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Case Study Family Therapy

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AUTISME, SINDROM ASPERGER DAN SINDROM KANNER
Autisme diklasifikasikan sebagai ketidaknormalan perkembangan neuro atau kecacatan neurologi yang menyebabkan interaksi sosial yang tidak normal dan masalah kemampuan berkomunikasi.

Istilah autisme berasal dari perkataan ‘Autos’ bermaksud diri sendiri dan ‘Isme’ bermaksud suatu aliran. Oleh itu, autisme bermaksud keadaan yang menyebabkan seseorang kanak-kanak menumpukan perhatian dalam dunianya sendiri.

Autisme dikenali sebagai sindrom Kanner, kerana sempena nama seorang ahli psikiatri kanak-kanak berasal dari Amerika yang bernama Leo Kanner yang menemui penyakit tersebut pada tahun 1943. Autisme juga dikenali sebagai sindrom Asperger yang berbentuk austisme tahap sederhana.

Autisme diklasifikasikan sebagai kegagalan integrasi deria (Sensory Integration Dysfunction). Ia juga dikaitkan dengan beberapa penyakit seperti:

1. Fragile X-Syndrome
2. Phenylketonuria
3. Tuberous Sclerosis
4. Neurofibromatosis
5. Sindrom Asperger
6. Sindrom Rett

PENYEBAB AUTISME
Antara penyebab autisme ialah:

1. VAKSIN YANG MENGANDUNGI THIMEROSAL
Thimerosal adalah zat pengawet yang digunakan sebagai vaksin. Ada pendapat yang mengatakan bahwa jika terlalu banyak vaksin Hepatitis B yang termasuk dalam MMR (Mumps, Measles dan Rubella ) boleh mengakibatkan anak mengidap penyakit autisme.

Ini kerana vaksin ini mengandung zat pengawet Thimerosal, yang terdiri dari Etilmerkuri yang menjadi penyebab utama sindrom Autisme Spectrum Disorder.

Biasanya, vaksin mengandungi plumbum, merkuri dan aluminium. Bahkan sesetengah vaksin ditambah dengan ekstrak punggung babi, anjing dan monyet yang kebanyakannya diimport dari luar Negara.

2. TV DAN KOMPUTER
TV dan komputer mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat kuat terhadap minda seseorang kanak-kanak. Sesetengah pakar berpendapat pengaruhnya boleh menyebabkan seseorang kanak-kanak boleh menghidap pelbagai penyakit otak termasuk autisme.

3. GENETIK
Ini adalah dugaan awal dari penyebab autisme, kerana autisme juga boleh diturunkan dari orang tua kepada anak, cucu dan cicitnya.

4. MAKANAN
Makanan menjadi penyumbang utama terhadap pelbagai penyakit termasuk autisme. Ini kerana pelbagai bahan kimia dan bahan pengawet terdapat disetiap makanan yang kita beli di pasaraya. Lebih-lebih lagi kadar melamin yang agak tinggi di setiap makanan bersusu dan berperisa cokelat.

Sesetengah makanan ringan pula mengandungi plumbum, merkuri dan aluminium yang jika diambil berpanjangan akan menjejaskan sistem saraf kanak-kanak sehingga otak kanak-kanak tersebut menjadi lemah atau hyperaktif.

Pada tahun 1970an, seorang pengkaji makanan bernama Dr. Feingold telah menyaksikan peningkatan kes ADHD (Attention Dificit Hyperactivity Disorder) dalam skala yang sangat besar. Sebagai seseorang yang pernah hidup di era tahun 1920an hingga 1930an, beliau masih ingat bahawa kes ADHD nyaris tidak ada sama sekali di zaman tersebut.

Dr. Feingold berpendapat punca kes ADHD meningkat ialah kerana makanan moden yang dihasilkan oleh syarikat-syarikat besar yang kebanyakannya mengandungi bahan pengawet dan bahan kimia yang berlebihan.

Sejak Dr. Feingold membongkar bahan kandungan yang digunakan oleh industri pemakanan, semenjak itu beliau di khianati oleh The Nutrition Faundation, di mana Coca-Cola, Kraft Food dan beberapa syarikat besar idustri makanan adalah ahlinya. Namun, beliau tetap tidak putus-putus menulis buku tentang bahaya makanan moden.

5. IMBASAN ULTRASOUND
Para saintis telah cuba meyedarkan orang ramai mengenai bahaya imbasan Ultrasound kepada otak bayi. Disebabkan kepala berbentuk mangkuk, radiasi bertambah besar dan boleh mengakibatkan beberapa bahagian otak terdedah kepada kepanasan tambahan yang tinggi.

Satu kajian menunjukkan bahawa bayi yang terkena gelombang Ultrasonic berlebihan akan cenderung menjadi kidal.

Dengan semakin banyaknya radiasi di sekitar kita, ada kemungkinan radiasi juga berperanan menyebabkan penyakit autisme.

6. FOLIC ASID
Zat ini biasanya diberikan kepada wanita hamil untuk mencegah kecacatan pada janin. Hasilnya memang cukup memberangsangkan, kadar kecacatan pada janin menurun sehingga 30%. Namun, jika diambil berlebihan ia boleh menyebabkan penyakit autisme.

Untuk menggantikan Folic Asid, para ibu yang mengandung disarankan memakan buah-buahan segar sebanyak mungkin.

CIRI UTAMA PENYAKIT AUTISME
Kanak-kanak autisme merupakan kanak-kanak yang kelihatan normal dari fizikalnya, tetapi mereka mempunyai masalah tingkah-laku.

Mereka tidak suka dengan sentuhan, hubungan mata dengan orang lain, tidak suka bercampur dengan orang lain, sering melakukan sesuatu yang pelik dan berbahaya, ketawa dan menangis tanpa sebab, sukar menggunakan kemahiran pergerakan menggunakan jari serta berkelakuan seolah-olah tidak mendengar apabila dipanggil.

Sindrom ini merupakan sindrom yang dialami oleh seseorang semenjak lahir sehingga akhir hayat dan sekiranya kita tidak memahami penyakit autisme ini sudah tentu kita menganggap mereka sebagai tidak waras.

Antara ciri utama kanak-kanak autisme ialah:

a. TIDAK MAMPU BERSOSIAL
1. Tidak menghiraukan orang lain.
2. Kelihatan tidak sensitif pada keperluaan, perasaan dan pemikiran orang lain.
3. Tidak mahu bertentang mata atau menunjukkan ekspresi muka apabila bercakap.
4. Tidak suka sentuhan (tidak mahu dipeluk atau dipegang).
5. Susah bekerjasama, berkongsi atau menunggu giliran.
6. Lebih suka bermain sendiri.
7. Tidak berminat dalam permainan yang perlu menggunakan imaginasi.

b. TIDAK BOLEH BERTUTUR DAN BERKOMUNIKASI
1. Lambat bercakap.
2. Mempunyai masalah bercakap dan memahami percakapan orang.
3. Tidak boleh berkomunikasi dengan baik.
4. Bercakap dalam nada pelik seperti menyanyi atau bercakap macam robot.
5. Sukar memulakan percakapan. Jika berbual hanya satu pihak yang bercakap.
6. Mungkin mengulangi perkataan sama, tetapi tidak faham maksudnya.

c. MEMPUNYAI MASALAH DALAM PEMIKIRAN DAN PERLAKUAN
1. Suka melakukan perkara sama (berulang) dan tidak mahu menerima perubahan. Mereka mudah tersinggung jika disuruh melakukan perubahan.
2. Menunjukkan minat pelik, contohnya terhadap peta, peralatan elektronik atau roda kereta mainan berpusing dan memutar objek.
3. Sangat sensitif terhadap rasa, bau dan bunyi yang menyebabkan mereka menunjukkan perlakuan di luar kawalan.
4. Mempunyai pergerakan badan yang pelik dan melakukannya berulang-ulang.
5. Tidak boleh duduk diam.
6. Menunjukkan keinginannya dengan menarik tangan orang dewasa sehingga hajatnya tercapai.

d. MASALAH TINGKAH LAKU
1. Suka mengasingkan diri.
2. Bersikap pasif.
3. Tidak tahu bersosial.
4. Aktif tetapi berperangai pelik.

Memiliki ciri yang disenaraikan di atas mengakibatkan kanak-kanak autisme sukar didekati. Ada ibu bapa yang kecewa selepas gagal mengubah anak mereka sehingga membiarkan kanak-kanak itu membesar tanpa pendidikan sewajarnya.

Lebih mengecewakan, ada guru sekolah menganggap kanak-kanak autisme sebagai bodoh. Sebenarnya, kanak-kanak autisme bukan golongan berisiko atau bodoh, cuma guru dan ibu bapa tidak tahu cara mendekati mereka.

Oleh kerana mereka ada masalah perlakuan, pemikiran dan tidak pandai bersosial, perkembangan kanak-kanak autisme secara umumnya lebih perlahan daripada kanak-kanak normal.

RAWATAN DI KUMPULAN PERUBATAN ELEKTRONIK
Tanpa kita sedari, individu yang mempunyai penyakit autisme sebenarnya memiliki keistimewaan tersendiri.

Ada di antara mereka sangat pintar di dalam matematik, mahir dalam hafalan, mahir melukis, mahir bermain alat muzik dan sebagainya. Sekiranya golongan ini dapat dikeluarkan daripada kepompong dunia mereka, maka teserlahlah kepintaran yang tersembunyi di dalam diri mereka, bahkan golongan ini berpotensi untuk menjadi manusia ‘genius’ seperti orang lain juga.

Jika anda mempunyai anak yang mengalami autisme, kami di Kumpulan Perubatan Elektronik mempunyai ubat khusus tentang autisme dan penyakit berkaitan saraf otak. Perubatan Elektronik sangat sesuai untuk kanak-kanak kerana ia tidak mengandungi sebarang bahan kimia, steroid dan dadah. Ianya hanya mengandungi glukos yang diperbuat dalam bentuk disket (tablet kunyah) atau globule, sebagaimana ubatan Homeopathy.
.
Ini kerana penggunaan bahan kimia, steroid atau dadah dalam perubatan hanya untuk menahan sakit sesuatu penyakit dan hanya tertumpu kepada pemulihan terhadap simptom sesuatu penyakit tanpa merawat punca penyakit tersebut.

Penggunaan bahan kimia, steroid, dadah atau bahan bertoksid juga akan menyebabkan gangguan terhadap 'Central Nerve System' (CNS) yang akan mengakibatkan kemunculan penyakit baru (kesan sampingan) akibat kegagalan 'Central Nerve System' (CNS) di dalam mengawal fungsi organ dengan baik.

Sebaliknya, Perubatan Elektronik pula bertindak merangsang 'Central Nerve System' (CNS) bagi mengaktifkan dan merawat fungsi organ serta meningkatkan sistem imun tubuh badan secara semulajadi. Ia juga mampu bertindak memperbaiki kerosakan DNA seseorang pesakit.

Pendekatan Perubatan Elektronik lebih kepada mengeluarkan toksid dan penyakit yang terdapat di dalam badan seorang pesakit, dengan membunuh akar umbi sesuatu penyakit tersebut.

Perubatan Elektronik juga laksana scanner yang mampu mengesan penyakit yang telah lama terpendam mahupun penyakit yang mendatang.

Kesimpulannya, mereka yang mempunyai anak autisme tidak perlu gusar kerana di Kumpulan Perubatan Elektronik ada penawarnya. Begitu juga mereka tidak perlu gusar tentang masalah pembelajaran anak yang menghidap autisme, kerana ada yang telah berjaya dan menjadi orang ternama seperti Albert Einstein, Bela Bartok dan Bill Gate. Mereka telah berkongsi masalah sama, iaitu mengalami sindrom Asperger, sejenis penyakit autisme.

PENGHIDAP AUTISME BERJAYA LAIN
Antara penghidap Autisme yang Berjaya ialah:
1. Daryl Hannah, 50, ialah seorang aktres Hollywood terkenal tetapi didiagnos menghidap autistic sejak kecil lagi. Hannah tidak pernah berkahwin. Dia juga pernah menerima anugerah pelakon terbaik dalam Saturn Award Splash pada tahun 1984. Dia juga turut aktif dalam program mencintai alam.

2. Matyhew Laborteaux, 44, merupakan pelakon lelaki dalam siri Little House on the Prairie. Menghidap autism tidak menghalang Matthew aktif dalam dunia perfileman. Dilahirkan pada tahun 1966, berasal dari Los Angeles, Amerika syarikat. Dia pernah berlakon dalam rancangan televisyen yang pernah disertai ialah Whiz Kids. Dia juga aktif dalam dunia lakonan sejak 1972 sehingga 1992.

3. Walaupun didiagnos sebagai penyakit autism sejak berusia tujuh tahun, namun ia tidak menghalang Khairul Aiman Hashim, 16, dari Sekolah Menengah Sains Selangor, Cheras memperoleh 8A dalam peperiksaan Penilaian Menengah Rendah (PMR) pada 2008. Rahsia Khairul Aiman ialah dia menganggap dirinya sama seperti pelajar normal lain malah sentiasa menanam sikap mahu bersaing dengan rakan-rakannya.

Antara ubat yang dibekalkan kepada pesakit autisme ialah 'Genetic Cleansing' dan 'Congenital Defect' yang bertujuan merawat penyakit genetik dan penyakit kecacatan semasa kelahiran.

Kami di Kumpuan Perubatan Elektronik hanya berusaha menemukan penawar autisme, namun, sebenar-benar penyembuhan adalah milik Sang Pencipta yang Maha Penyembuh.

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...to which people suffer from. After reading several case studies and matching the correct diagnosis to the correct case study, now it is time to go over these case studies, diagnosis, causes and treatments. There are five case studies in total. The diagnoses to be covered are schizoid personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, somatoform disorder, dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia. The first case study was on a middle ages woman name Josephine. Josephine presented with symptoms of schizoid personality disorder. She is avoidant of social situations, shows no emotions and prefers to be alone. From a cognitive perspective, individuals with schizoid personality disorder have a deficient way of thinking and looking at things. However, psychodynamic theorists believe that schizoid personality disorder is a product of unaccepting or abusive parents. Treatments for schizoid personality disorder are quite limited on effectiveness and treatment isn’t usually sought unless another disorder presents the need for treatment. Drug therapy, group therapy, learning social skills, role play and exposure techniques are some types of behavioral therapy techniques used to treat schizoid personality disorder. The cognitive approach gives the patient a list of emotions to think about and also asks him/her to write down experiences when certain emotions are present, such as pleasure (Comer, 2011). The second case study is on Luis who has narcissistic personality disorder...

Words: 1000 - Pages: 4