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CHAPTER 13
Case Study : Southwestern University: (G)*

With the rising demand of football program, the campus police chief of Southwestern University, Greg Frazier, wants to develop a 2-year plan with a request for additional resources. The SWU department currently has 26 officers, but there are some reasons for the chief to add more resources : * The size of the athletic program has increased and the college has expanded geographically * Traffic and parking problems have increased * High theft potential for computers * Alcohol and drug problems have increased * The size of the surrounding community has doubled * The police need to spend more time on education and prevention programs
Demand for the polices are also varied over time : * Time of the day (peak time is between 10 P.M and 2 A.M) * Day of the week (weekends are the busiest) * Weekend of the year (on football weekends, 50,000 extra people come) * Special events (check-in, checkout, commencement)
Football weekends are difficult to staff. Extra police services are needed from 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. on five football Saturdays. All 26 officers are called in to work double shifts. More than 40 law enforcement officers from surrounding locations are paid to come in their own time, and a dozen state police lend a hand free of charge when available. 25 students and local residents are paid to work traffic and parking. During the last academic year, overtime payments to campus police officers totaled over $120,000. Other relevant data include : * Average starting salary for a police officer is $28,000 * Work study and part-time students and local residents who help with traffic and parking are paid $9.00 an hour * Overtime is paid to police officers who work over 40 hours a week at the rate of $18.00 an hour. Extra officers who are hired part time from outside agencies also earn $18.00 an hour * Unlimited supply of officers who will work for the college when needed for special events * With days off, vacations, and average sick leave considered, it takes five persons to cover one 24-hour, 7-day-a-week position.
Schedule for officers for fall and spring: | Weekdays | Weekend | First shift (7 A.M – 3 P.M) | 5 | 4 | Second shift (3 P.M - 11 P.M) | 5 | 6 | Third shift (11 P.M – 7 A.M) | 6 | 8 |
Staffing for football weekends and special events is in addition to the preceding schedule. Summer staffing is half that shown.
In light of these problems, the chief would like to request funding for four additional officers, two assigned to new programs and two to alleviate the overload on his current staff. He would also like to begin limiting overtime to 10 hours per week for each officer.

1. Which variations in demand for police services should be considered in aggregate plan for resource? Which variations can be accomplished with short-term scheduling adjustments?
Ada beberapa variasi dalam permintaan terhadap jasa polisi yang harus dipikirkan dalam rencana agregat untuk sumber daya. Perencanaan agregat merupakan perencanaan jangka panjang, sehingga berdasarkan soal kasus, variasi yang efektif dan efisien untuk perencanaan jangka panjang yaitu : * Weekend dalam suatu tahun (dalam football weekend, 50.000 orang ekstra datang ke kampus. * Acara khusus (check-in, checkout, upacara pemberian ijazah) * Agregat plan juga harus mengatur full-time working dari tiap pekerja * Adanya estimasi tentang kebutuhan overtime dan estimasi tentang berapa kali waktu dalam 1 tahun untuk penyelenggaraan pelatihan dan vacation Selain jangka panjang, terdapat perencanaan dalam jangka pendek. Variasi yang mempengaruhi perencanaan jangka pendek adalah: * Waktu dalam suatu hari (waktu puncak ada diantara pukul 22.00 – 02.00.) * Hari dalam suatu minggu (akhir minggu merupakan waktu yang paling sibuk) * Jadwal shifts

2. Evaluate the current staffing plan. What does it cost? Are 26 officers sufficient to handle the normal workload?
Perencanaan perekrutan staff dari Frazier sekarang melibatkan 26 petugas. Setiap petugas mendapat gaji rata-rata sebesar $28,000 per tahun. Berdasarkan informasi ini, biaya (cost) yang dikeluarkan oleh universitas per tahun dapat dihitung sebagai berikut.
Cost=Jumlah petugas ×Gaji per petugas
Cost=26 petugas ×$28,000 per petugas
Cost=$728,000
Setelah biaya dihitung, selanjutnya kami akan menganalisa kondisi petugas dengan beban kerjanya. Beban kerja aktual yang dialami petugas dapat dihitung dari jadwal petugas selama tiga musim (musim panas, gugur, dan semi), dan diasumsikan tidak ada acara khusus yang terjadi, contohnya acara football weekend. Tabel dibawah ini berisi perhitungan beban kerja aktual petugas.

| Jumlah Petugas | Shift | Weekdays | Weekend | 1 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 8 |

Jam kerja selama musim gugur dan musim semi per minggu: = Jam kerja ketiga shift selama weekdays + selama weekend
= [(5+5+6 petugas per shift) x (8 jam kerja per shift per hari) x (5 hari weekdays)] + [(4+6+8 petugas) x (8 jam kerja per shift per hari) x (2 hari weekend)] = (640+288) jam kerja = 928 jam kerja per minggu

Jam kerja selama musim panas, secara rata-rata, adalah setengah dari musim gugur, atau sebanyak 464 jam kerja per minggu. Oleh karena itu, beban kerja petugas selama setahun adalah: = Total jam kerja tiga musim
= (928 jam kerja/minggu) x (12 minggu per musim semi) + (928 jam kerja/minggu) x (12 minggu per musim gugur) + (464 jam kerja/minggu) x (12 minggu per musim panas) = (11.136 + 11.136 + 5.568) jam kerja per tahun. = 27.840 jam kerja selama setahun.

Selanjutnya, kita akan mencari jam kerja yang dilakukan secara aktual oleh petugas. Dari soal, diketahui bahwa setelah mempertimbangkan berbagai faktor, sebuah posisi dimana petugas harus bekerja 24 jam selama 7 hari, ternyata membutuhkan 5 orang petugas. Karena setiap petugas dijadwalkan bekerja penuh tanpa istirahat selama seminggu (tersirat dalam soal), maka secara aktual dalam setahun jam kerja yang dikerjakan petugas adalah:
= (5 petugas) x (24 jam per hari) x (7 hari per minggu) x (12 minggu per musim) x (3 musim per tahun) = 30.240 jam kerja per tahun.

Karena beban kerja lebih kecil daripada jam kerja aktual yang dikerjakan oleh petugas (27.840 jam, lebih kecil daripada 30.240 jam), maka 26 petugas cukup untuk menangani beban kerja normal selama setahun.

3. What would be the additional cost of the chief’s proposal? How would you suggest that he justify his request?
Proposal yang diajukan adalah penambahan 4 orang police officers yang mana 2 petugas tersebut akan ditugaskan untuk menangani program baru dan 2 petugas lainnya akan ditugaskan untuk mengatasi adanya kelebihan beban kerja yang dialami 26 petugas saat ini. Sehingga, Additional cost = Penambahan Petugas x Salary per petugas per year = 4 x $28,000 per year = $112,000 Selain itu, untuk mendukung proposal yang diajukan, kami memberikan beberapa alasan sebagai berikut. Pertama adalah fakta yang berasal dari pengamatan Frazier bahwa petugas sekarang telah mengalami beban kerja berlebih hingga kelelahan yang akan berdampak pada pelayanan petugas terhadap komunitas sekitar, mahasiswa, serta bagi departemen. Sehingga penambahan petugas sangatlah tepat untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Alasan kedua adalah 26 petugas saat ini tidak ada yang difokuskan untuk menangani program baru universitas seperti pencegahan kejahatan, keamanan, dan program kesehatan.

4. How much does it currently cost the college to provide police services for football games? What would be the pros and cons of completely subcontracting this work to outside law enforcement agencies? * 26 petugas bekerja untuk overtime selama 8 jam (tambahan 1 shift) pada $18.00 per jam untuk five football Saturdays, belum termasuk annual fixed salary mereka per polisi sebesar $28000
Cost=26 x 8jam x $18.00 x 5=$18,720 * 25 pelajar & local residents bekerja selama 9 jam (8 A.M. to 5 P.M.) untuk five football Saturdays, dengan upah $ 9.00 per jam
Cost=25 x 9jam x 5 x $9.00=$10,125 * 40 extra law enforcement officers bekerja selama 9 jam (8 A.M to 5 P.M.) untuk five football Saturdays, dengan upah $18.00 per jam
Cost=40 x 9jam x 5 x $18.00=$32,400 * Weekend of the year, five football Saturdays
Total Cost=$18,720+$10,125+$32,400=$61,245

Subcontracting officers dapat meringankan beban tugas polisi yang padat karena kekurangan orang sehingga tugas normal mereka dapat dikerjakan dengan lebih efektif dan tidak tertekan dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Fleksibilitas untuk menjalankan tugas menjadi lebih mudah diatur. Kemudian, seluruh masalah dan risiko bisa lebih teratur untuk ditangani.
Namun semakin banyak petugas dapat meningkatkan kemungkinan absenteeism karena makin banyak orang = semakin mudah seseorang untuk meninggalkan tugasnya. Banyak petugas yang tersedia memungkinkan seseorang untuk berpikir bahwa dikarenakan sudah ada petugas baru, seseorang bisa mudah beralasan sakit. Kemudian, universitas tidak bisa mengatur polisi yang di-subcontract secara penuh karena resource bukan berasal dari internal universitas. Setelah itu, karena ada kemungkinan polisi dari resource eksternal tidak familiar dengan situasi kampus dan kondisi football game pada umumnya harus detraining dulu sehingga menambah cost lagi. Terakhir, jika ada masalah yang disebabkan oleh external officers, yang pengunjung salahkan dan bentuk persepsi negatif adalah terhadap universitas, bukan asal dari external officers itu sendiri.

5. Propose other alternatives.
Alternatif lain untuk mengatasi jumlah polisi yang kurang saat weekend adalah dengan merekrut part-timer workers dari mahasiswa universitas yang bersedia untuk meluangkan waktunya & dibayar karena jika berasal dari internal universitas akan lebih familiar dengan keadaan lingkungan kampusnya. Selain itu, bisa juga dengan menggunakan teknologi seperti kamera, video, maupun teknologi lainnya atau dengan menggunakan lebih banyak polisi daerah tanpa imbalan.

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