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Carpenter

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Bordkledning

En bordkledning er en kledning på vegger i hus, laget av stående eller liggende bord festet til veggens bærende konstruksjon. Vanligvis betegner ordet kledningen på veggens utside, men det kan også brukes om kledninger på innervegger, selv om disse oftere kalles panel. Underlaget kan være skjelettkonstruksjoner som bindingsverk eller reisverk, eller en massiv vegg av lafteverk.
I en bygning med skjelettkonstruksjon er en ytre værhud nødvendig hvis både konstruksjonen og rommet innenfor trenger beskyttelse mot værpåkjenninger. Laftevegger gir i seg selv godt vern mot ytre klima, men også slike massive trekonstruksjoner har ofte fått en ytre værhud. For begge konstruksjonstyper har bordkledning vært det vanlige i Norge. Selv om bordkledninger i utgangspunktet var teknisk motivert, fikk de også en estetisk funksjon som i mange tilfeller var vel så viktig.
Bordkledningen kan være liggende eller stående. Tradisjonelt har liggende kledning vært det vanlige på Vestlandet. Det skyldes trolig at mange uthus ble oppført i lette konstruksjoner av stavverk ellergrindverk med bærende stolper i ytterveggene. Vestlandske laftehus fikk ofte en forsterkning av stående opplengere utenpå tømmeret. På et underlag av vertikalt tømmer er det naturlig med horisontal kledning. I et værhardt klima ga den liggende kledningen best vern mot slagregn, fordi kledningen var sulagt, det vil si at underkanten av hvert bord dekker overkanten av det underliggende bordet. På Østlandet, i Trøndelag og i Nord-Norge har stående kledning vært det vanlige fordi underlaget som oftest var en laftevegg av liggende tømmer. Stående kledning er som regel «tømmermannspanel» avover- og underliggere, men «låvepanel» forekommer også, med bordene oppsatt kant-i-kant i samme plan, enten for å gi en luftig kledning, eller for å få veggen til å se ut som en murvegg. På 1800-tallet ble det vanlig å bruke pløyde bord med not og fjær til bordkledning. Alle disse typene av bordkledning forekommer i mange varianter, med og uten profiler av forskjellige typer, og med telgjet, saget eller høvlet overflate.
Materialer og festemidlerI Norge ble neste bare furu eller gran brukt til bordkledning, sjelden løvtrevirke. Bord til kledning, taktekking eller båtbygging ble I middelalderen laget ved å kløyve en tømmerstokk og telgje hver halvdel til ett, unntaksvis flere bord. Overflaten kunne bli jevnet ut med skavjern (skjøve) eller høvel. På 1500-tallet kom oppgangssager revet med vannkraft i bruk, og omtrent samtidig store håndsager egnet for kløyving av tømmer. Oppgangssager førte til at bord ble mye billigere, og til at det ble mer vanlig å bordkle husene. Bord skåret på oppgangssag får en karakteristisk overflate med rifler på tvers.
Omkring 1840 kom de første sirkelsagene, og I 1859 de første sagbrukene drevet med dampkraft. Disse ga støtet til en masseproduksjon som gjorde kledningsbord mye rimeligere enn tidligere. Etterhvert kunne sagbrukene også levere maskinhøvlede bord, ferdig pløyd og profilert.
Bordene ble i eldre tid festet til underlaget med trenagler gjennom hull boret med naver. Allerede i middelalderen ble spiker tatt i bruk, men spiker var relativt dyrere så lenge de måtte smis for hånd. Industriell fremstilling av spiker begynte allerede på 1700-tallet, men masseproduksjon kom for alvor med etableringen av Christiania Spigerverk I 1853. Spiker ble til å begynne med smidd, senere klipt fra emner av flattjern. Trådspiker kom på markedet mot slutten av 1800-årene. De ble laget maskinelt av ståltråd med firkantet eller rundt tverrsnitt og er jevntykke i hele lengden, i motsetning til smidd og klipt spiker, som smalner mot spissen. It's on norwgian.

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