...separated into four strata. Stratum 1 contains 50 invoices, stratum 2 contains 500 invoices, stratum 3 contains 1000 invoices, and stratum 4 contains 3450 invoices. A sample of 500 sales invoices is needed. a) what type of sampling should you do? why? A stratified random sampling is suitable for this study. This is because the population of invoices is heterogenous which results in increase in the variance of the estimators. When the population is divided into homogeneous strata and stratified random sampling is adopted a reduction in the variance of the estimators is attained. b) Explain how you would carry out the sampling according to the method stated in (a) The size of the population is 50 + 500 + 1000 + 3450 = 5000 The size of the sample is 500 The sampling fraction is 500/5000 = 0.10 = 10% From stratum 1, a simple random sample of size 5 (10% of 50) is chosen. From stratum 2, a simple random sample of size 50 (10% of 500) is chosen. From stratum 3, a simple random sample of size 100 (10% of 1000) is chosen. From stratum 4, a simple random sample of size 345 (10% of 3450) is chosen. Thus a stratified random sample of size 5 + 50 + 100 + 345 = 500 is obtained. c) Why is the sampling in (a) not simple random sampling? In simple random sampling all possible samples of size 500 are given the same probability of being selected. In stratified random sample, this not the case. For example the probability of selecting 500 invoices from stratum 4 is 0. Only 345 invoices...
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...Parts III, V, and VI of this case study dealt with obtaining an understanding of internal control and assessing control risk for transactions affecting accounts payable of Pinnacle Manufacturing. In Part VII, you will design analytical procedures and design and perform tests of details of balances for accounts payable. Assume that your understanding of internal controls over acquisitions and cash disbursements and the related tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions support an assessment of a low control risk. The listing of the 519 accounts making up the accounts payable balance of $12,969,686 at December 31, 2011 is included under the Pinnacle link on the textbook Web site. Required a. List those relationships, ratios, and trends that you believe will provide useful information about the overall reasonableness of accounts payable. You should consider income statement accounts that affect accounts payable in selecting the analytical procedures. b. Study Table 19-5 (p. 647) containing balance-related audit objectives and tests of details of balances for accounts payable to be sure you understand each procedure and its purpose. Prepare an audit program for accounts payable in a performance format, using the audit procedures in Table 19-5. The format of the audit program should be similar to Table 16-5 (p. 541). Be sure to include a sample size for each procedure. c. Assume for requirement b that (1) assessed control risk had been high rather than low for...
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...Non-Probability Sampling Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected. In any form of research, true random sampling is always difficult to achieve. Most researchers are bounded by time, money and workforce and because of these limitations, it is almost impossible to randomly sample the entire population and it is often necessary to employ another sampling technique, the non-probability sampling technique. In contrast with probability sampling, non-probability sample is not a product of a randomized selection processes. Subjects in a non-probability sample are usually selected on the basis of their accessibility or by the purposive personal judgment of the researcher. The downside of the non-probablity sampling method is that an unknown proportion of the entire population was not sampled. This entails that the sample may or may not represent the entire population accurately. Therefore, the results of the research cannot be used in generalizations pertaining to the entire population. Types of Non-Probability Sampling Convenience Sampling Convenience sampling is probably the most common of all sampling techniques. With convenience sampling, the samples are selected because they are accessible to the researcher. Subjects are chosen simply because they are easy to recruit. This technique is considered easiest, cheapest and least time...
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...Review SKIN FUNCTION AND WOUND HEALING PHYSIOLOGY John Timmons is Clinical Manager, Wounds UK and Tissue Viabiliy Nurse, Aberdeen Regular evaluation and the setting of goals is essential to monitor the progress of the patient and their wound.To do this, is important to understand the physiology of the skin and the way normal wound healing progresses in order to plan and provide effective wound management. This article describes the structure and function of the skin and outlines the four normal phases of healing. Wound healing is an exciting and continually developing field, with new technologies and research playing a large part in improving the quality of patient care. The role of the nurse in wound care is all encompassing, stretching from the initial assessment of the wound and the patient, to making the correct decisions about treatment and beyond. Regular evaluation, and the setting of goals is essential to monitor the progress of the patient and the wound. To do this, a baseline knowledge of the functions and anatomy of the skin and wound healing physiology is required. Figure 1. When the skin is breached, it is important to close the defect as quickly as possible, thereby preventing infection from occurring. vital substances (Graham-Brown and Burns, 1998). the nerve endings present in the skin allow the body to detect pain, and changes in temperature, touch and pressure. 8Sensation: Functions of the skin The skin, often referred to as the largest body...
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...University, Taipei, Taiwan 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan 4 jengweitjiu@gmail.com * shuang@ntu.edu.tw Abstract: With a Gaussian-like broadband light source from high brightness Ce3+:YAG single-clad crystal fiber, a full-field optical coherence tomography using a home-designed Mirau objective realized high quality images of in vivo and excised skin tissues. With a 40 × silicone-oilimmersion Mirau objective, the achieved spatial resolutions in axial and lateral directions were 0.9 and 0.51 μm, respectively. Such a high spatial resolution enables the separation of lamellar structure of the full epidermis in both the cross-sectional and en face planes. The number of layers of stratum corneum and its thickness were quantitatively measured. This label free and non-invasive optical probe could be useful for evaluating the water barrier of skin tissue in clinics. As a preliminary in vivo experiment, the blood vessel in dermis was also observed, and the flowing of the red blood cells and location of the melanocyte were traced. ©2014 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (060.2380) Fiber optics sources and detectors; (170.4500) Optical coherence tomography; (160.1435) Biomaterials; (170.3880) Medical and biological imaging; (180.3170) Interference microscopy. References and links 1. T. Gambichler, S. Boms, M. Stücker, A. Kreuter, G. Moussa, M. Sand, P....
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...of cases) and has been named, Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome. It affects males and is inherited from females who are females. Because this disorder being X-linked recessive, females will have only one copy of the allele. This is still enough for the female to have partial physical abnormalities (incomplete penetrance) that are usually associated with thin/absent hair and abnormal/missing teeth and sweat glands. This syndrome is estimated to be at a frequency of 1 in 100,000 live births and the carrier-incidence is around 17.3 in 100,000 women (Tosti, 2004). Most individuals affected by ectodermal dysplasia usually have normal life expectancies and intelligence. The most important part to maintaining a normal life is early detection. The lack of sweat glands can lead to hypothermia and brain damage in severe cases in infancy if left undetected. In 1982, Freire-Maia and Pinheiro proposed a categorization system to diagnosing and classifying ectodermal dysplasia. The classification system divided the ectodermal dysplasias into different subcategories according to the existence or nonexistence of hair, dental, nail abnormalities and eccrine dysfunction. Overall, they were classified in either group A, which showed defects in at least two of the four ‘classic’ (classic= 4 listed above) ectodermal structures and group B disorders, which showed defect in one of four ‘classic’ ectodermal structures and one of the other ectodermal structures (ears, lips). After long cases studies and...
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...Data 4. Sources of Data 5. Descriptive Research Design 6. Types of Descriptive Research Design 7. Sampling 8. Population 9. Stratum 10. Sample 11. Sample Size 12. Randomization 13. Sampling Unit 14. Target Population 15. Respondent Population 16. Sampling Design 17. Margin of Error 18. Probability / Level of Confidence 19. Probability Sampling Designs 20. Simple Random Sampling 21. Systematic Sampling 22. Stratified Sampling 23. Cluster Sampling 24. Multi-stage Sampling 25. Non-Probability Sampling Designs 26. Purposive Sampling 27. Convenience Sampling 28. Quota Sampling 29. Snowball Sampling 1. Research Design a. The research design is a comprehensive master plan of the research study to be undertaken, giving a general statement of the methods to be used. The function of a research design is to ensure that requisite data in accordance with the problem at hand is collected accurately and economically. Simply stated, it is the framework, a blueprint for the research study which guides the collection and analysis of data. The research design, depending upon the needs of the researcher may be a very detailed statement or only furnish the minimum information required for planning the research project. b. The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint...
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...a quick handbook to sampling. Those with a beginning interest should be able to use this review as a first step into sampling science. Each section should provide a further understanding of sampling from the various articles reviewed. Literature Review Outline The literature review will begin with an introduction section to survey sampling. The history of survey sampling will be shown by the articles reviewed. Following an introduction to sampling, methodologies used in sampling will be explored. Each methodology will be represented by at least one scholarly article. The reader will have a general understanding of each method. Before the review’s conclusion, typical errors in sampling will be explored through various articles and a case study. By the end of the review the reader will have an overview knowledge of sampling including errors, methods, and history. As...
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...body from pathogens and prevention of excessive fluid loss. Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, and the protection of vitamin B folates. The skin also has the ability to absorb nitrogen and carbon dioxide by diffusion into the epidermis in small amounts. The skin is divided into three layers; the epidermis, which provides waterproofing and serves as a barrier to infection; the dermis, which serves as a location for the appendages of skin; and the hypodermis (subcutaneous adipose layer). Epidermis is divided into several layers where cells are formed through mitosis at the innermost layers. They move up the strata changing shape and composition as they differentiate and become filled with keratin. They eventually reach the top layer called stratum corneum and are sloughed off, or desquamated. This process is called keratinization and takes place within weeks. The outermost layer of the epidermis consists of 25 to 30 layers of dead cells. The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis and is composed of connective tissue and cushions the body. It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as from the Stratum basal of the epidermis. Finally the hypodermis, which is not a part of the...
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...Risk Involved in Getting Tattooed. 13 3.4 Tattoo Removal 14 4.0 Conclusion 14 - 15 5.0 References 15 1. INTRODUCTION – Integumentary System The Integumentary system consists of the skin and its associated structures such as hair, nails,nerve endings and the sebaceous (oil) and sudoriferous (sweat) glands (Lindh, Pooler, Tamparo and Dahl, 2010,p.790). It is the largest of the body’s anatomy system and count for 12 to 15 percent of body weight covering 1.5-2m2 of surface area. The skin is the most external and visually apparent and the largest organ of the human body and the medical branch which studies it is known as "dermatology" (Keir, Wise, Krebs and Kelley-Arney, 2010,p.97) .The skin can be divided into three layers-the epidermis on the surface, the dermis beneath it and lastly, the adipose (fat) tissue under the dermis (MacKenzie, Arwine and...
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...Marketing Research PROJECT PROPOSAL FEASIBILITY OF OPENING A CAFÉ COFFEE DAY (CCD) IN KUNNAMANGALAM, CALICUT Akshay Jadhao, Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode Note: This is “Just a Project Proposal and Methodology document” (NOT a research paper). Actual research is being conducted at Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Kozhikode by the author on this project and original research paper will be available soon. The sole purpose of this document is to help students and researchers who are interested in marketing research, especially in Indian coffee market. 1 PROJECT PROPOSAL RESEARCH QUESTION: To check the feasibility of opening a Café Coffee Day (CCD) in Kunnamangalam, Calicut, Kerala (India) INTRODUCTION As per the research done by KPMG (KPMG Report on Consumer Market, 2005) on the consumer markets in India, greatest potential for growth opportunity in the organized retail sector is in the food and beverage sector. It’s projected that food and beverage retailing will grow at 9.2 percent over the next five years against a total GDP growth rate of around 7 percent. An important factor to be considered is the changing pattern of spending by the Indian consumer. There is growth in the disposable incomes and as a result the markets are changing fast and are leading to more urbanization kind of lifestyles. India as a market is more relevant because of the demographic advantage it has over other economies. As a result here young working populations drive personal...
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...Marketing Research PROJECT PROPOSAL FEASIBILITY OF OPENING A CAFÉ COFFEE DAY (CCD) IN KUNNAMANGALAM, CALICUT Akshay Jadhao, Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode Note: This is “Just a Project Proposal and Methodology document” (NOT a research paper). Actual research is being conducted at Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Kozhikode by the author on this project and original research paper will be available soon. The sole purpose of this document is to help students and researchers who are interested in marketing research, especially in Indian coffee market. 1 PROJECT PROPOSAL RESEARCH QUESTION: To check the feasibility of opening a Café Coffee Day (CCD) in Kunnamangalam, Calicut, Kerala (India) INTRODUCTION As per the research done by KPMG (KPMG Report on Consumer Market, 2005) on the consumer markets in India, greatest potential for growth opportunity in the organized retail sector is in the food and beverage sector. It’s projected that food and beverage retailing will grow at 9.2 percent over the next five years against a total GDP growth rate of around 7 percent. An important factor to be considered is the changing pattern of spending by the Indian consumer. There is growth in the disposable incomes and as a result the markets are changing fast and are leading to more urbanization kind of lifestyles. India as a market is more relevant because of the demographic advantage it has over other economies. As a result here young working...
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...demonstrate a better understanding of competitiveness and collaboration in a global economy. Daft (2013) Diversity is all the ways in which people differ. The dictionary definition of diversity states that its an inclusion of individuals representing more than one national origin, color, religion, socioeconomic stratum, sexual orientation, in the workplace. Hitchcock (2012) Leveraging Human Potential involves two basic elements--one is having leaders or managers who have a desire and the skills to bring the most and the best out of their teams. The other element is having a team that has the desire to grow and the willingness to experience the rights of passage involved in that growth. Research show that there is a lot of humility that is required for personal and professional growth. As a result, leaders who are going to facilitate this growth must work the triangle of pushing their team mentally, helping their team grow the competencies necessary for growth, hold them accountable for their progress, and be there to support them when they run into inevitable challenges. Analysis The Case that I reviewed in the text was true to myself. This case involved a new hired female worker into an oil company that was not that diverse at all. The newly hired employee was looking forward to a meeting that she was having with one of the top female managers in the organization. Upon meeting with the manager she was given some...
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...A Selection from Survival Statistics Copyright ( David S. Walonick, 1997 - 2010 All Rights Reserved ISBN 0-918733-11-1 Published by: StatPac, Inc., 8609 Lyndale Ave. S. #209A, Bloomington, MN 55420 Tel: (715) 442-2261 Fax: (715) 442-2262 Web: http://statpac.com Email: sales@statpac.com |[pic] |Right now you can order | |You must be completely satisfied |Survival Statistics | |or we will refund the entire purchase price. | | | |for just $29.95 | | |Order online and we'll email you instructions on how to | | |download the book. | | |Click Here To Order | Designing and Using Questionnaires This is the information age. More information has been published in the last decade than in all previous history. Everyone uses information to make decisions about the future. If our information is accurate, we have a high probability...
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...Linguistics Introduction the scientific study of language. The word was first used in the middle of the 19th century to emphasize the difference between a newer approach to the study of language that was then developing and the more traditional approach of philology. The differences were and are largely matters of attitude, emphasis, and purpose. The philologist is concerned primarily with the historical development of languages as it is manifest in written texts and in the context of the associated literature and culture. The linguist, though he may be interested in written texts and in the development of languages through time, tends to give priority to spoken languages and to the problems of analyzing them as they operate at a given point in time. The field of linguistics may be divided in terms of three dichotomies: synchronic versus diachronic, theoretical versus applied, microlinguistics versus macrolinguistics. A synchronic description of a language describes the language as it is at a given time; a diachronic description is concerned with the historical development of the language and the structural changes that have taken place in it. The goal of theoretical linguistics is the construction of a general theory of the structure of language or of a general theoretical framework for the description of languages; the aim of applied linguistics is the application of the findings and techniques of the scientific study of language to practical tasks, especially to the elaboration...
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