...geographic presence, to meet client demands and compete with the global majors; examples include Infosys’ acquisition of Lodestone to tap its European customer base, Wipro’s acquisition of Opus CMC to tap into its capabilities in high-end mortgage BPO, and Genpact’s acquisition of Triumph Engineering to bolster engineering capabilities • Manage cash reserves more effectively to meet shareholders’ expectations • Capture opportunities from client divestitures of services assets; examples include Cognizant’s acquisition of ING’s and CoreLogic’s captives, TCS’ and Wipro’s acquisition of Citigroup’s captives, and Tech Mahindra’s acquisition of Hutch BPO Done well, M&A strategies can help Indian players tap into $2 billion to $4 billion in revenues each year. Yet, about 70 percent of mergers fail to create value, as the consolidated companies receive a one-time revenue uplift but miss powerful opportunities to create revenue synergies. This paper takes a closer look at the Indian IT-BPO industry’s M&A track record and explores how to harness the power of consolidation to create more value. M&A as the Preferred Growth Strategy Mergers and acquisitions are taking place at...
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...B7 Eric Dowling Alex Davydov Matthew Melnicoff Soledad Querol Molly Rotsch Contents Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................3 Marketing Analysis .............................................................................................................................................3 The Target Brand ............................................................................................................................................3 "The Guest" ....................................................................................................................................................4 Target's Competitors ......................................................................................................................................4 Expect More, Pay Less ....................................................................................................................................4 Rise of the Store Brand ...................................................................................................................................5 Up and Up......................................................................................................................................................6 The Introduction of PFresh....................................................................................................
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...Investment Banking Giuliano Iannotta Investment Banking A Guide to Underwriting and Advisory Services Professor Giuliano Iannotta Department of Finance ` Universita Bocconi via Roentgen 1 20136 Milano Italy giuliano.iannotta@unibocconi.it ISBN: 978-3-540-93764-7 e-ISBN: 978-3-540-93765-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-93765-4 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009943831 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To my family ...
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... 42 Financial Data 43 Appendix 46 References 50 Strategic Profile The Target Corporation, founded by George Dayton, is now one of the top general merchandise retailers in the United States. The company’s mix of stylish products and everyday essentials at low prices give it a unique strategy; it is one of the only companies to simultaneously incorporate price leadership and differentiation as its strategic business model. Strong private label brands have allowed Target to capture high profit margins. The company also utilizes its large size to achieve economies of scale so as to better compete with merchandising giants such as Wal-Mart, one of Target’s main competitors. PESTL Analysis Political The ever changing international political situation affects both domestic and international firms. International trade policies, political movements and global events all affect the manner in which firms operate within the market. The general retail industry has greatly benefited from the liberalization of international trade. Europe and the United States comprise approximately 75% of the market of the general merchandise store sector. With the lowering of US tariffs and the ending of Europe’s Multi Fiber Agreement, these markets now benefit from the availability of low cost labor. Reducing labor costs lowers the product price allowing companies to offer lower priced goods...
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...Mergers and Acquisitions Basics Mergers and Acquisitions Basics All You Need To Know Donald DePamphilis Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London New York • Oxford • Paris • San Diego San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Elsevier, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge...
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...J.P. Morgan M&A Reference Manual J.P. Morgan M&A Reference Manual This “M&A bible” is meant to serve as a training guide for newcomers to M&A, as well as a technical reference manual for experienced (and not so experienced) M&A practitioners. It incorporates what a number of people in M&A believe to be essential or useful basic knowledge to perform the tasks required in the daily routine of the strategic advisory business. As the financial, legal and tax environment in which the M&A Group operates is forever changing, periodic updates of this publication are intended. As such, any suggestions for improvement would be appreciated. Please direct your comments for improvement, but not your requests for copies of the book, to Eileen Smith at (77)6-8305. An online version of the book is available to Investment Banking professionals on the IB M&A Research database in Lotus Notes or through IB Today. The book is confidential, proprietary and the sole property of J.P. Morgan and should not be passed along to colleagues outside of Investment Banking or to people at competitor firms. Copyright © 1997 Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York. All rights reserved. June 1998 82890cl6 J.P. Morgan M&A Reference Manual Contents Valuation methodologies overview ............................................................... 1 Advantages and disadvantages ........................................................................ 1 Comparable company trading analysis ...................
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...OVERVIEW Background On August 3, 2005, Adidas-Salomon AG announced its plans to buy all outstanding shares of Reebok International Ltd.'s stock at $59.00 per share, for a total of $3.8 billion. Upon announcement, Reebok stock rose 30% while Adidas climbed 7%. As stated by Herbert Hainer, CEO of Adidas, "This is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to combine two of the most respected and well-known companies in the worldwide sporting goods industry. Together, we will expand our geographic reach, particularly in North America, and create a footwear, apparel and hardware offering that addresses a broader spectrum of consumers and demographics" (Adidas.com). The three leading sportswear companies in the world are Nike, Adidas and Reebok. In August 2005, Nike was the leader in global market share with 32.9% compared to the recently constituted Adidas-Reebok organisation that had 26.3% market share. In the largest market in the world, the United States (US), Nike had 36.3% market share in August 2005. Following the acquisition of Reebok in August 2005, the market share of Adidas-Reebok in the US jumped to 21.1% from 8.9%. A primary goal of the acquisition has been to challenge industry leader Nike for a higher share of the United States sporting goods market as well as the global sporting goods market. The acquisition has prompted much discussion as to what the future holds for the sporting goods industry and its major players. Today, the sportswear trade is a vast and dynamic...
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...Form of an Acquisitive Reorganization A570_Learning Objectives_Class #1 Chapter 1 1. While I do not want you to memorize the lists contained in Chapter 1, I think that they provide a useful model for thinking about M&A. Bruner opines that M&A outcomes (see #2) are driven by “structure” and “conduct”, but that structure and conduct also interact with each other. a. In the case of “structure”, Bruner is referring to “what exists.” He is thinking of exactly the kinds of issues one contemplates when looking at a “SWOT” analysis. As you will recall, the “SW” side of the analysis deals with issues that are INTERNAL to the company (its resources—both capital and labor, and what it is capable—and incapable—of doing) while the OT side of the analysis deals with issues that are EXTERNAL to the company (changes in the marketplace, new technologies, competitors that could invade the company’s turf and competitors whose turf the company can invade). The “structure” part of the equation is “deterministic”; in other words, it is based on “causality.” b. In the case of “conduct”, the authors are referring to the behavior of the participants....
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...Published March 2000 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts Mergers and acquisitions represent the ultimate in change for a business. No other event is more difficult, challenging, or chaotic as a merger and acquisition. It is imperative that everyone involved in the process has a clear understanding of how the process works. Hopefully this short course will provide you with a better appreciation of what is involved. You might be asking yourself, why do I need to learn the merger and acquisition (M & A) process? Well for starters, mergers and acquisitions are now a normal way of life within the business world. In today's global, competitive environment, mergers are sometimes the only means for long-term survival. In other cases, such as Cisco Systems, mergers are a strategic component for generating long-term growth. Additionally, many entrepreneurs no longer build companies for the long-term; they build companies for the short-term, hoping to sell the company for huge profits. In her book The Art of Merger and Acquisition Integration, Alexandra Reed Lajoux puts it best: Virtually every major company in the United States today has experienced a major acquisition at some point in history. And at any given time, thousands of these...
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...Target Case Study: We Need More Eggs! [pic] (wordpress.com/the-devils-eggs) Introduction Target, a nationally known Fortune 500 company, is continuing to grow in both store size and numbers since its first opening in 1962. Target is extremely customer oriented and not only serves its guests with low prices, but quality products. The company is focused on innovation and creating the best experience possible for its guests. Currently, Target is in the process of implementing its “P-fresh” roll out; adding a grocery section to many existing stores as well as brand new stores. One of the problems that Target is facing with the expansion into the grocery sector is that the corporation is completely new to this ‘perishable product’ category and its employees have no past experience to internally benchmark solutions for varying demand, logistics/forecasting and stock-outs emergencies from. This case study will address the following question: “How can Target drive accuracy and efficiency in our supply chain in order to drive season in-stocks at our stores while reducing inventory levels at the DC?”. The particular problem that will be discussed is in dealing with a strategy pertaining to keeping eggs in stock during the extremely high fluctuation in demand during Easter. The complexity of seasonal in stocks has been made even more difficult as eggs must be kept refrigerated and many stores do not have extra room for in-store inventory. It is also important...
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...yourself, why do I need to learn the merger and acquisition (M & A) process? Well for starters, mergers and acquisitions are now a normal way of life within the business world. In today's global, competitive environment, mergers are sometimes the only means for long-term survival. In other cases, such as Cisco Systems, mergers are a strategic component for generating long-term growth. Additionally, many entrepreneurs no longer build companies for the long-term; they build companies for the short-term, hoping to sell the company for huge profits. In her book The Art of Merger and Acquisition Integration, Alexandra Reed Lajoux puts it best: Virtually every major company in the United States today has experienced a major acquisition at some point in history. And at any given time, thousands of these companies are adjusting to post-merger reality. For example, so far in the decade of the 1990's (through June 1997), 96,020 companies have come under new ownership worldwide in deals worth a total of $ 3.9 trillion - and that's just counting acquisitions valued at $ 5 million and over. Add to this the many smaller companies and nonprofit and governmental entities that experience mergers every year, and the M & A universe becomes large indeed. M & A Defined When we use the term "merger", we are referring to the merging of two companies where one new company will continue to...
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...Kaplan (2001)), and this equity was usually very richly valued by historical standards. The positive correlation between market valuation and merger activity has also been documented in other periods (Martin (1996), Verter (2002)) and is especially strong for stock deals (Maksimovic and Phillips (2001)). One interpretation of this evidence is that managers try to time the market by paying with stock when they believe it is overvalued. Recently, a number of papers formally recognized this link between possible mispricing and acquisition activity. Shleifer and Vishny (2003) propose that overvalued firms engage in stock-financed acquisitions in order to obtain hard assets at an effective discount. This discount comes at the expense of the target’s long-term shareholders, so their theory relies on different stock price performance horizons for the managers of the two involved firms.1 Rhodes-Kropf ∗...
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...IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 15, Issue 1 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 11-17 www.iosrjournals.org Porter’s Generic Competitive Strategies Ritika Tanwar Assistant Professor Department of Commerce Dyal Singh College (M) Delhi University Abstract Generic Competitive Strategy: Basically, strategy is about two things: deciding where you want your business to go, and deciding how to get there. A more complete definition is based on competitive advantage, the object of most corporate strategy: “Competitive advantage grows out of value a firm is able to create for its buyers that exceeds the firm's cost of creating it. Value is what buyers are willing to pay, and superior value stems from offering lower prices than competitors for equivalent benefits or providing unique benefits that more than offset a higher price. There are two basic types of competitive advantage: cost leadership and differentiation.” Michael Porter Competitive strategies involve taking offensive or defensive actions to create a defendable position in the industry. Generic strategies can help the organization to cope with the five competitive forces in the industry and do better than other organization in the industry. Generic strategies include ‘overall cost leadership’, ‘differentiation’, and ‘focus’. Generally firms pursue only one of the above generic strategies. However some firms make an effort to pursue only one of the above generic strategies...
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...stock. MEANING OF MERGER Before we understand, What is Merger? First, let's find out the simple meaning of an acquiring company and acquired companies. Acquiring company is a single existing company that purchases the majority of equity shares of one or more companies. Acquired companies are those companies that surrender the majority of their equity shares to an acquiring company. Merger is a technique of business growth. It is not treated as a business combination. Merger is done on a permanent basis. Generally, it is done between two companies. However, it can also be done among more than two companies. During merger, an acquiring company and acquired companies come together to decide and execute a merger agreement between them. After merger, acquiring company survives whereas acquired companies do not survive anymore, and they cease (stop) to exist. Merger does not result in the formation of a new company. The management of acquiring company continues to lead (direct) the merger. EXAMPLE OF MERGER In the example, Company 'A' and Company 'B' are operating (existing) in the market. Company 'A' is an acquiring company, and Company 'B'...
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...Investment Banking Valuation, Leveraged Buyouts, and Mergers & Acquisitions JOSHUA ROSENBAUM JOSHUA PEARL FOREWORD BY JOSEPH R. PERELLA Investment Banking Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons is the oldest independent publishing company in the United States. With offices in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia, Wiley is globally committed to developing and marketing print and electronic products and services for our customers’ professional and personal knowledge and understanding. The Wiley Finance series contains books written specifically for finance and investment professionals as well as sophisticated individual investors and their financial advisors. Book topics range from portfolio management to e-commerce, risk management, financial engineering, valuation, and financial instrument analysis, as well as much more. For a list of available titles, please visit our Web site at www.WileyFinance.com. Investment Banking Valuation, Leveraged Buyouts, and Mergers & Acquisitions JOSHUA ROSENBAUM JOSHUA PEARL John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright C 2009 by Joshua Rosenbaum and Joshua Pearl. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976...
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