...Female genital mutilation (FGM) WHAT is FGM? Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. Procedures Female genital mutilation is classified into four major types. 1. Clitoridectomy: partial or total removal of the clitoris (a small, sensitive and erectile part of the female genitals) and, in very rare cases, only the prepuce (the fold of skin surrounding the clitoris). 2. Excision: partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora (the labia are "the lips" that surround the vagina). 3. Infibulation: narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the inner, or outer, labia, with or without removal of the clitoris. 4. Other: all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, e.g. pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterizing the genital area. WHO Who is at risk? Procedures are mostly carried out on young girls sometime between infancy and age 15, and occasionally on adult women. In Africa, about three million girls are at risk for FGM annually. Between 100 to 140 million girls and women worldwide are living with the consequences of FGM. In Africa, about 92 million girls age 10 years and above are estimated to have undergone FGM. WHERE ...
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...First outbreak of Ebola virus disease was in 1976. This uncommon disease was reported in Central Africa in Zaire (WHO, 2014)? Since the discovery of Ebola virus in 1976 the outbreak of Ebola virus was reported in West Africa in March 2014. (WHO 2014). Ebola virus was named after Ebola River which traversed through the affected region. Studies showed that there are five spices of Ebola virus, each single-stranded RNA virus in the filoviridae family. The Bundibugyo, Zaire, and Sudan species have been responsible for the entire known Ebola outbreak’s, with current outbreak in West Africa (K.Pritish. el, al. 2014, p. 1712). Centres for Disease Control reported that the other two Ebola virus species are the Reston Ebola virus, which seems like is limited to Philippines and has not reported that cause any human disease to date, whereas, Tai Forest Ebola virus, which did infect to a scientist, who was performing an autopsy on a chimpanzee (CDC, 2014). The World Health Organisation (2015) stated that fruit bats were the host of Ebola Virus. (WHO, 2014). Monkeys and other nonhuman primates may serve as intermediate hosts. Therefore increased human-animal interface in parts of Africa and the black market bush meat trade have been implicated in bringing the disease into human populations. (K.Pritish. et. al p. 1713). One of the researchers who first identified Ebola virus, Dr Peter Piot 1976 stated, “In general, it is an infection that causes epidemics only if basic hospital hygiene is...
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...Steering Committee of the NGO Coalition for the International Criminal Court and the Italian civil society partner in the Democracy Assistance Dialogue. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of No Peace Without Justice and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Overall editing of this report was done by Alison Smith. The draft report was prepared by Sylvia de Bertodano, Joanna Evans, Nicole Fritz and Michael Gibb. Design and production by Rebus, Paris Alison Smith is the Legal Counsel and Coordinator of the International Criminal Justice Program of No Peace Without Justice and was NPWJ’s Country Director in Sierra Leone. She served as the...
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...their return were unfounded, based on fear not fact (Grace, 2014). I found her attitude not only ambiguous, but self-centered and showing little concern for her friends, family, and neighbors. Living in South Mississippi myself, and in light of recent cases of travel related Ebola in the United States, I wanted to know if these concerns are truly founded or not. I used Local TV and newspaper articles, CDC website, and various articles I found on the Virtual Library to research the situation. In my opinion, based on my research, these people did not research well enough or reached a decision based on their personal bias rather than fact. My research shows that although there has not been any cases reported in Ghana, where they actually went, there have been cases in the neighboring countries of Sierra Leonne, Liberia, Guinea, Senegal, and Nigeria, with travel related cases popping up all over the world. Therefore, there is some danger of being exposed to Ebola, and in spite of expert disagreement over the risk of outbreaks outside of Africa, they all agree on one thing: control is dependent on proper handling of patients and contaminated waste and that the possibility of human error is a very real threat. This is demonstrated by the cases of Ebola that turned up in Dallas, Texas and New York. My conclusion is that any reasonable person would realize that...
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...Peacekeeping missions in 40 countries. This paper also regards with the view of the performance of troops of Bangladesh in UN peacekeeping missions and the importance of Bangladesh’s role in Peacekeeping mission as the contributor of the highest number of troops. The various issues with the troops of Bangladesh are also provided in the paper. References are also included in this paper. Content * Methodology………………………………………………………………pg-01 * Introduction………………………………………………………………..pg-02 * Role of Bangladesh in UN peacekeeping…………………………………pg-02 to 07 * Opinions of some scholars and defense persons…………………………..pg-07to 08 * Achievements and Failures……………………………………………….pg-08 to 09 * Case study on UNIKOM………………………………………………….pg-09 * Case study on...
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...it infected monkeys that were being imported to Reston, Virginia from Philippines. The virus also has infected some of the patients, but the patients did not develop the Ebola hemorrhagic fever. The fourth subtype had occurred during 1994 when an ethnologist was during a necropsy on a dead chimpanzee. The ethnologist accidentally infected herself while she was performing the necropsy on the chimpanzee. Ebola has become more prevalent in Africa, where there is an outbreak. The Ebola virus is worsening in West Africa and the director of the Center of Disease Control and Prevention urge traveling warning to any person that may be going any of the three West Africa countries that have been hit by the outbreak. Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone the disease have killed all together more than 700 individuals this year alone. This outbreak can become a “global pandemic” if it is not taken care of in a reasonable time. The government has now declared this a human crisis that is above the control of the national government at this point. The Ebola virus is the largest that the African country has seen in the last 40 years. The expert’s says that during this outbreak that 60% of the people have become sick with the Ebola virus have died. Senegal is the...
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...Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends pages 557–740 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF D. Peter Drotman Associate Editors Paul Arguin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Charles Ben Beard, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Ermias Belay, Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Bell, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Sharon Bloom, Atlanta, GA, USA Mary Brandt, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Corrie Brown, Athens, Georgia, USA Charles H. Calisher, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Michel Drancourt, Marseille, France Paul V. Effler, Perth, Australia David Freedman, Birmingham, Alabama, USA Peter Gerner-Smidt, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Stephen Hadler, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Nina Marano, Nairobi, Kenya Martin I. Meltzer, Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Morens, Bethesda, Maryland, USA J. Glenn Morris, Gainesville, Florida, USA Patrice Nordmann, Fribourg, Switzerland Didier Raoult, Marseille, France Pierre Rollin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Ronald M. Rosenberg, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA Frank Sorvillo, Los Angeles, California, USA David Walker, Galveston, Texas, USA Senior Associate Editor, Emeritus Brian W.J. Mahy, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, UK Managing Editor Byron Breedlove, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Copy Editors Claudia Chesley, Laurie Dietrich, Karen Foster, Thomas Gryczan, Jean Michaels Jones, Shannon O’Connor, P. Lynne Stockton Production William Hale, Barbara Segal, Reginald Tucker Editorial Assistant Jared Friedberg Communications/Social Media Sarah Logan Gregory Founding Editor Joseph E. McDade, Rome, Georgia, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases...
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...released its final report. It was recorded that the root causes of the today reconciliation process in Liberia and the civil war that devastated Liberia between 1989 and 2003 were poverty, corruption, and inequality, Schmid E. (2010). Despite this diagnosis, the Commission’s legal analysis of past abuses was center around violations of economic, social, and cultural rights. Likewise, many transitional justice processes around the world sideline considerations of ESCR. This thesis, is based on The role of the students and youth community in the National Reconciliation Process of Liberia, A case study with the Liberian National Student Union. This thesis outlines why reconciliation is paramount at this time in the nation Liberia History and the factors involved. 1.0 Background to the study The Role of the Student and Youth in National Reconciliation and Peace building in Liberia. A case study report from IPI's Civil Society Project recounting the efforts of Youth and students actors especially Linsu and FLY, and student groups to foster peace, reconciliation, and democracy in Liberia show that the holding of democratic elections in July 1997 marked the end of Liberia's brutal seven-year civil war. The end of the war, it was thought, had settled Liberia's leadership question and it was hoped that cessation of hostilities would usher in a new era of democratic order, political stability, and economic development. This post-war peace dividend however proved to be a mirage. Liberia...
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...worse nightmare; a fast and indiscriminate killer that so far we cannot stop. The latest outbreak began when a 2-year-old boy fell ill on December 6, 2013 in Guinea. () Since then the virus have spread across Southern Africa and to other countries throughout the world. As of October 24, 2014 Ebola infected a total of 8 countries including; Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Mali, Senegal, Nigeria, Spain, and The United states.() A total of 10141 people from these eight countries has been infected and of these people 4922 have died(See Chart 2 for details).() Of these 10,141 people, 4 of them were Americans. ()...
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...Georgetown Model United Nations Background Guide on LGBTQ Rights The Human Rights Council: The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is an inter-governmental body within the United Nations system and a subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly. The Human Rights Council, which replaced the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights, was created by the General Assembly on March 15 2006 by resolution 60/251 and it has as its designated meeting place, the UN Office at Geneva (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights) It is made of up of 46 United Nations Member states which are elected by the UN General Assembly. The latter states are assigned with the responsibility of strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the world. They are elected by the majority of the members of the General Assembly of the United Nations through direct and secret ballot. The chosen members of the council serve for a period of three years and are not eligible for immediate re-election after serving two consecutive terms (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights) Membership to the Council is based on equitable geographical distribution. The seats are allocated as follows: 12345African States: 13 seats Asian States: 13 seats Latin American and Caribbean States: 8 seats Western European and other States: 7 seats Eastern European States: 6 seats The Council as a whole has its main purpose grounded in addressing human rights violations around...
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...Introduction Nowadays, we live in a world that is converging in a fast-paced as a result of globalization with its active forces—leading to the tremendous rise in global capitalist economy. The demand for energy continue to sky-rocket in this modern world whilst major players in the world today; such as the United States, countries in the European Union and Japan are at alert in the sense that, China, one of the world fastest growing economy has been considered as a new competitor in the competition of securing a long term energy supplies around the globe. As China’s economy is rapidly growing and in other to acquire the needed resources to support its rapid growth, the government have taken a great step in focusing in other part of the world to secure oil which they deemed necessary coupled with other raw materials across the world. The rising economy of China was stated to have grown in an extraordinarily large number of nine (9) per cent per annum in the last twenty five (25) years whereas its consumption of energy has been said to have doubled to the extent that it outstripped the production of domestic energy. (Africa-practice report, 2007, p.2) Significantly, to catch up with the demand of its market, the economic powerhouse has channelled its attention to Africa. A continent widely known for its social and political unrest, though Chinese active involvement in Africa is a necessary mission in other for them to secure new export market for their manufactured goods, there...
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...“THE CHALLENGES OF LEADERSHIP IN POST- CONFLICT AFRICA: THE CASE OF LIBERIA.” BY HER EXCELLENCY ELLEN JOHNSON SIRLEAF PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA AT THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES, LONDON, MAY 31, 2006 Mr. Chairman Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen: Let me begin by thanking the distinguished Governing Board, the membership and the staff of your Institute for this invitation to dialogue with you and, by so doing, join the array of other world leaders who have addressed this body. I will also use this opportunity to express thanks and appreciation to the British public for keeping faith with us as a people by way of the immutable public broadcasting body, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), which over the past several years played no small role in bringing the plight of our people and country to the attention of a global audience. Today, I invite you and the rest of the good people of this great country to join us in savoring the dawn of a new dispensation in my country – one that embodies the hopes and aspirations of the majority of Liberians. I am confident that my Government can also count on the support of the Government and people of this country to see us through our journey toward achieving national renewal after decades of conflict. Academic studies on the evolution of leadership in Africa take note of the fact that the liberation leaders of the continent were nationalistic, selfless and visionary—leaders who put...
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...“SOLD IN WAR: Women Trafficking and Armed Conflicts Introduction: A universal attribute of any society, tribe, or nation is its capacity and obvious willingness to wage wars. Whether or not to vanquish, to colonize, to protect, to develop, or to with ease set up a symbolic superiority, a nation’s use of military actions performs an primary function within the definition of that nation’s identification. Whatever the marketed purpose of a war, nonetheless, it is finally a social occasion that regularly allows for the dying and suffering of each warring parties and civilians and for the exploitation of thousands of men and women, children and adults on a grand scale. The chaos and turmoil of wartime seems to carry out the worst qualities in human beings. In an article published in the University of St. Thomas Law Journal it highlights that a major tenet of the laws of war is that “civilians, and women and children in particular, are to be protected from the trials and suffering of war to the fullest extent possible”. Therefore, it is ultimately the task of each military and its members to make sure their behaviors are consistent with the specifications in International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Even though the complete avoidance of civilian deaths and suffering is not realistic, it is the responsibility of an armed force to not intentionally target civilians and to consider operations in terms of the concepts of distinction, military necessity and proportionality. By their very nature...
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...UNCTAD The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. UNCTAD is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. The organization's goals are to: "maximize the trade, investment and development opportunities of developing countries and assist them in their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis." The primary objective of UNCTAD is to formulate policies relating to all aspects of development including trade, aid, transport, finance and technology. The conference ordinarily meets once in four years; the permanent secretariat is in Geneva. One of the principal achievements of UNCTAD has been to conceive and implement the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP). It was argued in UNCTAD that to promote exports of manufactured goods from developing countries, it would be necessary to offer special tariff concessions to such exports. Accepting this argument, the developed countries formulated the GSP scheme under which manufacturers' exports and some agricultural goods from the developing countries enter duty-free or at reduced rates in the developed countries. Since imports of such items from other developed countries are subject to the normal rates of duties, imports of the same items from developing countries would enjoy a competitive advantage. The creation of UNCTAD in 1964 was based on concerns of developing...
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...Review of Review of Economics and Institutions ISSN 2038-1379 DOI10.5202/rei.v1i2.1 ECONOMICS and INSTITUTIONS Vol. 1 – No. 2, Fall 2010 – Article 1 www.rei.unipg.it The Role of Institutions in Growth and Development Massachusetts Institute of Technology Daron Acemoglu Harvard University and Weatherhead Center for International Affairs James Robinson Abstract: In this paper we argue that the main determinant of differences in prosperity across countries are differences in economic institutions. To solve the problem of development will entail reforming these institutions. Unfortunately, this is difficult because economic institutions are collective choices that are the outcome of a political process. The economic institutions of a society depend on the nature of political institutions and the distribution of political power in society. As yet, we only have a highly preliminary understanding of the factors that lead a society into a political equilibrium which supports good economic institutions. However, it is clear that it is the political nature of an institutional equilibrium that makes it very difficult to reform economic institutions. We illustrate this with a series of pitfalls of institutional reforms. Our analysis reveals challenges for those who would wish to solve the problem of development and poverty. That such challenges exist is hardly surprising and we believe that the main reason for such challenges is the forces we have outlined...
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