...Case Study Analysis: Lufthansa: To Hedge or Not to Hedge… By Mathew Stubbs and Michael Homewood In January 1985, Lufthansa, a German airline company procured twenty new 737 airplanes from Boeing. Under the chairmanship of Heinz Ruhnau, a price of US$500 million was negotiated. The agreed price was payable in United States Dollars (USD) upon delivery of the aircraft in one years time, on January 1986. Since Lufthansa’s operating revenues were primarily in Deutsche Marks (DM), Ruhnau needed to determine an appropriate solution to minimize the resulting foreign exchange risk. In the year preceding the expansion purchase, Lufthansa was experiencing periods of extensive growth. In 1984, the company experienced an overall increase in passenger and freight volume of seven and seventeen percent respectively. This increase in volume resulted in a 7.14% increase in revenue to US$4.5 billion, and a 134.78% increase in net profits to US$54 million. At the time, significant speculation had been surrounding the value of US dollar and its anticipated direction. By January 1985, the US dollar was at record levels against other currencies (See Exhibit 1), and the state of the interest rate differential between the US and Germany suggested it would steadily increase (See Exhibit 2). The sustained strength of the US dollar, combined with the booming US economy influenced people to believe the dollar would continue to appreciate. During this period of time, central bankers from the G-7 countries...
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...Lufthansa Case Study 1. Should the Board of Lufthansa retain Heinz Ruhnau as chairman? Should Ruhnau justify his actions? No, The Chairman of Lufthansa, Heinz Ruhnau, was criticized for his handling of the company’s exposure. The Minister of Transportation in Germany (who had ultimate authority over the airline), criticized Ruhnau for hedging 50% of the exposure which resulted in 187,500,000 marks more than if the company had not covered. As a result, Ruhnau was only offered a short term renewal contract as Chairman by the Minister of Transportation. 2. Do you think Heinz Ruhnau's hedging strategy made sense? In order to evaluate the hedging strategy, show the results for all the hedging alternatives – uncovered, full forward cover, partial forward cover, currency option, and money market hedge. Show calculations in the appendix Hedging Alternatives 1. Remain uncovered 2. Full forward cover 3. Option hedging 4. Money market hedge 5. Some combination of the above alternatives Remain Uncovered Cost: High unless the dollar depreciates Risk: Extremely high Full forward cover Cost: Only an opportunity cost if the US Dollar depreciates Risk: low Foreign currency options A put option on the DM at DM 3.2/$, could locked in DM 1.6 billion plus the cost of the option premium (DM 96 million). The total cost of the purchase in the event the put was exercised would be DM 1.696 billion. Money Market Hedge Obtain the $500 million now and hold those funds in an interest-bearing...
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...purpose may be to assess: profitability, survivability, growth, stability, dividends, risks and other factors which may affect your investment in that company. This paper focuses upon five aspects of reporting within the companies’ annual reports that were the most relevant to me as a user: geographic segmentation, the auditor’s report, presentation, fuel risk, and the letter to the shareholders. Delta Airlines was chosen as the base airline to compare the other three airlines to; China Southern Air, Emirates Air, and Lufthansa Air. The analysis resulted in a very distinct successor. Emirates Air lead all subcategories with nearly a perfect total score and ultimately provided a very user-friendly document based on the criteria assessed. Lufthansa Air and Delta Airlines rounded out the middle with average scores. Slumps in presentation were mostly responsible for Delta Airlines average score. A slouch in the ease of access to information within the Lufthansa Air’s letter to...
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...ABSTARCT: This report aims to give a brief understanding of strategic commitments, the rationality of predatory pricing and the extent to which predatory pricing strategies are used in the global airline industry. DATE: 5th March 2015 Introduction This report aims to give a brief understanding of strategic commitments and the rationality and extent to which predatory pricing strategies are used in the global airline industry. The Airline industry, being highly competitive, offers many examples of both Strategic Commitment making and Predatory Pricing strategies. What are Strategic Commitments... The commitments that firms make are two pronged, having direct and strategic effects. The direct effect is the clearly identifiable aspect of the commitment. The strategic effect of the commitment is more subtle, as it is the influence and response which the commitment generates from the competitors in the market in regards to their intended short/medium term tactical plans. Strategic commitments can be described as a form of strategy that firms have at their disposal, in which information on plans or intended actions by the business are publically released with the purpose of influencing the actions of other key market players. To be considered a strategic commitment the announced plan/action must have visibility so that those it is intended to influence can observe it, and it must be difficult to reverse, due to costs or other factors such as potential damage to a firm’s...
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...GLOBAL AVIATION GROUP 2013 Airline Disclosures Handbook Financial reporting and management trends in the global aviation industry kpmg.com KPMG’s Global Aviation practice KPMG is a global network of professional firms providing Audit, Tax and Advisory services. We operate in 156 countries and have 152,000 people working in member firms around the world. The independent member firms of the KPMG network are affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. Through its member firms, KPMG has invested extensively in developing an experienced aviation team. KPMG’s understanding of the aviation industry is both current and forward looking, thanks to KPMG’s global experience, knowledge sharing, industry training and use of professionals with direct experience in the aviation industry. KPMG member firms serve many of the market leaders within the airline sector. We are leading providers of external audit services with 33% market share of the top 50 airlines by revenue. We also provide other services to over half of these top 50 airlines. KPMG member firms’ strength lies in our professionals and their knowledge and experience gathered from working with a large and diverse client base. KPMG’s airline industry experience helps the teams understand both your business priorities and the strategic issues facing your company. KPMG’s Global Aviation practice’s presence in many international markets, combined with industry knowledge, positions KPMG...
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...British Airways Plc Annual Report and Accounts Year ended 31 December 2012 Company registration number: 1777777 This page has been intentionally left blank Contents Officers and professional advisers 1 Business review and Directors’ report Business review Management review Financial review Internal controls and risk management Directors’ report 2 5 8 12 Directors’ responsibilities statement in relation to the financial statements 14 Independent auditors’ report 15 Group financial statements Group consolidated income statement Group statement of other comprehensive income Balance sheets Cash flow statements Statements of changes in equity Notes to the accounts Operating and financial statistics Fleet table Principal investments Glossary Subsidiary undertakings 16 17 18 19 20 21 79 80 81 82 83 British Airways Plc Officers and professional advisers Directors Sir Martin Broughton Alison Reed Keith Williams Nick Swift Andrew Crawley Frank van der Post Enrique Dupuy de Lôme Ken Smart Gavin Patterson Garrett Copeland Julia Simpson Secretary Kulbinder Dosanjh (Chairman) (Deputy Chairman) (Chief Executive Officer) (Chief Financial Officer) Registered office Waterside PO Box 365 Harmondsworth UB7 0GB Parent company International Consolidated Airlines Group S.A. Calle Velázquez 130 Madrid, 28006 Spain Independent auditors Ernst & Young LLP 1 More London Place London SE1 2AF 1 British Airways Plc Business review and Directors’ report ...
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...Corporate Finance Tenth Edition Brealey, Myers, and Allen Principles of Corporate Finance, Concise Second Edition Brealey, Myers, and Marcus Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Sixth Edition Brooks FinGame Online 5.0 Bruner Case Studies in Finance: Managing for Corporate Value Creation Sixth Edition Chew The New Corporate Finance: Where Theory Meets Practice Third Edition Cornett, Adair, and Nofsinger Finance: Applications and Theory First Edition Cornett, Adair, and Nofsinger Finance: M Book First Edition DeMello Cases in Finance Second Edition Grinblatt (editor) Stephen A. Ross, Mentor: Influence through Generations Grinblatt and Titman Financial Markets and Corporate Strategy Second Edition Higgins Analysis for Financial Management Ninth Edition Kellison Theory of Interest Third Edition Kester, Ruback, and Tufano Case Problems in Finance Twelfth Edition Ross, Westerfield, and Jaffe Corporate Finance Ninth Edition Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe, and Jordan Corporate Finance: Core Principles and Applications Third Edition Ross, Westerfield, and Jordan Essentials of Corporate Finance Seventh Edition Ross, Westerfield, and Jordan Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Ninth Edition Shefrin Behavioral Corporate Finance: Decisions that Create Value First Edition White Financial Analysis with an Electronic...
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...UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 or TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission File Number 001-5424 DELTA AIR LINES, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) Post Office Box 20706 Atlanta, Georgia (Address of principal executive offices) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registered 58-0218548 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 30320-6001 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (404) 715-2600 Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share New York Stock Exchange No Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the...
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...Indian Aviation Industry Name: .................. Guide: Prof. ......... Roll Number: ..... Session: .............. Dept.: B.Com PREFACE This training manual introduces Aviation Industry.The module is meant to give all its users a firm grounding on Aviation Industry. The manual starts with the key concepts of basic Information of Aviation Industry.A major portion of this material revolves around goals & objectives of Aviation Industry. The next part of this manual covers Air facts. Final part of this book deals with benefits of Aviation Industry. The material also offers in-depth coverage of the issues related to uniqueness of aviation industry. It contains related examples and real life scenarios. Target Audience * Enrolment Operators * Enrolment Agency Supervisors * Registrar’s Supervisors * Introducers * Technical Support Staff Dependent or Related Modules To read this manual, no prior knowledge about Aviation is required. This is the first Module of the training program on Aviation and is common for all participants. All the following modules presumes that this module has been completed by the participant. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the successful completion of this project, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the people without whose support this project would not be completed. At the onset, I would like to thank my institute “St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata, the Principal Rev. Fr. Dr. J. Felix Raj S. J. and...
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...Master’s thesis M.Sc. in EU Business & Law An analysis of the European low fare airline industry - with focus on Ryanair Student: Thomas C. Sørensen Student number: 256487 Academic advisor: Philipp Schröder Aarhus School of Business September 13, 2005 1 Table of contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Preface 6 1.2. Research problem 6 1.3. Problem formulation 7 1.4. Delimitation 7 2. Science and methodology approach 2.1. Approaches to science 2.1.1. Ontology 2.1.1.1. Objectivism 2.1.1.2. Constructivism 2.1.2. Epismotology 2.1.2.1. Positivism 2.1.2.2. Hermeneutics 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 2.2. Methodology 2.2.1. Types of research 2.2.2. Types of data 2.2.2.1. Quantitative data 2.2.2.2. Qualitative data 2.2.2.3. Primary and secondary data 11 12 13 13 13 14 2.5 Reliability and validity 15 3. Theoretical framework 3.1. The structure of this thesis 16 3.2. Theory on strategy and competitive advantage 3.2.1. The Positioning School 3.1.1.1. Theory on Porter´s Five Forces model 3.2.1.2. Theory of Generic Strategies 3.2.2. The Resource-based School 3.2.2.1. Theory on SWOT analysis 18 24 20 23 25 27 4. The low fare airline business model 4.1. Introduction 28 4.2. Differences between the LFA model and the FSA model 4.2.1. The service factor 29 29 2 4.2.2. Turnaround times 4.2.3. Homogenous fleet 4.2.4. Point-to-point travel vs hub-and-spoke travel 4.2.5. Higher seat density 4.2...
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...The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Management Studies M.Sc. Aviation Management AVMT 6001 – Accounting for Business Decisions AVMT 6001 – Group Project 2 Managerial Accounting - JetBlue Airways Corporation Group Members: Cherrish Bridgemohan - 807001633 Rajiv Debie - 04708006 Israel Duncan - 814004144 Kenrick Duncan - 814002425 Neil Shepherd - 814004177 Signatures: Cherrish Bridgemohan ___________________________ Rajiv Debie Israel Duncan Kenrick Duncan Neil Shepherd ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ November 16, 2014 Table of Contents I. II. Table of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 5 Executive Summary............................................................................................................................ 6 III. Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 7 IV. Background – JetBlue Airways ......................................................................................................... 7 V. Management Accounting Information.............................................................................................. 8 Financial Accounting versus Management Accounting ...........................
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...Airline Cost Performance IATA ECONOMICS BRIEFING No 5 An analysis of the cost base of leading network airlines versus no-frills, low-cost airlines (LCCs) IATA Economics Briefing No 5: AIRLINE COST PERFORMANCE Mark Smyth Brian Pearce IATA, July 2006 Contents 00 Executive Summary 01 Introduction 02 The Low-Cost Challenge 03 Airline Cost Performance for US Airlines 04 Airline Cost Performance for European Airlines 05 Airline Cost Performance in Asia and South America 06 The Cost Efficiency Challenge 07 Service Quality – The Other Side of the Equation 08 Conclusions 09 Foreword by Giovanni Bisignani page 03 page 04 page 10 page 12 page 16 page 22 page 28 page 32 page 36 page 40 Appendix A Appendix B 00 Foreword Every airline is now a lower-cost airline. The worst financial crisis in the industry’s history over the last five years has forced all carriers to achieve cost efficiencies and higher productivity if they are to survive. Significant progress has been made in reducing non-fuel costs and in improving the efficiency of fuel use, but the challenge is on-going and central to the future prosperity of the industry. While network airlines have made significant progress in restructuring their cost base, they are often faced with a moving target. Low barriers to entry to the industry, combined with national or regional deregulation, have seen 1 new or restructured no-frills, low-cost operators...
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...9 -7 1 4 -4 3 2 JANUARY 29, 2014 JUAN ALCÁCER JOHN CLAYTON Emirates Airline: Connecting the Unconnected Introduction Late afternoon was fading to dusk as Tim Clark, President of Emirates Airline, gazed out at the large crowds mingling outside at the 2013 Dubai Airshow. Front and center at the event was the official program launch of the Boeing 777X, a massive new hit thanks to Emirates’ record order of 150 new planes. Valued at $76 billion at list prices, this was the largest airplane deal ever inked. Letting his thoughts drift, he noted, he imagined with pride these planes joining the collection of widebodied Emirates planes assembled on the tarmac of Dubai International Airport, ready to ferry passengers from Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas and the Gulf to their respective destinations. This is the face of the global economy, he thought to himself, as he marveled at his company’s success. Emirates was indeed a global success story. In just twenty-five years the airline had grown to become the third-largest airline globally by capacity and the largest by number of international passengers.1 (See Exhibit 1). Twenty-three new routes were added in 2012 and 2013,2 and capacity growth was expected to increase by 18.4% in 2013 thanks to deliveries of new aircraft, including the new A380s deployed to over 20 destinations.3 Emirates anticipated that its meteoric growth would continue and was building its fleet accordingly: with 41 A380s integrated into its fleet thus far...
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...ANNUAL REPORT 2003 T R U ST I S A Q U E ST I O N O F Q U A L I TY, M O R E S O TO DAY T H A N EV E R B E F O R E . T H E S U C C E S S O F O U R B R A N D S S P E A K S F O R T H E T R U ST P LAC E D I N O U R P RO D U CT S , P RO D U CT S W H I C H A R E B A S E D O N A S I M P L E P R I N C I P L E T H AT I S T H E F O U N DAT I O N O F O U R E N T I R E C R E AT IV E P RO C E S S – A PA S S I O N F O R CA R S . A PA S S I O N W E WO U L D L I K E TO S H A R E W I T H YO U . > > > E AC H B R A N D I S A WO R L D O F I T S OW N . 4 06 10 12 14 Board of Management/Supervisory Board Report of the Supervisory Board The Board of Management Letter to our Shareholders Group values Financial Communication 18 Volkswagen share 24 Value-based management 26 Corporate Governance 30 40 46 50 53 58 60 66 Management Report Business development Net assets, financial position and earnings performance Volkswagen AG (condensed, according to German Commercial Code) Research and development Business processes Legal matters Risk report Outlook contents 40 ▼ net assets, financial position and earnings performance Sales revenue at prior year level Despite the negative effect of exchange rate movements, the Volkswagen Group generated sales revenue at the level of the previous year. However, earnings reflected unfavourable underlying conditions and special items. 12 ▼ letter to our shareholders Change and progress Our efforts are targeted at the goal of continuously...
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...CHAPTER 2 Present Values, The Objectives of the Firm, and Corporate Governance Answers to Practice Questions 1. The face value of the treasury security is $1,000. If this security earns 5%, then in one year we will receive $1,050. Thus: NPV = C0 + [C1/(1 + r)] = −$1000 + ($1050/1.05) = 0 This is not a surprising result because 5 percent is the opportunity cost of capital, i.e., 5 percent is the return available in the capital market. If any investment earns a rate of return equal to the opportunity cost of capital, the NPV of that investment is zero. NPV = −$1,300,000 + ($1,500,000/1.10) = +$63,636 Since the NPV is positive, you would construct the motel. Alternatively, we can compute r as follows: r = ($1,500,000/$1,300,000) – 1 = 0.1539 = 15.39% Since the rate of return is greater than the cost of capital, you would construct the motel. 3. Investment (1) NPV Return 2. − 10,000 + 18,000 = $5,000 1.20 18,000 − 10,000 = 0.80 = 80.0% 10,000 9,000 − 5,000 = 0.80 = 80.0% 5,000 5,700 − 5,000 = 0.14 = 14.0% 5,000 4,000 − 2,000 = 1.00 = 100.0% 2,000 (2) − 5,000 + 9,000 = $2,500 1.20 5,700 = −$250 1.20 4,000 = $1,333.33 1.20 (3) − 5,000 + (4) − 2,000 + a. b. Investment 1, because it has the highest NPV. Investment 1, because it maximizes shareholders’ wealth. 1 4. a. b. NPV = (−$50,000 + $20,000) + ($38,000/1.05) = $6,190.48 NPV = (−$50,000 + $20,000) + ($38,000/1.10) = $4,545.45 In Part (a), the NPV is higher than the NPV of...
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