...Electrolyte is a scientific term for salts, specifically ions. The term electrolyte means that this ion is electrically-charged and moves to either a negative or positive electrode. Ions that move to the negative which are called cations are positively charged and Ions that move to the positive which are called anions are negatively charged. They can be divided into acids, bases, and salts, because they all give ions when dissolved in water. Electrolytes are present in the human body, and the balance of the electrolytes in our bodies is essential for normal function of our cells and our organs. Electrolytes are important because they are what your cells, especially nerve, heart and muscle use to maintain voltages across their cell membranes and to carry electrical impulses such as nerve impulses and muscle contractions across themselves and to other cells. The major electrolytes that are in our body are as follows: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (PO42-), sulfate (SO42-). Sodium is an abundant metallic element which is an important mineral for all living organisms. It is also widely used industrially to make an assortment of consumer goods. In a pure form, sodium is a soft, silvery gray, highly reactive metal. Pure sodium is usually stored in a nonreactive substance, as it oxidizes rapidly when exposed to air, quickly forming a thick coating. The soft metal appears in an abundance of compounds,...
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...signs and symptoms that my case study receives and we can then compare it against the signs and symptoms the NHS believe people receive when they have diabetes. My case study explains that she has suffered with diabetes for quite some years and was diagnosed in 2004 a year after moving to the UK from Antigua. She explains the changes she had to make in order to reduce the symptoms of her diabetes and how she has managed in keeping up the lifestyle changes. She suffers from other illnesses also and some of the lifestyle changes have helped to reduce symptoms of the other illnesses also. Diabetes is caused by you having too much glucose in the blood. The blood glucose levels are regulated by the hormone insulin. My case study has Type 2 diabetes and the following information tells us how she may deal with it. Insulin is needed for moving glucose out of the blood and into the cells where it is broken down and used to produce energy. There are many different types of diabetes including: TYPE 1 (IDDM – Insulin Dependent Diabetes) This is when the body produces little or no insulin because the immune system attacks the insulin producing cells in the pancreas. A lack of insulin causes the blood glucose level to become too high and the person to have a HYPERGLYCAEMIC attack. A HYPOGLYCAEMIC attack happens if the blood levels are too low i.e. too much insulin has been taken. TYPE 2 (NIDDM - Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes) This is when the body doesn't make enough insulin...
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...Edema: Edema is a disease that makes an accumulation of fluid a particular tissue in the part of the body. Usually, a collection of the fluid can be in the under the skin, also can happen in the lung. The primary cause of edema is when the body retention get too much salt (sodium chloride), the salt able to retain water that will leak into the tissue space and cause edema. The other cause of edema is when the tiny of a blood vessel (capillaries) is leak the fluid into the surrounding tissue, the excess of the fluid able to cause tissue to swell. In another side, the force from the blood vessel and force from outside the blood vessel cause the liquid to be a drain or the blood vessel no more able to maintain equilibrium leading to a fluid...
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...getting too little throws a wrench into your body's works. For example, studies show that a sleep debt lowers levels of the hormone leptin, which helps keep your appetite under control. Implication: Sleep too little, and there's a good chance you'll be soon overeating. Sleep deprivation also boosts levels of stress hormones, which prompt your body to send more glucose into your bloodstream. Too little sleep also makes your body less sensitive to insulin. But that's just the beginning. Research shows that sleeping too little shuts down production of certain chemicals in the immune system that defend your body against germs. Shortchange yourself on shut-eye and you may want to have a box of tissues and cough medicine handy: A 2009 study found that people who sleep less than seven hours a night are up to three times more likely to develop a cold. Other studies show that even modest sleep deprivation - cutting back from your usual eight hours a night to six hours, for instance - can turn up levels of chronic inflammation, which increases the risk for many conditions, including heart attacks, strokes, and osteoporosis. Then, there are the immediate effects. When the alarm clock blares you out of a deep sleep, you're apt to start the day in a sour mood. As the day passes, you're also likely to feel dull witted and foggy. Some neurologists believe that one purpose of sleep is to give your brain a chance to build and strengthen the wiring between neurons. Studies show that...
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...Smith BY124L Case Study November 19th, 2014 Analysis of “The Hot Tub Mystery” Part I 1. The paramedics found empty wine bottles on the ledge surrounding the hot tub, and the bodies of Roma and Clint Underhill on the bottom of the hot tub. The water of the hot tub seemed way too hot and the Underhill’s had both been dead for a while when the paramedics arrived. 2. The maid should be asked the following questions about the situation: Is the water usually this hot? If so, what temperature? When did you arrive at the home? When did you discover the bodies? Were the Underhill’s taking any medications? 3. Clint Underhill had taken a medicine called Lasix directly before he went into the hot tub. The Underhill’s were drinking wine in the hot tub and the tub seemed very hot to the paramedics. 4. Lasix, also called furosemide, is a water pill, used to reduce the swelling and fluid retention that can be caused by various medical problems such as heart or liver disease, and it is also used to treat high blood pressure. It causes the kidneys to get rid of unneeded water and salt from the body into the urine. Lasix can make the person taking it very dehydrated, so it is important to try staying hydrated. In addition, drinking too much alcohol affects many parts of the body. It can be especially harmful to the liver, the organ that metabolizes (breaks down) alcohol and other harmful substances. Alcohol not broken down by the liver goes to the rest of the body, including...
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...Association studies show that 75% of adults have stated that they experienced moderate to high levels of stress in the past thirty days (Esmond, 2009). Year after year, stress levels are getting higher and higher. Everyone is unique and all acquire stress form different aspects in their lives, but most do not know the repercussions that may come with stress. Many people accept that stress is a part of life that must be dealt with when it is not. Stress, often times, is overlooked because people have a vague idea of where in the brain it affects, how stress affects their body, and that treatment is available. Effects of Stress on the Brain The brain is a complex organ that is highly affected when a person suffers from stress. Stress, large or small, has many effects, such as shrinkage of the brain, killing of brain cells, and diminishing memory. There is a factor known as GATA1 in the brain that is activated by stress. When GATA1 is activated, it lowers the synaptic connections that occur in the brain (Frazier, N.D.). The fewer the connections, the lower the volume of the brain is. Fortunately, this is not permanent and can be cured. The chemicals that carry messages from one nerve cell to another become depleted, and the brain becomes sluggish and inefficient (Frazier, N.D.). Symptoms that could come from this would be depression, difficulty sleeping, difficulty of learning, absent mindedness, and obsessive or compulsive disorders (Boyles, 2007). When the body is attacked with...
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...controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones. The thyroid plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolism and calcium balance. The T4 and T3 hormones stimulate every tissue in the body to produce proteins and increase the amount of oxygen used by cells. These hormones are essential for life and have many effects on body metabolism, growth, and development. Several different types of thyroid problems may develop including an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), and growths on the thyroid that may be nodules or cancer. As mentioned in an article from Cleveland clinic, to control metabolism, the thyroid produces hormones, T4 and T3, which tell the body's cells how much energy to use. A properly functioning thyroid will maintain the right amount of hormones needed to keep the body's metabolism functioning at a satisfactory rate. As the hormones are used, the thyroid creates replacements. The quantity of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream is monitored and controlled by the pituitary gland. When the pituitary gland, which is located in the center of the skull below the brain, senses either a lack of thyroid hormones or a high level of thyroid hormones, it will adjust Thyroid- stimulating hormones (TSH) and send it to the thyroid to tell it what to do. Thyroid disease is quite common. When the thyroid produces too much hormone, the body uses energy faster than...
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...controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones. The thyroid plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolism and calcium balance. The T4 and T3 hormones stimulate every tissue in the body to produce proteins and increase the amount of oxygen used by cells. These hormones are essential for life and have many effects on body metabolism, growth, and development. Several different types of thyroid problems may develop including an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), and growths on the thyroid that may be nodules or cancer. As mentioned in an article from Cleveland clinic, to control metabolism, the thyroid produces hormones, T4 and T3, which tell the body's cells how much energy to use. A properly functioning thyroid will maintain the right amount of hormones needed to keep the body's metabolism functioning at a satisfactory rate. As the hormones are used, the thyroid creates replacements. The quantity of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream is monitored and controlled by the pituitary gland. When the pituitary gland, which is located in the center of the skull below the brain, senses either a lack of thyroid hormones or a high level of thyroid hormones, it will adjust Thyroid- stimulating hormones (TSH) and send it to the thyroid to tell it what to do. Thyroid disease is quite common. When the thyroid produces too much hormone, the body uses energy faster than...
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...controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones. The thyroid plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolism and calcium balance. The T4 and T3 hormones stimulate every tissue in the body to produce proteins and increase the amount of oxygen used by cells. These hormones are essential for life and have many effects on body metabolism, growth, and development. Several different types of thyroid problems may develop including an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), and growths on the thyroid that may be nodules or cancer. As mentioned in an article from Cleveland clinic, to control metabolism, the thyroid produces hormones, T4 and T3, which tell the body's cells how much energy to use. A properly functioning thyroid will maintain the right amount of hormones needed to keep the body's metabolism functioning at a satisfactory rate. As the hormones are used, the thyroid creates replacements. The quantity of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream is monitored and controlled by the pituitary gland. When the pituitary gland, which is located in the center of the skull below the brain, senses either a lack of thyroid hormones or a high level of thyroid hormones, it will adjust Thyroid- stimulating hormones (TSH) and send it to the thyroid to tell it what to do. Thyroid disease is quite common. When the thyroid produces too much hormone, the body uses energy faster than...
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...explanation as eating too much food and too little exercise might be one of the many reasons, but it turns out obesity is led by many other habits such as; chronic stress, sleep deprivation, laziness, or reason like not having a local grocery store close by can cause high risk of becoming overweight and even obese. There an obesity epidemic in American that can be stopped by affordable life changes that can save a lifetime, by changing diet habits, increasing physical activity having a faster access to fresh food with fewer visits to fast...
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...and illness, there have been many studies done to show the direct effect stress has in relation to illness, the main three pathways looked at are the direct effect, stress interacting with pre-existing vulnerabilities and how stress leads to behavioural changes that are not beneficial to one’s health. However it is hard for researchers to establish a definite cause and effect relationship between stress and specific physical symptoms or illnesses. Not only do people's minds and bodies react differently to stress, but there also are other factors at work when someone falls ill. Most researchers have found the more a person suffers from stress the weaker his or hers immune system becomes. In trying to understand why stress can be bad for the body is to look at it from an evolutionary perspective, where in the past our ancestors were often confronted with life threatening situations and as a result the ‘fight or flight’ response evolved. Whilst being confronted by dangerous situations such as confrontation with a predator it was necessary to send blood to the muscles and be in a heightened state of arousal, however today it might not be relevant to most everyday stressors. So we can say most stressors do not pose a physical danger to us yet the way our nervous and endocrine systems have evolved we react to the stressors as if they did, whilst it might have been an adaptive response for our ancestors it has become maladaptive for us today. In a study done by Cohen et al (1991) the...
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...Abstract The United States is one of the leading countries with the most overweight people. There are many parents who are unaware of the situation and do not have enough information to address this issue. As Michelle Obama is trying to get schools to eat healthier, the responsibility lies in the parents because what children eat at home also affect their weight. Research shows that being obese or overweight is linked to risks of chronic disease, disability, death, and decreased productivity and quality of life. These individuals have high risk of hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, etc. And that Child obesity increases the risk of having heart disease and stroke before they turn 30. Studies have also found that more children are eating away from home, snacking in between meals, consuming more junk food, and the lack of exercise due to more TV time can lead to being overweight and obesity. A survey was done and one of the findings that were expected was the correlation between more TV hours and the effect on the weight of the children. It was confirmed with the surveys received that as TV hours went up, weight also went up. It also holds true that children don’t eat as much fruits and vegetable servings as recommended. Parents need to reshape their thinking about the way they live to help prevent or reduce obesity in their children. Parents should be aware that what the kids do or eat at home has a direct effect on the children’s...
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...not so simple. There, too, each cell needs nutrients and produces wastes, but most of the cells are not directly in contact with the environment. So, body fluids serve as a medium for carrying nutrients and waste products from the cells as well as a means for carrying the chemical communicators that coordinate activities among cells. That’s why through the analysis of these body fluids we can easily diagnose and detect any diseases. These analyses of body fluids include the analysis of urine, blood, and saliva. Analyzing urine is still one of the simplest ways to screen a person quickly for underlying medical conditions. That’s why so many physician offices still perform routine urinalysis when you are getting a checkup. Urinalysis let us study the kidney and how the body forms urine, so that we can understand what things should and should not be present in a urine specimen, in this case the normal and abnormal constituents. Urine is a body fluid that is easily collected and usually plentiful, so that many laboratory tests can be performed which can access the function of the kidney as well as many other organs in the body. The analysis of urine is one of the oldest lab tests performed for these reasons. Since other body fluids share similarities to urine, we also study their physical, chemical, and microscopic components so that we can assess health or disease states. Blood analysis is commonly carried out on a sample of blood drawn from the vein of...
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...Overlooked Essential Nutrient Welcome, my name is Karina Padilla I am a registered dietician. I have invited you to lunch and learn about, what you will select for a yearlong beverage contract from these three choices water, Gatorade, and Powerade. The role of water in our body are giving cell life, where water is a carrier, distributing essential nutrients to cells as minerals, vitamins, and glucose. It also has chemical and metabolic reactions as it removes waste products including toxins that the organ cells reject and removes through urine and feces. Water is a transport of nutrients in the biochemical break down of what we eat. H2O regulates body temperature, it has a large heat capacity which helps limit changes in body temperature in a warm or cold environment. The elimination of water is an effective lubricant around joints and acts as a shock absorber for eyes, brain, and spinal cord. The goal of drinking fluids during exercise is to prevent dehydration and maintain performance. Fluids preferably with carbohydrates and electrolytes, should be consumed in small amounts every 15 to 20 minutes during exercise. Water and electrolytes serve very important roles in the functioning of the body and sweating can lead to excessive losses of both critical nutrients if not properly replaced. Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances can adversely impact health and exercise performance. The magnitude of fluid and sweat losses during exercise depends on the intensity of the...
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...increase the pressure inside the bone and make harder to flow the fresh blood into the bone. Avascular necrosis is more risk of those people who has multiple medical conditions such as under the chemotherapy, dialysis, and chronic use of steroid therapy, lupus disease, and sickle cell anemia. In addition, a person who uses alcohol excessively would have very high risk to have avascular necrosis than who does not. However, avascular necrosis can happen to anyone, but it usually occurs in men between the ages of 30 to...
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