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Cari's Story

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Cari’s Story
A. How could an infection in Cari’s nasal passages and pharynx spread into her sinuses?
-The pharynx and nasal passages are connected to one another, which allows pathogens and infections to travel back and forth to one another. The sinuses are a drainage area for nasal passages, so that is a good place for infections to occur.
B. What is the cough reflex? Describe the process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing.
-The cough reflex is known to clear sputum and anything that may irritating the nasal passages and pharynx. The trachea is known to have cilia that is moving mucus up from the lungs. When there is a lot of mucus built up, it triggers the cough reflex.
C. Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter?
-Some structures that may be found are macrophages. These macrophages would protect her lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter. They are also known to remove dust particles and other types of debris from the alveolar spaces.
D. How would the resistance of Cari’s airways be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lung?
-Well first of all Cari already has excess mucus and fluid buildup in her lungs, so this would cause an airways obstruction and pressure on the lung. She would not be able to take in enough oxygen.
E. How would Cari’s lung compliance (the effort required to expand the lungs) be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia?
- As far as Cari’s lung compliance, it would be hard for the lungs to expand due to all the fluid buildup. The fluid makes the alveoli sticky and unable to open or expand.
F. How would fluid in Cari’s lungs affect her lung capacity?
-Her lung capacity would go down due to the fact that the air space is already taken up by the excess fluids.
G. How does the elevation of Cari’s respiratory rate alter her minute ventilation?
-The elevation of Cari’s respiratory rate should increase her minute ventilation.
H. Normal blood oxygen saturation levels are greater than 94%; Cari’s blood oxygen saturation level was 90% at the time of her exam and an initial arterial blood gas analysis done when she was admitted to the hospital revealed her arterial Po2 was hospital 54mmHg. How do these clinical findings relate to the internal respiration in Cari’s body?
-These clinical finding would show that the arteries are getting too much oxygen. A normal Po2 of a resting person is 40mmHhg and a normal resting oxygen level should be at about 94% with no added oxygen.
I. Which of the symptoms Cari has described are due to the lack of oxygen and reduced oxygen exchange at her tissues?
-Cari’s symptom of “panting like a dog” is due to the lack of oxygen and reduced oxygen exchange at her tissues.
J. As Cari’s Pco2 rose, how was the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin affected?
-The oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin with rising Pco2 will decrease since CO2 will take O2’s place.
K. How would you have expected Cari’s decreased Pco2 and alkaline blood pH to have affected her breathing?
-When Cari’s pH and Pco2 were decreased her rate of breathing would have also decreased.
L. How would administration of oxygen enhance Cari’s central drive to breathe?
-
M. Which anatomical structures in Cari’s respiratory system were initially involved?
N. Why was Cari plagued with a chronic smokers cough?
O. Which damaging effects of tobacco smoke led to Cari’s impaired respiratory defense mechanisms?
P. How did the Pneumonia effect Cari’s lung function?

References
Type or paste the reference sources here. Do not mess with the format settings. It is already set to indent the required half inch on the second line.
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Practice setting up the reference sources by using Knightcite.com and copy and paste here (use Merge Formatting). This is only a suggestion. Other citation machines are ok to use and manually setting up the source is ok too. Knightcite.com will order the source in correct sequence and italicize per APA. When using any citation program make sure to select APA 6.2 since there will be choices to write in MLA, Chicago, etc. Here is an example citation for a text book.
Ewen, D., & Topper, M. A. (1986). Technical calculus (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

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