...Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children Daphne A Janes American Military University Author Note This paper was prepared for EDUC533 Assessment, Evaluation, and Testing II, taught by Dr. Marie Isom. Abstract Fear in reaction to danger probably ends up to life-saving "fight or flight." Anxiety is intrinsic to fear, and therefore the young baby experiences anxiety throughout the earliest inevitable separations from caretakers. Childhood separation psychological disorder (SAD) has been recently recognized as a precursor of an anxiety disorder, a pacemaker of anxiety and different mental disorders, and could be an extremely frequent disorder. Intensive kinds of treatments are developed recently to any improve treatment effectuality, though cognitive-behavioral medical care (CBT) has proved effective for the cure for youngsters with anxiety disorders, as well as a separation anxiety disorder. This paper was written to have a better understanding of the causes, the prevalence, diagnostic criteria, progression, and lastly the treatment considerations for separation anxiety. Keywords: separation anxiety, causes, prevalence, diagnostic criteria, progression, treatment Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children Causes A psychological health disorder, begins in childhood; once a child is worrying about leaving home or be separated from a loved one. This happens when a child is separated from the primary caregiver (usually the mother) and this happens as part of the developmental...
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...paper on Anxiety Disorder Jeffrey S. Fletcher, M.A. Kathleen B. Stinger Psychopathology and Counseling, Coun 656 4, May 2014 Author Note Jeffrey S. Fletcher, Student, Liberty University. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Jeffrey S. Fletcher, Jfletcher1@liberty.edu Abstract This research paper is designed to review articles and books of professional journals in anxiety disorders, definition of anxiety disorder, review of current and past treatments of anxiety disorders, the new section and changes to anxiety disorder in the DSM-5, new treatments for anxiety disorders and medications for anxiety disorders. This paper will show spiritual considerations for treating anxiety disorders and how religion can improve one’s condition. It will show how CBT treatment of anxiety disorders have not been very successful and how medication has its limitations in treatment of anxiety disorders. This paper will also show what this clinician has learned and will take forward into the daily practice of treating adolescents with anxiety disorders. Keywords: anxiety, anxiety disorders, DSM-5, treatment Introduction When we talk about anxiety we have to distinguish between healthy anxiety or normal anxiety and anxiety disorders. It is normal to have a certain amount of anxiety for instance when one is in danger it is normal to become anxious. To have an anxiety disorder your anxiety would have to interfere with your life in a negative way. Anxiety and fear...
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...Influence of Early Life Experiences on Anxiety disorders Anxiety disorder is a mental health description for all forms of uneasiness, excessive worry,and phobias of life events. Such fears can based on events that happened or just imagination and it affects the physical well-being of a person. Different studies have shown that anxiety disorders in different family members overlap. This may be due to the factors experienced while growing up, family factors and genetic transmission. A Childs needs and issues are diverse but a general assessment would indicate that all early experiences can lead to psychological problems. For example, a need to over-achieve, an anxiety disorder of a generalized nature or dysthymic disorder (mood disorder characterized by chronic depression). Such disorders can be traced to a long standing inability to derive satisfaction from one’s life alongside the family issues that worry people, the expectations from the society that leave one apprehensive and a person’s coping strategies which mostly are maladaptive (Corey, 2012). The details do not present a clear diagnosis as to anxiety disorder’s root cause in many cases, hence the need to be cautious when deciding on a therapeutic course of action. Everyone’s unique experiences bring up psychosocial challenges which may become the main focus of the clinical therapies. People may experience phase-of-life issues; present parent-child problems while at the same time having partner...
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...In reflecting on the article Screening for anxiety disorders in children the authors, Ellin Simon and Susan Bogels, made many excellent discoveries and brought to light many new ideas that will help diagnose and treat children who suffer from mental disorders. The premise of their research was to examine the effectiveness of screening methods for mental disorders in school age children, differentiate between different disorders, and predict disorders that may arise in children. The mental disorders, as described in the article, that have the greatest impact on children are separation anxiety, social phobia, and panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Throughout the article the authors referenced two types of screenings, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders and the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule, that are used to detect these mental disorders. The effects that anxiety disorders can have on an individuals quality of life can be detrimental if they are not diagnosed early and treated properly. The earlier mental disorders can be detected, more specifically in children, the more likely chance there is that treatment can have a greater influence on the individuals life, helping them work through the disorder and having an overall better quality of life. According to the article “the decrease in quality of life, together with the need for treatment place a burden on society via indirect and direct...
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...INTELLECTUAL ABILITY IN CHILDREN WITH ANXIETY: A REPLICATION AND EXPLORATION OF THE DIFFERENCES A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In The Department of Psychology by Melissa Munson B.S., University of Florida, 2004 May 2009 i Table of Contents List of Tables……………………………………………………………….. iii Abstract……………………………………………………………………... iv Introduction………………………………………………………………… Anxiety……………………………………………………………... Etiology…………………………………………………………….. Consequences of Anxiety…………………………………………... Theories…………………………………………………………….. Anxiety and Intelligence……………………………………………. Working Memory………………………………………………....... Memory Deficits and Psychopathology…………………………….. Integration and Purpose for the Study……………….……………… Hypotheses…………………………………………………………... Method……………………………………………………………………… Participants………………………………………………………….. Measures…………………………………………………………….. Procedure……………………………………………………………. Data Analysis………………………………………………………... 1 1 3 3 5 6 9 11 13 14 15 15 15 18 20 Results.…………………………………………………………………….... 22 Discussion……………………………………………………………………. 26 References…………………………………………………………………… 30 Appendix A: Demographic Questionnaire…………………………………...41 Appendix B: Recruitment Flyer………………………………………………43 Appendix C: Tear-off Recruitment Flyer…………………………………….44 Appendix D: Phone Screen………………………………………………......45 Vita…………………………………………………………………………… 46 ii ...
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...DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY 29:320–327 (2012) Klein Award Winner CHILDHOOD SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER AND ADULT ONSET PANIC ATTACKS SHARE A COMMON GENETIC DIATHESIS Roxann Roberson-Nay, Ph.D.,1 ∗ Lindon J. Eaves, Ph.D.,1,2 John M. Hettema, M.D.,1 Kenneth S. Kendler, M.D.,1,2 and Judy L. Silberg, Ph.D.1,2 Background: Childhood separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is hypothesized to share etiologic roots with panic disorder. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic and environmental sources of covariance between childhood SAD and adult onset panic attacks (AOPA), with the primary goal to determine whether these two phenotypes share a common genetic diathesis. Methods: Participants included parents and their monozygotic or dizygotic twins (n = 1,437 twin pairs) participating in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development and those twins who later completed the Young Adult Follow-Up (YAFU). The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment was completed at three waves during childhood/adolescence followed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IIIR at the YAFU. Two separate, bivariate Cholesky models were fit to childhood diagnoses of SAD and overanxious disorder (OAD), respectively, and their relation with AOPA; a trivariate Cholesky model also examined the collective influence of childhood SAD and OAD on AOPA. Results: In the best-fitting bivariate model, the covariation between SAD and AOPA was accounted for by genetic and unique environmental...
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...Capella University Course- HS 854- Child and Adolescent Counseling Topic: Project Case Study - Shayla Abstract This case study is about a 4 yr old African American boy whose parent is going through a contentious divorce. Shayla is a fraternal twin whose aggressive behavior in school has attracted the attention of teachers and parents to seek counseling. Using two theories (Developmental and Cognitive) to address client’s need, Shayla has been diagnosed with depression and anxiety disorder. The etiology of client’s behavior was determined including the strength and weakness of therapeutic approach. Shayla family unit was consider owing to the fact that her mother is African American and wanted to marry a Latino American. Due to the dynamic of Shayla’s family composition different family systems such as (systemic, traditional and strategic) were consider for proper adjustment. Proper diagnosis were assessed, reviewed and evaluated for mental health treatment team professionals to follow. There are ethical and legal guidelines associated with treatment such confidentiality, informed consent and right to privacy. Table of Content Project topic --------------------------- page 1 Abstract ----------------------------------page 2 Table of content -------------------------page 3 Theories...
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...The Impact of Divorce on Children Lisa Greatwhite Liberty University PSYC 210-D07 Abstract Compared to forty years ago the divorce rate has increased at an alarming rate. Leaving the children torn and confused about their lives before and after. Children that where once seen as resilient are now seen as vulnerable. There is a vast amount of research that supports how children are affected before, during and after their parents’ divorce. Some of the issues that impact children can cause short-term psychological issues. Leaving those children that are affected to act out in various ways, from regressing backward in the developmental process to psychosocial well-being as it relates to academic performance. Long-term effects for children that result from divorce remain present throughout life. The adult child of divorce may carry unresolved issues into their own relationships. This behavior can put the adult child in high risk for divorce. With this understanding many schools and courts are beginning to offer ways to help children emotionally and socially through counseling and interventions. The Impact of Divorce on Children The research conducted on the divorce rate in the last decade has shown a steady climb. Daniel Pickar (2003), stated in an article from Sonoma county Medical Association, “Forty percent of all children growing up in America today will experience a parental divorce”. (Pickar 2003, p. 1) Most contributed the drastic increase to the court laws on what...
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...order to test the nature of attachment by placing an infant in conditions of mild distress which was caused by the presence of a stranger and separation from the caregiver. This also allowed the observers to measure stranger anxiety and separation anxiety. The procedure consisted of eight episodes with each episode designated to behaviour for example episode 3 the entrance of the stranger measured the stranger anxiety. With respects to the Strange Situation, Ainsworth found out that there were three types of attachment. One of these being secure attachment, these infants were in a happy relationship with their caregiver, however were distressed by the presence of the stranger and separation from the caregiver. They happily greeted their caregiver on reunion. The second type of attachment was insecure- avoidant, these infants avoided social interaction and intimacy. They were unaffected by the presence of the stranger and separation from the caregiver. Lastly, the third type of attachment was insecure- resistant, in which the infant had high levels of stranger anxiety and separation anxiety and they rejected the caregiver on reunion. The Strange Situation has provided means through which we can study attachment types and later correlated them with behaviours in the future as done by Prior and Glaser who conducted a longitudinal studies and found a link between attachment types and later childhood behaviour. They found out that securely attached infants had less emotional dependence...
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...fit of anxiety. Various events of this amazingly normal wellbeing issue are demonstrative of frenzy issue, which can be extremely dangerous and unnerving. Consistent reasons for alarm of going insane, showing at least a bit of kindness assault or passing on are only a few illustrations of froze musings that may upset your ordinary exercises. As indicated by the National Institute of Mental Health, around 6 million American grown-ups have been determined to have frenzy issue. With legitimate learning and discovering the right treatment, you or somebody you know who experiences this issue can conquer the indications and recapture solid living. A man with frenzy issue encounters intermittent either expected or sudden Panic Attacks and no less than one of the assaults has been trailed by one month (or more) of one or a greater amount of the accompanying: Persistent worry about the ramifications of the assault, for example, its outcomes (e.g., losing control, showing at least a bit of kindness assault, "going...
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...Dependent Personality Disorder in Women Kimberly L. Johnson Abstract This paper will examine the DSM disorder of Dependent Personality Disorder in Women. The focus of this paper will be to highlight the differentiation, diagnosis and treatment of this specific pathological personality disorder. According to the DSM, Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) is characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be cared for by others that usually lead to clingy and fears of separation. In professional counseling it is critical that clinicians understand the root causes of DPD and how this disorder can manifest in women. This disorder can be found in both men and women, but research seems to suggest that women are more likely to suffer from this disorder. Therefore, understanding the pathology of DPD and its diagnosis and treatment will be critical to professionals working with women. This paper will also discuss how clinicians should be cautious when making diagnosis in women who present with DPD and knowing what gender and culture factors that exists. Dependent Personality Disorder in Women Clinical Definition of Dependent Personality Disorder According to the DSM-IV-TR (2000), Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) is characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be cared for by another person that usually lead to clingy and fears of separation. DPD as outlined in the DSM-IV-TR is considered the formal diagnosis of DPD needed for insurance, research, and communication...
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...ANXIETY DISORDER AND STRESS Amanda Duncan University of Phoenix After getting into an argument or stressful situation, have you felt like your chest was heavy, it was hard to breathe, or you’re nervous and sweaty? Did you know anxiety disorder affects more than 40 million people in the United States? (ADAA, 2010-2014). That means that approximately 38,667 people go untreated every day. Doing this could cause many health issues and can even end with suicide or death. Stress is the number one cause of anxiety disorder and has solutions to help the victims. When it comes to anxiety, it’s not always a negative thing to endure. Everyone has felt anxiety in some type of way in their lifetime. According to an article titled Anxiety Attacks & Anxiety Disorders, “Anxiety disorders are thought to be a group of related conditions not just one single disorder. One thing that people with anxiety disorders have in common are, persistent or severe fear or worry in situations where most people wouldn’t feel threatened” (Smith, Robinson, & Segal, 2014). It can be caused from medical factors, substance abuse, environmental factors or a combination of all of these. If feeling anxiety before a project’s due, don’t worry this isn’t a bad thing. In this sort of situation it’s a good form of anxiety. When it becomes a form of an anxiety disorder, is when it’s affecting life every day. Symptoms of anxiety could be physical and nonphysical. The Crosta (2009, July 23) website states...
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...Anxiety Disorders – an Outline Fears & Phobias • Adaptive responses • Excessive in nature Fear: excessive fears Phobia: subset of fears including avoidance fear, anxious anticipation, interferes significantly with daily routine, markedly distressed. Social Phobia: 2 types: generalized versus nongeneralized. Five subtypes: animal type; natural environment type; blood-injection type; situation type; “other” type. Common fears: ontogenetic parade. These include: fear of separation; fear of unfamiliar adults; fear of animals, darkness, & imaginary creatures. Adult fears: social fears; fears related to blood, illness, injury, or death; fear of animals; fears of environmental hazards. Genetics: Mean heritability 40%. Environment or combination of both appears important. Theories of Fear: 1. Two-factor Theory (Mowrer) & Pavlov, Watson & Rayner. Includes classical & operant conditioning. 2. Rachman (1976) which includes direct conditioning, modeling, & information/instructional transmission. Prepared Fears (Seligman, 1970): 1. rapidly acquired 2. resistant to extinction 3. “noncognitive” 4. differentially associated with stimuli of evolutionary significance. Research on preparedness theory: Cook & Mineka (1987, 1990); McNally (1987); Bandura Behavioral & Cognitive Theories: 1. Neo-conditioning; 2. Neo-conditioning & emotional processing. Anxiety Sensitivity: Reiss – AS is one of 3 fundamental fears. The others include illness/injury...
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...Asperger’s Disorder, as it has become known, is a disorder that is a part of the Autism Spectrum Disorder. It is no longer recognized as a separate syndrome under DSM V but instead those who exhibit Asperger’s like syndromes receive a diagnosis of ASD. Those with Asperger’s are sometimes thought of as a “high functioning autistic,” this is because they do not struggle with development the same way others with an ASD diagnosis do. ASD symptoms are divided into three categories: deficiencies in social interaction, communication deficiencies, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors and interests. While children with Asperger’s regularly struggle with social interaction and display repetitive behaviors, they don’t exhibit a delay in their language. In fact, a lot of the time a child with Asperger’s may have above average intelligence. Because of poor social interactions, a child with Asperger’s can go on to develop many other syndromes if he/she doesn’t receive proper therapy. But even with therapy, a child with Asperger’s is more likely to experience anxiety and depressive disorders. These two conditions can have a profound effect on a child’s development and functioning, especially when the same child has an Asperger’s...
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...Bowlby’s Ethological Attachment Theory Rhonda Lawson Excelsior College Lifespan Developmental Psychology June 10, 2014 Bowlby’s Ethological Attachment Theory I) Abstract a) A natural inclination b) Strength and stability c) Theory of lifespan development II) Introduction a) Evolution and biology b) Critical periods c) Behavioral study on graylag geese d) Creation of attachment III) Bowlby’s perspectives a) Biological preparation b) Ethological theory c) Adaptive value d) Physical, social as well as cultural e) Lasting relationships IV) Application of Bowlby’s ethological attachment a) Survival b) Increases in cortisol levels and heart rates c) Psychotherapy d) Anxiety and avoidance with depression e) Development of a new attachment with a therapist f) Outcomes of a therapy process g) Diagnosis of the reactive attachment disorder V) Conclusion a) Begins at birth b) Develop attachments to primary caregivers c) Widespread acceptance d) Diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder VI) References Abstract Bowlby’s ethological attachment theory bases its argument on the premise that human individuals, just like animals have a tendency to have a natural inclination to establish and maintain lasting affectionate bonds (attachments) to the familiar and irreplaceable others. Bowlby further asserts that once the attachments are established, the strength, and stability of the...
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