...originates in. Many cancer victims succumb to cancer not because of the primary tumor, but the systematic effects of metastases on other regions away from the affected site. Therefore many treatment and research aim to prevent the metastatic process at the early period. There are currently many therapies in clinical use, and many advanced technologies that help to achieve better result and nanotechnology is the potential candidate to fight against cancer. Nano-materials such as Carbon-nanotubes (CNTs)1, quantum dot, and dendrimers all have unique properties that can be taken advantage of for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. CNTs have the potential to deliver many types of drug directly to targeted cells and tissues at a much higher efficiency compared to the conventional methods. With the help of many recent discoveries in nanotechnology based materials, determining the toxicity of nanoparticles is also a very important task. Thus, in this review, the experiment aims to explore the biomedical application of carbon-nanotubes with the particular emphasis on the use as oncologic therapeutic agent. Introduction United States holds number 7 in the top ten highest overall cancer rates at 300 per 100,000 of the population. The most common types of cancer among the admitted patients are lung, colon and breast cancer. Base on the mortality rate in 2008, lung and colon cancer are responsible for the majority of the deceased victims. At this point, the main and most widely used treatment for...
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...The ratio of water loss to carbon gain, or water-use efficiency. suggest a partial closure of stomata1—small pores on the leaf surface that regulate gas exchange—to maintain a nearconstant concentration ofCO2 inside the leaf even under continually increasing atmospheric CO2 levels. photosynthesis indicates that increasing atmospheric CO2 should lead to an increase in both photosynthetic uptake and water-use efficiency4—that is, the ‘CO2 fertilization effect’. These include: climate change; nitrogen deposition and accumulation; changes in leaf area, canopy height, surface roughness and the coupling of the canopy to the atmosphere; and long-term instrument drift. This analysis shows that the general trend and magnitude of the increase inWei is independent of recent changes in environmental factors. The lack of a consistent trend in climatic forcing across all sites (with the exception of vapour pressure deficit, D) further suggests that changes in climatic drivers are not responsible for the consistent increase in Wei. potential drivers of the observed changes in Wei, the only driver that is changing sufficiently and consistently through time at all sites is atmospheric CO2. The direct tradeoff between water loss and carbon uptake through the stomata—equations (1) and (2)—means that, as water-use efficiency increases, either evapotranspiration (Ee) decreases or gross photosynthetic carbon uptake increases, or both occur simultaneously. balance. Reduced...
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...TERM PAPER OF CHEMISTRY TOPIC: CARBON NANOTUBE Submitted to Submit by: Mr. Balwant Singh Bhist Mr.Shailja Kant yadav Deptt. Of CHEMISTRY Roll. No. : - A02 Sec: - RC5911 REG NO.:-10905256 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to present my vote of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of this study. I would express my sincere gratitude to my parents for trusting and investing in me and my future and providing for all my needs and requirements. I also express my deep sense of gratitude to my teacher, Mr. Balwant Singh Bhist – Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University for her constant guidance and kind support throughout this project. I am heartily thankful to my friends Anil Choudhary, Pratik Anand, Suresh Hembrom for helping me with their thoughtful and...
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...Carbon Fibre Carbon fibre is sometimes known as graphite fibre, it is a strong, stiff, lightweight material that has the potential to replace steel and is popularly used in specialized, high-performance products like aircrafts, race cars and sporting equipment. Carbon fibre was first invented near Cleveland, Ohio, in 1958. It wasn’t until a new manufacturing process was developed at a British research centre in 1963 that carbon fibres strength potential was realized. Current methods for manufacturing carbon fibre tend to be slow and energy intensive, making it costly for use in mass-produced applications. However engineers have set a goal of reducing carbon fibre production costs by 50 percent, the Energy Department’s new Carbon Fibre Technology Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is working with manufacturers and researchers to develop better and cheaper processes for producing carbon fibres. As part of conventional carbon fibre production, precursors go through several processes that include stretching, oxidation (to raise the melting temperature) and carbonization in high-temperature furnaces that vaporize about 50 percent of the material, making it nearly 100 percent carbon. Carbon fibre can be woven into a fabric that is suitable for use in defence applications or added to a resin and moulded into preformed pieces, such as vehicle components or wind turbine blades. Carbon-fibre composites could reduce passenger car weight by 50 percent and improve fuel efficiency...
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...DATA TABLES: CARBON CYCLE LESSON 1 Lesson 1: Step 1 | Gaseous Carbon | Ocean Water | Fossil Fuels | Biosphere Gaseous Carbon | To Year | Atmosphere | Ocean Surface | Deep Ocean | Oil and Gas | Coal | Soil | Terrestrial Plants | 2000 | 375ppm | 1000 | 38000 | 500 | 2000 | 2000 | 700 | 2050 | 446ppm | 1074 | 38189 | 168 | 1818 | 2037 | 752 | 2100 | 754ppm | 1197 | 38699 | 0 | 676 | 2098 | 833 | Lesson 1:Step 2 | Total Carbon Emissions | Gaseous Carbon | Ocean Water | Fossil Fuels | Biosphere Gaseous Carbon | To Year | Smokestack | Atmosphere | Ocean Surface | Deep Ocean | Oil and Gas | Coal | Soil | Terrestrial Plants | 2000 | 0 | 371ppm | 1000 | 38000 | 500 | 2000 | 2000 | 700 | 2010 | 75 | 382ppm | 1031 | 38019 | 452 | 1974 | 2004 | 714 | 2020 | 87 | 398ppm | 1039 | 38049 | 396 | 1943 | 2012 | 724 | 2030 | 101 | 418ppm | 1049 | 38087 | 331 | 1907 | 2020 | 733 | 2040 | 117 | 440ppm | 1061 | 38133 | 255 | 1866 | 2029 | 742 | 2050 | 136 | 466ppm | 1074 | 38189 | 168 | 1818 | 2037 | 752 | 2060 | 157 | 497ppm | 1089 | 38255 | 66 | 1762 | 2046 | 763 | 2070 | 204 | 542ppm | 1108 | 38334 | 0 | 1623 | 2056 | 775 | 2080 | 270 | 604ppm | 1136 | 38433 | 0 | 1353 | 2068 | 792 | 2090 | 313 | 674ppm | 1165 | 38554 | 0 | 1040 | 2082 | 811 | 2100 | 364 | 754ppm | 1197 | 38699 | 0 | 676 | 2098 | 833 | Responses to questions | 1.If only one half of the flora in the world existed in 2100 (perhaps due to deforestation), what do youpredict the atmospheric...
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...General Purpose: To inform my audience about Carbon Monoxide poisoning, symptoms of exposure, the effects it can cause, where it can be detected, and how to prevent becoming a victim of carbon monoxide poisoning. Specific Purpose: To inform my audience how to become more aware of the dangers of carbon monoxide and how to prevent exposure. Central Idea: Carbon Monoxide is a deadly, odorless, colorless, tasteless gas but with proper education and detection you can avoid becoming another statistic of carbon monoxide poisoning. INTRODUCTION I. What is Carbon Monoxide poisoning? (According to Anne Marie Helmenstine) A. Carbon Monoxide poisoning is when a person breathes in too much carbon monoxide and it replaces the oxygen in your blood. 1. Lack of oxygen in the bloodstream causes cells throughout the body to die, causing organs to stop working, which can then lead to death. II. What are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning? A. There are early symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning that you should be aware of to help you identify if you might be getting exposed to this deadly gas. 1. Early symptoms consist of headache, dizziness, nausea, fatigue and shortness of breath. III. There can be long term effects from over exposure to carbon monoxide. A. Some long term effects may not show up until later and can include changes in behavior, vision and coordination. IV. Knowing where and how to detect carbon monoxide is key to preventing exposure. A...
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...Carbon Credit Trading as a way of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Submitted to Ms. Neharika 10/29/2012 Birla Institute of Technology Mesra (Noida Ext. Centre) Devika Singh (IMBA/4567/12) Samridh Singh (IMBA/4565/12) Sunisha Gautam (IMBA/4566/12) Akshay Maheshwari (IMBA/4568/12) Carbon Credit as a way of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) The Collins English Dictionary defines a carbon credit as “a certificate showing that a government or company has paid to have a certain amount of carbon dioxide removed from the environment”. Carbon Credit is a permit that allows the holder to emit one ton of carbon dioxide. Credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced their greenhouse gases below their emission quota. Carbon credits can be traded in the international market at their current market price. Carbon credits and carbon markets are a component of national and international attempts to lessen the growth in concentrations of greenhouse gases. One carbon credit is equal to one metric tonne of carbon dioxide, or in some markets, carbon dioxide equivalent gases. There are also many companies that sell carbon credits...
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...Special report│Carbon management Towards a carbon footprint sustainable supply chain As the planet is heats up, so do mandates for manufacturers to reduce their carbon emissions. While manufacturers have been doing their bit in their manufacturing units, their carbon efficient initiatives has ceased to become a mere CSR activity, a movement, or a political leaning. It has transformed into business and economic viability. Today, manufacturers are pushed out of their production silos to consider the entire supply chain and look for new opportunities to erase the carbon footprints effectively – from sourcing to production, to distribution and product afterlife. The need today is for manufacturers to integrate an effective carbon reduction strategy into supply chain to reduce footprint, enhance their corporate image and reap the cost advantage. Attempting to please the ecological police with environmental initiatives and stakeholders with improved savings upon energy consumption, manufacturing companies have come a long way in their energy efficient initiatives. They have come out of their manufacturing facilities’ silos and have started to take an integrated view of their supply chains to erase the most villainous presence of the ‘carbon footprints’. Although manufacturing companies traditionally limited their supply chain optimisation vision to minimising costs to partners in the supply chain and maximising service to the customers, the current scenario is quickly moving...
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...life appeared on this planet. With the progress of civilization and advancements of topics : scientific knowledge, efforts are being directed 1. Carbon Credits in India 2. Bio-bin composting towards rationalizing and controlling the process in This is in continuance with the topics discussed in such a way as to make it more effective and efficient. Bio-bin is one such system of composting which is our earlier newsletters. effective in terms of time and space. This topic is Day by day the cycle of climate on earth is changing. discussed in our second article, “Bio-bin composting” Global warming has led to season shifting, changing I hope that the newsletter will serve the landscapes, rising sea levels, increased risk of drought and floods, stronger storms, increase in heat purpose of understanding the above subjects in a related illness and diseases all over the world. This better and proficient manner. has resulted due to emissions of Green House Gases – Dr. Amiya Kumar Sahu (GHG’s) from various anthropogenic activities. Since the inception of Kyoto Protocol in the year 1997, Carbon Credits in India countries all over the world have become more Our earth is undoubtedly warming. This concerned about ‘Global Warming’. Industrialized warming is largely the result of emissions of countries are the major contributors to these emissions carbon dioxide and other Greenhouse Gases compared to the developing countries. India being one (GHG’s) from human activities including industrial of...
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...Writing #4: Carbon Calculator Many of our daily activities trigger emissions of greenhouse gases. We produce greenhouse gas emissions by burning gasoline on our daily commutes, burning gas for home heating, or using electricity. Greenhouse gas emissions vary among individuals depending on a person's location, habits, and personal choices. It is good to know how much green house gasses an individual produces in their daily habits to be aware of their carbon footprint. From there a person can change their habits in an effort to reduce their footprint for a better life style and for the general health of the world. For this assignment I went through and checked all of my homes shared bills for accurate dollar amounts and measurements. For the questions about my car and my grandparent’s car, those were estimated through various websites including fuleeconomy.com. The lowest reliable value that I entered was my cars MPG. I found it easier to determine the average MPG from the reports on fuleeconomy.com rather than determining it myself. By the end of the carbon calculator, my estimated household carbon usage was 37,393 pounds of CO2 per year. Per individual this amount translates to roughly 12,464 pounds of CO2 per year. In comparison to the class average as seen below in figure 1.1, my house hold emissions were definitely on the lower end of the spectrum. To find the class average I took the higher number in the ranges offered, multiples each of those numbers by the responses they...
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...Another major concern of Carbon offset is that, it is sound in theory, but not yet in practice. First, as what did by Catholic Church in the early 16th century, carbon offset is considered as indulgences in the first place, which purchase forgiveness of past emission but not substitute for no emission. Offsets allow a company or an individual, rather than reducing their own emissions, to pay for others to do the same. It is a zero-sum game. If all goes well, 1 tone is emitted by the purchaser for every tone reduced by the seller of a carbon offset, and the atmosphere does not know the difference. For example, some companies plant trees which remove carbon from atmosphere as they grow, but this approach doesn’t change essentially, since the carbon will released again when they cut down trees. Second, we cannot deny that carbon offset will somewhat allow business to reduce their emissions. While companies declare themselves carbon neutral is somewhat designed to get image-polishing. And its offsetting is done on a voluntary basis, there is no exact regulation. And people cannot be well-informed to figure out that how many offsets are real and how many are anyway credits. To take it in case, Haier Company is now using “modularization” to try to low carbon. Although this approach can reduce cost and optimize flow to some extent, it still faces many uncertainties to full operation of “low carbon industry chain”. Producing by demand can liquidate inventory, but it increase...
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...Carbon footprint. What is your carbon footprint? That’s a question I was not prepared for. I had no clue what a carbon footprint was or how to even answer that question. I was worried I would never understand what was being asked of me. Luckily my sociology teacher provided a website that would give me better understanding of what my carbon footprint was and how to break it down. The Nature Conservancy Carbon Calculator on Nature.org had questions for me to answer that would determine how much carbon I was responsible for. According to the carbon calculator my estimated greenhouse gas emission is 39 tons of carbon dioxide a year whereas the average person releases 27 tons in a year (Nature.org). Out of the estimated tons of carbon I release in a year, 83.3 % has to do with home energy. I have a detached, single family home with 2 bedrooms, and that makes my estimated impact jump to 27 tons of carbon dioxide a year (Nature.org). When I was heating and cooling my home I didn’t think twice when adjusting my thermostat. If I was hot I would turn the air down, when cold the heat went up. By doing that I was causing an estimated impact of 2.5 tons of CO2 per year. (Nature.org). There are other things in which I produce different amounts of CO2, driving my big Ford F150 roughly 30 miles in a week puts out an estimated 1.4 tons of CO2 per year (Nature.org). I eat red meat most days but I don’t eat it with every meal. My red meat consumption has an estimated impact of 4.1 tons of CO2...
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...Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide, CO, is a colourless, odorless, tasteless gas which is lighter than air. It is highly toxic to humans and animals. It can combine with your hemoglobin creating carboxyhemoglobin. It can affect your heart, blood, kidney and lungs (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The production of carbon monoxide is a serious concern when incomplete combustion reactions are taking place. Its molecules are similar in size and shape to diatomic oxygen molecules. This similarity allows carbon monoxide to bind to oxygen binding sites in the blood more tightly than oxygen itself (Ontario Association of Fire Chiefs). The longer a person inhales carbon monoxide, the fewer bindings sites that are available to carry oxygen throughout the body. Carbon monoxide is produced by the incomplete burning of various fuels including coal, wood, charcoal, oil, kerosene, propane and natural gas. Products and equipment powered by internal combustion engines such as portable generators, cars, lawn mowers, and power washers also produce CO (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Many people die every year from CO produced by non-automotive consumer products. These products include malfunctioning fuel-burning appliances such as furnaces, ranges, water heaters and room heaters; engine-powered equipment such as portable generators; fireplaces; and charcoal that is burned in homes and other enclosed areas (Ontario Association of Fire Chiefs). Causes of Carbon monoxide...
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...Have you ever walked outside and felt like the air is different than normal? Do you feel claustrophobic? Furthermore, are changes in atmospheric composition and global climate the result of human activity or natural processes? There is much evidence backing up either side and showing that the change could be the result of both. However, because of many factors, I believe human activity is the cause of change in atmospheric composition and global climate. Human population, man-made processes, and deforestation have a great impact on atmospheric composition and global climate change. The first trace of human civilization was in Mesopotamia, in which we know had different cities. Historians estimate that there were about 96,000 people in these cities. The human population of the world is now seven billion and counting. Historical records show that in 1997 there were approximately 365,000 babies born everyday; 140,000 people die each day; this gives the world a natural increase of 220,000 people everyday. The increase in population obviously means a rise in human activities. Gradually over time, the Earth’s climate has changed and so has atmospheric composition. To clarify one thing that will be stated throughout: changes in atmospheric composition cause changes in climate. An increase in human activity causes more likelihood for change in the atmosphere. More people on Earth means more human activity. If there is more harmful (to the environment) activity there will be a greater...
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...CARBON FOOTPRINT For the past few years, our beloved “earth” is going deeper and deeper into the quagmire of global warming. This is indeed an alarming situation and to get it round each and every individual has to play an effective role. This is possible only if we are cognizant of the factors which are creating this problem of global warming. Many of us would have heard the word “carbon footprint” and this is where the whole problem lies! Carbondioxide (CO2) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the global warming so if we can reduce CO2 emission, gigantic climate changes ,global warming and their hazardous effects can be reduced. Your “carbon footprint” is the sum of all emissions of CO2, which were induced by your activities in a given time frame. The carbon footprint is a very powerful tool to understand the impact of personal behaviour on global warming. Most people are shocked when they see the amount of CO2 their activities create! If you personally want to contribute to stop global warming, the calculation and constant monitoring of your personal carbon footprint is essential. Here are some of the ways which can help to abate the carbon footprint: • Go native: Use native plant species to landscape around your home or business. The plants will probably grow better in a familiar environment, and the plants may also get shipped a shorter distance to get to...
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