/1143143 Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/stable/1143143...
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...Jeanette and wounded her, so Sampson shot both of them and killed them. Sampson and Jeanette got into the getaway car that Enmund was driving. When they were caught The Armstrongs and Enmund were convicted of one count of robbery and two counts of first degree murder, and sentenced to death. The conviction was affirmed by the state’s highest court. The United States Supreme Court reversed and remanded his death sentence, holding that capital punishment was inappropriate for defendant. IV. Is it against the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment to be sentenced to capital punishment if you were only a getaway driver in a robbery that turned into murder? V. Holding and Action: Yes. It was affirmed. VI: Rationale: The argument was whether if it’s okay to give someone the death penalty if they were just a getaway driver in a robbery that turned into a murder crime goes against the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. The court held that it did...
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...of the United States criminal justice system are inconsistent with the principles of social justice posited by John Rawls and David Miller. The criminal justice system does not promote socially just outcomes or practices. First of all, the criminal justice system is not really a system at all; it is a network. Second, criminal justice places greater emphasis on crime control, rather than due process rights. Our system encourages punishment rather than rehabilitation. Finally, criminal justice policies such as the death penalty and the war on drugs reflect prejudices within the system, resulting in unequal treatment. Before beginning to explain these flaws within criminal justice, I will first define social justice and explain the essential social justice principles suggested in Rawls and Miller’s theories. Social Justice Justice is based on two supposedly equal conceptions. First, guilty offenders are held accountable for their actions and second, that criminal justice processes are implemented fairly, without being affected by personal bias. In order for justice to occur, a balance must be achieved between the crime victim and the offender’s acts. This is usually attempted through retribution, or trying to rectify an offender’s wrongdoing through punishment (Robinson, 2005). Social justice refers to these conceptions of justice, applied to entire...
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