...of Artificial Limited War" when he posits that culture decisively influences the way nation-states conduct war (Lewis 226). This work aims to shift focus from the traditional focus on culture as a method of analysis and instead examine various commentary on the military and its application as a form of cultural activity. America's Self-Imposed Cultural Attitude Towards War There have been widespread calls to consider the normative cultural interpretations of war. Most notably, the works of Adrian Lewis as demonstrated in his treatise The American Culture of War, are a classic pointer of the dynamic and contested nature that culture assumes in the interpretation of war. Lewis poignantly articulates the need to apply such cultural interpretations in a deterministic fashion (Lewis 225). In writing The American Culture of War, Lewis depicts war as a systematic orchestrated phenomenon, which in essence is a prolongation of culture through other techniques (Lewis 227). To prove this argument Lewis presents two cardinal subjects. First he provides an explicit analysis of the transformations that America has undergone since World War II and addresses the fundamental root-causes of such changes by examining their association with culture (Lewis 225). Secondly, Lewis examines different confrontations that have involved the United States and other countries and the impact of such confrontations on America’s war strategies and methodologies (Lewis 226). ...
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...and legitimacy on the outcome. However, Nigeria's electoral history has always been marred by various levels of violence with grave implications for the polity. Since return of democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria, has conducted elections in 2003, 2007, 2011 but with an ever increasing rise in electoral violence. The April 2011 elections, which benefitted from the electoral reform efforts of President Yar ‗Adua, and was considered the most credible since the return to democracy also turned out to be the most violent as the country witnessed an orgy of bloodshed after the elections. The 2015 elections were to be held against the background of a prediction about the disintegration of Nigeria against the background of several socio-economic, political and security challenges, including insurgency in the nation‘s North East. The emergence of the All Progressives Congress (APC) as a formidable opposition to the ruling People Democratic Party (PDP) fifteen year rule also added more tension to the charged atmosphere of the elections. The Peace Initiatives which started immediately after the 2011 elections attracted the attention of stakeholders including development partners, non-governmental organisations and eventually the government with the establishment of a National Peace Committee and the signing of the Abuja Peace Accord. This paper will attempt to evaluate the various peace efforts and campaigns for violence free elections by stakeholders and the impact of...
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...Should Pope Benedict XVI have resigned? For the first time in over 600 years, the Pope has stepped down from his holy position and abandoned his role in the Roman Catholic Church. In history, only four other Popes have resigned. Every Pope for the past 600 years has lived through their issues, personal matters, and problems to serve the Roman Catholic community and has died in their position. The Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, which values tradition, should have kept with the tradition of dying in his seat of holy power. However, in his resignation statement, Benedict states; “In today’s world … both strength of mind and body are necessary, strength which in the last few months, has deteriorated in me to the extent that I have had to recognize my incapacity to adequately fulfill the ministry entrusted to me.” The Pope argues that, with his deteriorating strength, he can no longer carry out the responsibilities of the papacy. It is also true that Pope Benedict XVI is leaving the church in a more troubled state than when he first received the grand position. For years, controversy has plagued Catholicism. The controversy has only intensified since his coronation. The Pope no longer signifies true morality, especially after sex scandal controversies appeared in recent years . An increase in religious disregard and apathy has brought a societal shift in perspective of the church. The position of The Pope, and the church in general, promotes backwards moral values from a...
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...modernization generated in a large part by the sustained contact with the West that began in the middle of the nineteenth century. The Western incursion, not only refined China militarily but brought in its course new ideas- nationalism, science and technology, and innovations in politics, philosophy, and art. Chinese leaders have sought to preserve the nation’s cultural uniqueness by promoting specifically Chinese blends of tradition and modernity. China has undergone several major political transformations from a feudal-like system in early historical times, to a centralized bureaucratic empire that lasted through many unpredictable changes till 1911, to a republic with a communist form of government in the mainland since 1949. Economic geography and population pressure help account for the traditionally controlling role of the state in China. The constant indispensability for state interference, whether for great public works programs or simply to keep such a large society together, brought up an authoritarian political system. The family prevailed as the fundamental social, economic, and religious unit. Interdependence was very prominent in family relations while generation, age, sex and immediacy of kinship strictly governed relations within the family. Family...
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...Collier and Hoeffler 1998; Stewart 2002; Deiminger 2003; Justino 2004). Thence, circumstances of gross economic denial, together with social, political, and environmental factors precipitate conflict. Third party mediation in Conflict Resolution has gained a considerable and increasing attention from academics and policy makers. There is plethora of literature on the role of third party in conflict resolution. Due to the complexity of the discipline, conflict resolution seems to be a relative term that can mean either conflict prevention or conflict management. Likewise, debates ensued as to why a third party mediates in conflicts. For instance, people marvel why the ‘coalition of the willing’ intervened in Iraq over the unproven existence of weapons of mass destruction but not in North Korea that admitted having the weapons. In addition, NATO intervened in Kosovo, but not in Bosnia, the UN sent troops to halt ethnocide in East Timor but had done nothing to prevent same from happening in Rwanda. More breathtakingly, the level and kind of mediation in the Middle East conflict. Perhaps, proponents and adherents of the system theory will argue that the world is a conglomeration of states with minimum acceptable and common values of rules of behaviour. Hence, they argued that it is possible to talk about an international political system or warrant a conclusion that the globe constitutes...
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...environment in which the Roman Republic was better off, the senate was weakened and corrupted and he failed to curtail the power that the major generals had gained through the Marian reforms. Furthermore he damaged the republic by setting a precedent for future leaders to follow when he marched on Rome with his own army, an example which would be followed by generals such as Caesar. Whilst there was a certain inevitability surrounding the fall of the Roman Republic, some scholars believe that through concerted efforts to reduce the power of the military Sulla could have saved the Republic. Sulla’s reforms, whilst they were able to be enforced by him, curbed the violence and made the Roman Republic a more civil society, however, once he was no longer around the Republic reverted back to violence and instability. This shows that these reforms lacked popular following and there was no longevity in them. Sulla’s dictatorship, though brief, made many changes to the Roman system that would not remain in place after his leadership ended. These reforms and the violent way in which they were enforced set a precedent for other generals to follow. The leadership of Sulla lasted from 82 BC till 79 BC, under his leadership there was a very substantial reform programme which included reforms to the senate, the turbinate, the courts and the way Rome’s provinces where governed. Sulla intended his new republic to be governed by a...
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...Year 12 Henry VIII Revision Guide 1 How to answer questions on the Tudors Section A Essays: How far do the sources agree that? Introduction: Explain what you can learn from each source Briefly cross reference the sources Provide an argument in response to the question Main paragraphs: State a similarity or difference between the sources – make sure you focus on ‘How Far’ Select relevant information from the sources to support this point Place this in context using your brief own knowledge Use provenance to explain this similarity/difference Conclusion: Sum up how far the sources agree based on content and provenance Section B Essays: Do you agree with the view that? Introduction: State your line of argument – how far do you agree with the view? State the main similarities and differences between the sources Main paragraphs: State a reason for yes/no. Make sure you phrase this in a way that links to your line of argument and answers the question. Remember that each source will suggest a different reason for yes/no. Support this reason with evidence from the sources and your own knowledge Cross-reference between the sources Weigh up the evidence of the sources. Consider provenance for primary sources and judge secondary sources based on the evidence included and the weight given to certain evidence Link back to your line of argument Conclusion: Explain how your argument has been proven with reference to the sources and your own knowledge...
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...HUMANITARIAN CONCERNS: Perhaps the most important protestant missionary in the mid 19th century was David Livingstone, who stressed the benefits of Civilization, Commerce and Christianity in the battle against the slave trade. England had banned slavery in 1807, with the active assistance of West African Christians and former slaves like Olaudah Equiano, and her attitude towards Africa was at least partly shaped by her abhorrence of the slave trade. Livingstone sounded an important call for a worldwide crusade to open up Africa. A new slave trade, organized by Swahili and Arabs in East Africa, was eating out the heart of the Continent and Livingstone called for its abolition through the 3 C’s mentioned above. Another famous figure around whom the Scramble for territory close to the Nile revolved was General Gordon. There was undoubtedly a degree of missionary intervention in the 1880s. In Uganda there were very powerful missionary groups who had already contributed substantial funds to keep a British presence in the country. They certainly feared a massacre of Christian subjects if Britain left and this may have played a role in helping to defeat those who wished to see Britain evacuate the area. According to M Chamberlain, ‘The missionary societies, almost without exception, had very effective propaganda machines and the picture they drew of Africa gained very wide acceptance.’ (Scramble for Africa p. 24) The desire to stamp out slavery once and for all was high on the agenda...
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...F961A3: Henry VIII to Mary I, 1509-1558 A: What were Henry VIII's aims as king from 1509-1529? Henry VIII's personality and role in government ▪ Henry VIII was a confident and energetic monarch. He had a much stronger claim to the throne than his father and there were no threats to his throne from pretenders. ▪ Henry VIII wanted to achieve glory for himself, his Court and for England. He would attempt to achieve this mainly through his foreign policy. ▪ Henry VIII was not, unlike his father, interested in the day to day administration of English government. ▪ He played a very important role at Court and he had the final say in all matters, but the running of the government and administration, he left to Wolsey - his chief minister from 1514-1529. ▪ Henry VIII was always the centre of attention but he hated writing and debating. Instead he preferred the thrill of hunting and sportsmanship and the excitement of diplomacy. ▪ Although Henry and Wolsey had their disagreements in the period up to 1527, none was serious enough to cause serious problems. ▪ Wolsey was brilliant at managing Henry's overdeveloped ego and Henry may have seen Wolsey as a surrogate father. ▪ After 1527, Henry VIII's energies were focused on the gravest crisis of his reign, the attempt by Henry to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled. This problem would lead eventually to Wolsey's fall from power. Henry VIII and foreign policy Introduction ▪ Henry...
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...not only to Darwin’s evolutionism but also to religious creationism which argues that God is the only creator of life, universe and their contents. The Purpose of this Chapter • Our purpose in this chapter is not to show the truth or falsehood of any of these perspectives nor the doctrines of any particular faith. Rather, it is: - To describe the nature of religion and the general character of certain major religions of the past and the present; - To give some attention to the role that religion has played in the development of human societies, that is; o not only to integrate and stabilize them but also, o at times, to create conflicts; - To consider the present-day influence of social change on religion and, - conversely, the influence of religion on social change. • Thus, please remain positive and open-minded; - Do not be offended because we name your religion or highlight some analytical facts about your religion; - We respect all the religions (faiths) and their respective members. • Definition of religion: - Religion is the relationship between a human being and the superhuman power; - This relationship is expressed in...
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...Paradise Lost By John Milton John Milton Biography Early Years John Milton was born in London on December 9, 1608. His parents were John Milton, Sr. and Sarah Jeffery, who lived in a prosperous neighborhood of merchants. John Milton, Sr. was a successful scrivener or copyist who also dabbled in real estate and was noted as a composer of liturgical church music. The Miltons were prosperous enough that eventually they owned a second house in the country. Milton seems to have had a happy childhood. He spoke of his mother's "esteem, and the alms she bestowed." Of his father, Milton said that he "destined me from a child to the pursuits of Literature, . . . and had me daily instructed in the grammar school, and by other masters at home." Though the senior Milton came from a Catholic family, he was a Puritan himself. Milton's religion, therefore, was an outgrowth of family life and not something he chose at a later period in his maturity. Education Sometime, as early as age seven but perhaps later, Milton became a student at St. Paul's school, which was attached to the great cathedral of the same name. St. Paul's was a prestigious English public school — what would be called a "private school" in the U.S. Milton spent eight years as a "Pigeon at Paules," as the students were known, and came out a rather advanced scholar. He had studied the Trivium of Grammar, Rhetoric, and Logic and had probably been exposed to the Quadrivium of Mathematics, Geometry, Astronomy, and Music. He...
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...reality, tells us that many still suffer and live in difficult conditions. The National Statistics Coordination Board (NCSB) reported that in 2012, 4.2 million Filipino families experienced or lived in poverty or that is 19.2% percent. The same report also stated that a family of five needed a budget of PhP 5,513 to meet basic food needs every month and Php 7,890 to stay above the poverty threshold (basic food and non-food needs) every month. Such can be attributed to the inflation rise to 4.1 % from the year 2009-2012. What could have caused this statistic to be constant and rise up even more? Is there lack in financial stewardship and accountability on the part of Filipinos? Or even greater, does this statistic reflect the financial situation of our national government? This report aims to discuss the Philippine National Budget: preparation, habits and system and relate it to The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998 Winner: Amartya Sen, and his study on Social Choice and Welfare Economics. To better guide us, the report aims to...
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...AUTNOMA DE NUEVO LEON FACULTAD DE CONTADURIA PUBLICA Y ADMINISTRACION Introduction to Law Research Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman Loera was born in La Tuna, Badiraguato, Sinaloa, México on on April 4, is a former Mexican drug lord who headed the Sinaloa Cartel, a criminal organization named after the Mexican Pacific coast state of Sinaloa where it was formed. El Chapo was born into a poor rural family and lived six hours away from the closest city. Educated only to the 3rd grade and began selling marijuana with his father at a young age. At 15 he started selling it on his own and quickly made enough money to support his entire family. He built his mother a sprawling home in their rural hometown. She's a devout Catholic and "the only one who can change one of his decisions with a word." In 1993 he was arrested in Guatemala, but eight years later escaped from the maximum security prison in the Mexican state of Jalisco. In November 1995, he managed to win a transfer to the Puente Grande prison, near Guadalajara, where he remained as he faced trial for 10 different charges, including drug-trafficking and homicide. Then, on January 19, 2001, Guzmán managed to escape -- according to the Mexican government’s official record, by hiding in a dirty-laundry cart which guards eventually led to the gate of the penitentiary. But an ex-accomplice, Noé “El Gato” Hernández, has told journalists that El Chapo’s escape wasn’t nearly as daring as the Mexican Justice Department has made it seem, saying...
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...STRATEGY | |Mark A Mattaini. Behavior and Social Issues. Chicago:Fall 2003. Vol. 12, Iss. 2, p. 148-163 (16 pp.) | | | Collective violence (including terrorism, gang violence, civil war, separatist ethnic and religious conflicts, and government sponsored wars) is a central concern of the 21st century. This analysis suggests a scientific strategy for reducing such violence by constructing functionally equivalent and highly effective nonviolent collective alternatives. This general approach is the heart of most effective programs of behavior change, but has not yet been used to address terrorism and other forms of collective violence. The paper briefly traces the history of effective nonviolent action, including both strategies to confront and reduce oppression as well as strategies for defending persons, peoples, and social institutions against attack. It then turns to a examination of cultural practices on which successful nonviolent actions have relied, emphasizing a scientific analysis of the behavioral dynamics involved. Both practices directed toward opposition groups and practices that maintain the commitment and action of group members are investigated. The paper concludes with an outline of a program of research for taking these analyses to deeper and more comprehensive levels...
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...reserved Printed in the United States of America First Edition For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to Permissions, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N Y i o n o For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact W. W. Norton Special Sales at specialsales@wwnorton.com or 800-233-4830 Manufacturing by Courier Westford Book design by Helene Berinsky Production manager: Devon Zahn Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Appiah, Anthony. The honor code : how moral revolutions happen / Kwame Anthony Appiah. — ist ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-393-07162-7 (hardcover) i. Social change —History 2. Social change—Moral and ethical aspects. 3. Honor—Social aspects—History. 4. Social ethics. I. Title. HM836.A67 2010 303.48'409—dc22 2010019086 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110 www.wwnorton.com W. W. Norton & Company Ltd. Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W 1 T 3 Q T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 pliijiilijff E MM ÉP l j i l i ^ '^ lk l ^ Éj l í ^ i^ H I iliI p ig ftMw ' aMo i i e ^ P j l THE DUEL DIES . . . equality is indispensable. —Rule XIV of The Irish Practice of Duelling and the Point of Honour AN AWKWARD ENCOUNTER A little before eight on the morning of March 21, 1829, the Duke of Wellington, England's prime minister, arrived on horseback at a crossroads...
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