...The Factors that effect cardiac output The Cardiovascular system is responsible for the transport of blood, oxygen and nutrients, to the tissues in the body. There are two components that are important to the system the heart, which pumps the blood, and arteries and veins that transport the blood to and from the tissues. The function of the system is crucial during exercise. Studies involving cardiovascular system focuses on the responses and adaptions of the cardiovascular system to exercise, such as the effects of the structure and function of the blood vessels and the relationship between exercise and neurological control of the heart i.e. cardiac output. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute. Cardiac output is determined by the equation Q = HR x SV, the amount of blood expelled with each beat (stroke volume) in combination with the number of beats per minute (heart rate), the amount of blood return, and the resistance to blood flow through vessels. During exercise the heart rate usually increases causing an increase of cardiac output and bringing more blood to the muscles. However, heart rate alone doesn’t improve cardiac output, but along with muscle demand of oxygen. The demand for more oxygen causes vasodilation, allowing an increase in blood flow and the return of blood back to the heart. Some factors that facilitate improvement in cardiac output for performance are intensity, duration, and aerobic/anaerobic exercises. ...
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...Exercise on Cardiac Output May 3, 2015 Predictions 1. During exercise HR will increase. 2. During exercise SV will increase. 3. During exercise CO will increase. Materials and Methods 1. Dependent Variable EDV, ESV, and cardiac cycle length 2. Independent Variable level of physical activity(resting or exercise) 3. Controlled Variables age, weight, height 4. What instrument was used to measure cardiac volumes? Cardiac Volumes were measured by a MRI 5. Does the instrument used to measure cardiac volume use X-Rays? Explain. The instrument uses magnet that generates sectional images of the body being scanned. Results Table 2: Resting and Exercising Cardiac Cycle Length, EDV, and ESV Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Averages Resting Values Exercising Values Cardiac EDV (mL) ESV (mL) Cardiac EDV (mL) ESV (mL) cycle length cycle length (msec) (msec) 832 142 67 371 144 34 814 136 65 436 145 40 814 135 68 414 140 35 138 67 143 36 Resting and Exercising HR, EDV andESV 1. Resting and exercising cardiac cycle length -a. What was the average resting cardiac cycle length? The average resting cardiac cycle length was 820 msec b. What was the average exercising cardiac cycle length? The average exercising cardiac cycle lenght was 407 msec. c. The range of normal resting cardiac cycle length is between 818 and 858 ms. Did average cardiac cycle length increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? The average cardiac cycle...
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...Operations Management for MBAs Operations Management for MBAs Fifth Edition Jack R. Meredith Scott M. Shafer Wake Forest University VICE PRESIDENT & EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR PROJECT EDITOR ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF MARKETING MARKETING MANAGER MARKETING ASSISTANT PRODUCT DESIGNER MEDIA SPECIALIST SENIOR CONTENT MANAGER SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR PHOTO DEPARTMENT MANAGER DESIGN DIRECTOR COVER DESIGNER PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT George Hoffman Lisé Johnson Brian Baker Amy Scholz Kelly Simmons Marissa Carroll Allison Morris Ethan Bernard Lucille Buonocore Anna Melhorn Hillary Newman Harry Nolan Wendy Lai Ingrao Associates This book was set in 10/12 ITC Garamond light by MPS Limited and printed and bound by RRD/Jefferson City. The cover was printed by RRD/Jefferson City. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007, 2002, 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to...
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...Critique of Research Studies – Part 1 Grand Canyon University Health Care Research Analysis and Utilization Nur-504 February 1st, 2013 Critique of Research Studies – Part 1 Title – Backrest Angle and Cardiac Output Measurement in Critically Ill Patients (Quantitative) An effective title of a quantitative research article should include the dependent variables, the independent variables, and the population studied. Ideally, this should be accomplished in 15 words or less while attracting the reader to the research article (Polit & Beck, 2008). The article “Backrest Angle and Cardiac Output Measurement in Critically Ill Patients” by Guiliano, Scott, Brown, & Olson (2003), does include a dependent variable, independent variable, and the population being studied while generating interest from the reader. However, the title of the article does not include each dependent variable or all of the independent variables. Although the article has a fairly strong title, all of the above information should be listed to provide the reader with a clear sense of the research study. Abstract An abstract is a brief overview of the research article that may be in paragraph form or structured in to specific subheadings. The abstract should provide a clear summary of the main features of the research article including the background, objective, method, results, and conclusion (Polit & Beck, 2008). The abstract for the article by Guiliano...
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...electrical activity refers to a cardiac arrest situation in which a heart rhythm is observed on the electrocardiogram that should be producing a pulse but is not. Under normal circumstances, electrical activation of the cardiac muscle cells precedes mechanical contraction of the heart. Pulseless electrical activity is also referred to as PEA or, by the older term, electromechanical dissociation. Pulseless electrical activity is the clinical condition characterized by unresponsive and lack of a palpable pulse in the presence of organized cardiac electrical activity. Electrical activity is a necessary but not sufficient condition for mechanical activity. In pulseless electrical activity, the heart either does not contract or there are other reasons why this results in an insufficient cardiac output to generate a pulse and supply blood to vital organs. This condition is usually noticed because a person loses consciousness and stops breathing spontaneously. This is confirmed by examining the airway for obstructions, observing the chest for airway movement (rise and fall, and feeling a pulse (which is usually the carotid pulse) for a ten second period. The possible causes of pulseless electrical activity is remembered as the six Hs and the six Ts. The six Hs are as followed: hypovolemia, hypoxia, hydrogen ions (acidosis), hyperkalemia/hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, and hypothermia. The six Ts are also as followed: toxins (drug overdose), cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax...
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...014CRNA Interview Preparation Q: Tell me about a time when you had to manage a difficult clinical situation. Q: Tell me about a time when you were working with someone who wasn't pulling their weight, and they had a different value system than yours. How did you deal with this person? Q: Tell me about a time when you failed. What happened, and how did you recover? Q: Tell me about a time when you had an ethical dilemma at work. What did you do? Q: Tell me about a time when you felt it was you against everyone else. You thought you were right and that everyone else was wrong. What did you do? Q: Why do you want to be a CRNA?** Q: What would make you a successful CRNA?** Q: How do you handle stress? Q: What kind of patients do you take care of? Your favorite and why?** Q: Tell us about your work experience.** Q: How do you describe success? Q: Do you foresee any barriers to your education? (finances, time commitments) Q: What does a CRNA do? How do you think your role as a CVICU nurse relates to the role and responsibilities of a CRNA?** Q: Where do you want to be in 5 years?**. Q: Why our program? Q: What questions do you have for us?** A: What do you look for in potential students? How does your program facilitate student research? I am very interested in teaching and education, how does your program prepare me to be an educator? What do you see as your school's strong points? On avg. how many intubations, art lines...
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...Cardiopulmonary Arrest PNCI - Learner Robert Johnson Age: 60 Weight: 70 kg Base: Stan D. Ardman Patient History Past Medical History: Hypertension well-controlled by medication, hypercholesterolemia and obesity; minor car accident three weeks ago in which he sustained whiplash Allergies: No known drug allergies Medications: Lopressor (metoprolol), Zocor (simvastatin) Code Status: Full Code Social/Family History: Married with two adult children who live locally; Does not smoke, drink or use illicit drugs Handoff Report Situation: The patient is a 60-year-old male in room 425 on the Orthopedic Unit who is recovering from an anterior-posterior interbody fusion of L4 – L5 performed two days ago. His has had an uneventful recovery. He is in his room eating breakfast. Background: Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and obesity. The hypertension has been well controlled by his medication. He is wearing a soft neck collar for support following a minor car accident three weeks ago in which he sustained whiplash. The patient has no known drug allergies and is awake and alert. Assessment: Vital signs: HR 87, BP 128/62, RR 18, SpO2 has been 98% on room air, Temp 37.1oC Cardiovascular: No telemetry; HR regular Respiratory: Clear in both lung fields GI: Advanced to full liquid diet and tolerating it well GU: Voiding clear, yellow urine Extremities: Pink, warm and with adequate turgor; Movement is strong in all four extremities (4+) Skin: Warm and dry; No signs of infection...
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...DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION: Diastolic Dysfunction is characterized as the decrease in performance of one (for the most part the left ventricle) or both (left and right) ventricles during diastole. Diastole is the cardiac cycle phase during which the heart is relaxing and filling with approaching blood that is being returned from the body through the inferior (IVC) and superior (SVC) venae cavae to the right atrium and from lungs through pulmonary veins to the left atrium. In diastolic failure, if the patient has symptoms, there is a pathologic cause instigating them. Diastolic dysfunction can be found when doing a Doppler echocardiography in an apparently healthy patient, chiefly in an elderly person.1 1.1.2Causes Any condition or process that prompts to hardening of the left ventricle can prompt to diastolic...
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...ABC’s First! A = Airway Pt was orally intubated in the field with size 8 ETT B = Breathing Pt was bagged via BVM and bilateral BS confirmed C = Circulation Pt was pulseless with NO BP! ECG monitor revealed a narrow complex rhythm at 100. A 14 gauge IV was placed in left AC. Arrival to Hospital - TAA Pt arrived in TAA at 8:22am, intubated and bagged, without pulses, with CPR in progress. What do you want to do??? Reassess ABC’s first and LOOK at the patient!!! Physical Examination reveals a 1-2 cm circular entrance wound midline just below nipple line with profuse bleeding. What do you want to do??? Management Continued Exclude Correctible Causes of PEA Severe Hypovolemia Cardiac Tamponade Tension Pneumothorax Rupture of the Ventricular Wall What do you want to do??? Emergent Thoracotomy - Indications A qualified surgeon must be present at the time of the patient’s arrival to determine the need and potential for success of an Emergency Department resuscitative thoracotomy. Patients with PENETRATING thoracic injuries who arrive pulseless, but with myocardial electrical activity, may be candidates for immediate...
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...soreness or injury. From this, the lack of relationship between warm up, cool down and the physiological adaptations doesn’t have any impact on improved performance, especially compared with the principle of progressive overload. Progressive overload is a principle that implies that gains in fitness occur only when the training load is greater than normal and is progressively increased as improvements in fitness occur. As the body becomes familiar with a particular level of training stress, it adapts to it and further training at this level fails to sufficiently stress the system. As theses adaptations occur, the improvements in fitness are clear and thus the improvement in performance is heightened. These adaptations are stroke volume, cardiac output, resting heart rate, oxygen uptake, lung capacity, haemoglobin levels, muscle hypertrophy and...
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...be pumped to its respective destination. The human heart begins to beat, on average, at 21 days after conception and is one of the first functioning organs of the human embryo. The average heart in an adult human weighs approximately 300 grams and resembles the size of the individuals closed fist (Tortora, G.J. 2006). The heart is enclosed in a fibrous protective sac called the pericardium. The pericardium is composed of two layers; the outermost layer being dense connective tissue while the inner layer is composed of serous epithelium that provides for lubrication of the beating heart muscle. The heart is composed of involuntary muscle that differs from both skeletal and smooth muscle, this type of muscle is known as cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle performs in a combination of the two previously mentioned muscle groups in that it is controlled by the CNS...
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...my area of Central Florida, and is one of the Foxglove types that produces the cardiac glycosides, known as digitalis. The plant produces flowering stalks, with the flowers growing on only one side of the stalk and having a long, tubular shape that hangs downward, similar to the fingers of a glove. Its name comes from the Latin, “digitus”, meaning finger, and purpurea, which means purple. Foxglove comes in colors ranging from purple to pink to yellow to white with purple and white spots or streaks on the inside. (Christman, 2000) (Robertson, 2014) The cardiac glycosides from this plant are positive inotropes, meaning that they increase the contractility of the heart, improving cardiac output, and controlling heart rate. It has a very narrow therapeutic window, and the adverse effects from too much of the drug are very similar to effects seen with too little of the drug. The plant itself is extremely poisonous, and, therefore, is not a safe choice for self-treatment. (Foster, 1998) The oleander (Nerium oleander) is a very commonly used ornamental shrub in my area of Central Florida. It is an evergreen plant that grows quickly, able to attain heights of 20 feet, which can cause it to be quite “leggy” if not kept pruned. It produces flowers of various colors, including white, pink, and salmon, in the summer months (Scheper, 1996). The scented varieties have a wonderful, sweet, floral scent. Cardiac glycosides, such as nerioside, oleandrin, neriin, oleandroside, and digitoxigenin...
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...GRAIN BASED DISTILLERY OPERATION : 86 KLPD WATER BALANCE ALL FIGURES IN METRIC TONNES (MT) INPUTS PROCESS WATER IN LIQN BOILER FEED WATER DM WATER for DISTILLATION SOFT WATER for COOLING TOWER DM WATER BLENDING RW for BOTTLE WASHING SOFT WATER DISTILLATION SOFT WATER PUMPS SEALING FERMENTER WASHING FLOOR WASHING DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION OUTPUTS 473 533 659 774 50 65 129 129 22 20 5 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT 2860 RECYLCE STREAMS STEAM CONDENSATE THIN SLOPS R/E to DISTILLATION PR LEES TO FERMETATION STEAM CONDENSATE SPENT LEES PR SPENT LEES RECTIFER SPENT WASH (GRAIN SLOPS) WATER IN PRODUCT CASES WATER IN BY PRODUCT BOTTLE WASHING CT EVAPORATION & DRIFT LOSSES PUMP SEALING PROCESS CONDENSATE MT BOILER BLOWDOWN DM & SOFT WATER REGENERATION MT 420 112 659 137 MT MT MT MT 50 155 65 774 129 322 16 22 2860 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT ` 420 137 573 22 BOTTLE WAHING PUMP SEALING Total Recycling /Re-utilisations of water per day 50 129 1331 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT TOTAL FRESH WATER INPUT 1163 WASTE STREAMS FOR TREATMENT PROCESS CONDENSATE 322 COOLING TOWER BLOWDOWN 93 BOILER BLOW DOWN 16 DM & SOFT WATER REGENERATION 22 FLOOR WASHING 20 BOTTLE WASHING 15 PRC LEES 69 TOTAL WASTE STREAMS FOR TREATMENT 488 REUSE WASTE STREAMS AFTER TREATMENT 366 WATER FOR GREEN BELT 122 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT NOTE : FIGURES GIVEN ABOVE ARE ONLY INDICATIVE AND SHALL VARY BASED ON GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND OVERALL PLANT OPERATING PARAMETERS...
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...In agriculture, the term ‘resource use efficiency’ may be broadly defined to include three allied concepts viz. technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and environmental efficiency (Haque, 2006: 64). Analytically, technical efficiency means maximising output for given input (at the level of production possibility frontier). Allocative efficiency implies that the usage of input is minimised. Environmental efficiency, which has nowadays acquired critical relevance, implies that the production process should be sustainable. It is possible that a production process is not sustainable over time. For instance, using more water than that is replenished can reduce the ground water level which can have an adverse impact on the cultivation of crops in the subsequent years. Or, inappropriate use of fertilisers can lead to salinity affecting the soil quality. With climate change, adverse implication could also be because of activities outside the production process. At any given time, for given prices, the allocative efficiency (AE) is the ratio of ‘marginal value of product per unit input’ to ‘marginal cost per unit input’ (i.e. AE = MVP/MC). AE is optimal at unity. The overall economic efficiency (EE) is a product of technical efficiency and allocative efficiency (EE = TE*AE). If the latter (i.e. AE) is unity, then economic efficiency is the same as technical efficiency, that is, one ensures maximum income at least cost (Fan,1999, Jha et al, 2000). Factor Combination and Resource...
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...and multiplexers - Verification of the circuit behavior with a CAD tool 2. Problem description Design the synchronous 4-bit counter which outputs follow the predetermined repeated sequence of states. The sequence of states represents the sequence of decimal digits of your ID number with the following exceptions: (1) digits which appear more than ones have to be deleted; (2) digit 9 has to be added at the end of the sequence if your ID has no 9. For example, for ID number 105123456 the second 1 and 5 are deleted and 9 is added at the end resulting in sequence 10523469. In the binary form the sequence is shown in Figure 1. The initial state is not critical. State 9 should be decoded to generate special signal SYNC shown in denominator in Figure 1. In the prelab: the circuit behavior has to be verified in OrCAD. The maximum clock frequency has to be calculated using timing specs of the flip-flops and multiplexers (logical gates) from datasheet. In the experiment: first, the functionality of the counter has to be tested with a pushbutton that controls the clock and a 7-segment LED display connected to the outputs. Finally, the counter sequence should be demonstrated with the logic analyzer synchronized with SYNC signal, 4inputs of the logic analyzer should be grouped into a bus. 3. Approaches Outputs of four D-flip-flops Q3Q2Q1Q0 serve as outputs of the counter. Next states Q*3Q*2Q*1Q*0 are formed from present states Q3Q2Q1Q0 with combinational excitation circuits. By design we understand...
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