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Caso Harvard: "The Origins of National Income Accounting"

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Caso Harvard: "The Origins of National Income Accounting"

Preguntas:

1. ¿Por qué es importante la contabilidad nacional? Es decir, contar con datos sobre el ingreso nacional: sus fuentes y destino.

La contabilidad nacional, es el conjunto de información estadística que permite a los responsables de la política económica determinar si la economía de un país se contrae o se expande, y si existe amenaza de inflación o recesión severa. La contabilidad nacional contiene información estratégica sobre la macroeconomía nacional. La medición del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), es parte de la contabilidad nacional, el PIB es el nombre que le damos al valor total de mercado de bienes y servicios finales que produce un país en un año, es igual a la producción total de bienes de consumo y de inversión, las compras del Estado y las exportaciones netas a otros países. El fin más importante del PIB es medir el comportamiento global de una economía.

En la actualidad los economistas del Estado se basan en una amplia variedad de fuentes, incluidas las encuestas, las declaraciones del impuesto sobre la renta, reportes de ventas al por menor y los datos sobre el empleo, de aquí que los economistas toman los datos para formar la contabilidad nacional, la cual también se apoya en la contabilidad de las empresas y la estadística para mostrar la información generada y de esta manera planificar ahorros, inversiones y consumos de un país y tomar decisiones sobre el rumbo de la nación.

2. ¿El sistema actual de cuentas nacionales mide de manera adecuada el Producto Interno Neto?

El PIB se puede medir de dos formas distintas:
1) como el flujo de productos finales, calculándose fácilmente la renta o o producto nacional sumando el flujo anual de bienes y servicios finales, sacando como conclusión de que el PIB es el valor monetario total del flujo de productos finales que produce el país. 2) como los costes o ingresos totales de los factores que realizan el producto, tomando el total de ingreso de los factores que son los costes de producción de los bienes finales de la sociedad. Y ambos enfoques dan el mismo resultado de PIB total.

El PIB comprende una inversión bruta, que es la inversión neta más de depreciación, restando la depreciación del PIB obtenemos el producto interno neto (PIN) siendo una medida de producción de un país más razonable que el PIB por que la depreciación es algo difícil de estimar mientras que la inversión bruta puede estimarse con mas precisión.

A nuestra consideración, en el sistema de cuentas nacionales no se mide de manera correcta el PIN al no incluir la disminución que sufre el capital de la nación por contaminación y deterioro los recursos naturales y medio ambiente, que consideramos bienes que en caso de ser correctamente aprovechados serán duraderos y continuarán generando ingresos por ejemplo en materia turística.

Otro de los puntos por los que el sistema actual de cuentas no evalúa correctamente el PIN, es porque no se informan al gobierno las actividades que se realizan fuera del mercado, por ejemplo el trabajo efectuado por inmigrantes ilegales, el contrabando y las apuestas informales.

3. Si la respuesta a la pregunta 2 es negativa, ¿en qué omisión contable incurre el método del gasto al medir el Producto Interno Neto? Si la respuesta a la pregunta 2 es positiva, explicar por qué.

La inversión neta es positiva cuando el país está produciendo mas bienes de capital de los que se consumen corrientemente en forma de depreciación, como la depreciación es difícil de estimar con precisión, los estadísticos tienen más confianza en sus medidas de la inversión bruta que en las de la inversión neta.

El PIB e incluso el PIN son indicadores imperfectos del verdadero bienestar económico. Desde esta perspectiva, los economistas, fundamentan que la depreciación que sufre el medio ambiente y las personas mismas no ha sido lo suficientemente cuantificada para impactar de manera real en los datos que se dan a conocer.

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