...issues involved in producing engineering housings. A housing can be defined as an “envelope designed to retain and position a range of mechanical or electrical components”1. More specifically, the aim of this essay is to discuss what aspects need to be considered when determining which materials and processes are to be used in the manufacture of a car engine cylinder block (which is considered to be a housing). First of all, an identification of the developments, difficulties and constraints introduced by the design requirement to cast (or mould) a housing will be done. Secondly, a comparison of the material/process choices between ferrous alloys and light alloys for housing applications will be developed. Thirdly, the finishing, joining and assembly aspects will be identified and finally, this essay will be ended by a discussion about how the overall organisation of the manufacturing system might be expected to change with production from cast iron to aluminium alloy engine blocks and how the manufacturer has accommodated these changes within their overall manufacturing strategy. Source : http://howautowork.com/list_of_contents/part_1/ch_1/images/cylinder%20block%202.JPG 1 2 Manufacturing...
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...The history and evolution of materials used to make automotive engine blocks The engine is an essential part of an automobile that provides tractive force to drive the entire vehicle. Most of the current engines are the integral section of a vehicle which is built in different arrangements and more complex as compared to the early engines. The common parts present in an engine include camshaft, rocker arms, pistons, crankshaft, flywheel, both oil and fuel pumps and other various components. The discovery of both light, as well as stronger engineering materials in manufacturing different parts of an engine, has had an impact on power to weight of the engine thus making the entire automobile very light. An engine block or else cylinder block is the base of an engine that accommodates about all the parts needed for an engine to perform properly. There exist mainly three configurations of an engine block, that is, horizontally-opposed, “V”- shaped as well as inline configurations. The number of cylinders within these block configurations varies from a minimum of two to a maximum of sixteen depending on the power needed. Since an engine block is the most significant part of an engine, it should satisfy quite many functional requirements. The functional requirements include; 1. Housing of the moving components and the fluids, 2. Enduring the varying thermal pressures generated during combustion process, 3. Making the automobile last longer, 4. Maintaining of the engine...
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...with the name of Rangpur Foundry Ltd. The founder of the company was the late Major Gen (retd) Amjad Khan Chowdhury, a leading member of the Ahmaddiya Community in Bangladesh. RFL started its journey with Cast Iron (CI) products in 1980. To eradicate poverty from the society and generate employment for the people of Bangladesh. The initial main objective was to ensure pure water and affordable irrigation instruments for improving rural life. RFL produced cast iron products specially tube well, water pump and other farm implements with a view to ensuring pure drinking water and cheap irrigation facilities for the rural mass. With a vision to serve the common people of Bangladesh with quality necessary products, PRAN has started its operation in 1981 as a process fruits and vegetable in Bangladesh. Then RFL diversified its operation into PVC category in 1996 and in plastic sector in 2003. At present, PRAN-RFL Groups manufactured products have earned extensive acceptability and acclaim both within the country and abroad. Today RFL has its wide ranges of CI products like pumps, tube wells, bearings, gas stoves etc and has achieved the prestige as the largest cast iron foundry and light engineering workshop in Bangladesh. It is the market leader in all these three sectors- Cast Iron, PVC and Plastic in the country. Sizeable amount is also exported to different countries. And the food product sector PRAN currently exports to more than 100 countries around the world. PRAN-RFL Group...
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...Unit Title: Manage Human Resources Strategic Planning Read the following case study on “Kangaroo Foundry Castings”. Answer the 5 questions below: Kangaroo Foundry Castings was established by Nav Suderland in the late 1930’s after the Great Depression. His vision was to provide Australian-made iron castings at a time when they were imported from Britain. The Business, based in South Wollongong in New South Wales (NSW), produced casting lamp posts and manhole covers for the sewerage system. It also catered to the needs of the defence forces during the Second World War. Additional contracts also came from government client’s including the NSW railways. The business is now owned and managed by the third generation of the family – two brothers and one of their cousins. This team has been running the business for the past 20 years and make all the decisions. They still do business with the government departments. They have been investing in updating their plant and equipment. A major portion of the business comes from small private manufacturers who need iron casting parts for their products. The transport cost of delivering the raw materials has also gone up and the local government has imposed strict regulations because manufacturing the castings has a direct impact on the environment. Most of the Kangaroo Foundry Casting’s customers are no longer in NSW due to tough competition. The demand for their products has changed. Their customers are now looking for cheaper...
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...AMERICAN IRON INC By: Levon Sookias Lin Minxuan Shan Lu Jacob Collins Table of Contents Summary------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Management Team and Company Structure----------------------------------------------------------4 Operations Plan and Product/Service Development Plan------------------------------------------11 Financial Projections---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 Reference-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 Summary American Iron Inc. is a manufacturing company. Our company’s objective is to manufacture, using existing foundry practices, grey and ductile cast iron components for public works and highway use, based in the North East United States. The construction industry is finally looking at an upturn in its fortunes after the disastrous effects of the global financial crisis. Because of this upturn in the economy, the construction industry is bouncing back. The North East United States needs substantial infrastructure upgradation and improvements (C. Campbell, Campbell Foundries, personal communication 9-24-2014). Foundries in the United States slowly closed down during the financial crisis. There used to be plenty of foundries all over the United States that used to make cast iron manhole covers and grates. Now there are only 4 in all of the USA...
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...this task, you will select your client from your actual place of employment, a local small business, or a well-known public company. Task: Develop a social responsibility strategy for your chosen client which includes the following components: 1. Environmental considerations and recommendations 2. Ethical leadership considerations and recommendations 3. Sustainability considerations and recommendations 4. Legal and regulatory considerations and recommendations Note: This may be a strategy for the company's current product line or service and current business objectives, or it may be a strategy that recommends a new direction for the company. Step 1: The company I work for is an iron foundry. The company makes cast iron parts for other industries. This involves industrial marketing of iron casting. Usually, the castings are sold to other plants within the same industrial area. This cuts down the transportation cost. Step 2: There are serious environmental considerations which include: the furnace, degassing, and pouring all produce toxic fumes. The surface cleaning and finishing produces pollutants that are released in drain water. The social responsibility...
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...Otto Dix was born in Germany on December of 1891. He was the oldest son of Louise and Franz. His mother was a seamstress and his father toiled in an iron foundry. Otto Dix spent countless hours expose to art at an early age with his cousin Fritz Amann. Fritz painted landscapes, Dix began as an apprentice with the landscape painter Carl Senff at age fifteen. He later joined the Kunstgewerbeshchule at age nineteen in an academy of applied arts. In the early 20th century he began his own road painting landscapes. World War I was greeted with joy by many capitols of Europe. In August 1914 war was declared and Dix enlisted in the German Army. He served on the frontlines on both the western and eastern battles, he reached the rank of Vizfeledwebel,...
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...Warehouse function Historically warehouses were a dominant part of the urban landscape used from the start of the Industrial Revolution through the 19th century and into the twentieth century: the building remained when their original usage had changed. There are four identifiable types of warehouses. The cotton industry was co-terminus with the development of the warehouse, and all five types were represented in Manchester, United Kingdom. Warehouses in Manchester were often lavishly decorated juxtaposing with the modern view of warehouses which are assumed to be standard industrial buildings. Display of Goods for Sale These displayed goods for the home trade. This would be finished goods- such as the latest cotton blouses or fashion items. There street frontage was impressive, so they took the styles of Italianate Palazzos. Richard Cobden's construction in Mosley Street was the first palazzo warehouse. There were already seven warehouses on Portland Street when they commenced building the elaborate Watts Warehouse of 1855, but four more were opened before it was finished. It was this type of warehouse that inspired the Germans in Duesseldorf and Muenchen to name their prestigious departmental stores, 'Warenhausen'. Overseas Warehouses These catered for the overseas trade. They became the meeting places for overseas wholesale buyers where printed and plain could be discussed and ordered. Trade in cloth in Manchester was conducted by many nationalities. Behrens Warehouse...
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...Ironworks is a job shop specializing in heavy duty gray iron castings which is not a “growth industry” in Detroit in 1973. One particularly troublesome department is the raw castings foundry. The average hourly wage rate in the foundry is approximately $3.85 and the fringe-benefit package is about 20%, based on paid wages. The base rate is $3.75 and there is a $50 per hour raise after four months, for those who stick around that long. The job requires a very strong back, a high tolerance for dismal working conditions, and very little else. The foundry is hot, dirty, dark (except for the blinding flames from the furnaces) and rat infested. The normal production crew is 125 men on each of two shifts, or 250 men in total. Usually, about 122 of the 125 scheduled workers actually come to work. Profit margins have been steadily declining in recent years and are now at dangerously low point. Gray iron foundries in Detroit are closing in droves in the early 1970s due to declining auto industry, the move to lighter materials (alumunium vs. iron) induced by the oil “crisis”, the depressed “rust bell” economy in general, and a trend to new materials technologies. Those foundries that remain have good backlogs because they are picking up the extra volume from those that close. But, trying to raise prices just increases the rate of defecting customers even more. For companies that want to stay in the business, the trick is to accept iron casting prices (or maybe even cut them!) and learn how...
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...Wear 240 Ž2000. 168–179 www.elsevier.comrlocaterwear An experimental study of diesel engine cam and follower wear with particular reference to the properties of the materials J. Michalski ) , J. Marszalek, K. Kubiak Faculty of Mechanic Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow UniÕersity of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, ul. W. Pola 2, Poland ´ ´ Received 9 August 1999; received in revised form 17 February 2000; accepted 17 February 2000 Abstract The main objective of this paper is to study and experimentally quantify the cam and follower wear mechanisms of a diesel direct valve-gear. Camshafts are made of nodular cast iron, surface hardened, ion nitrided and nitrosulphurized, and those made of grey chilled cast iron are mated with followers made of chilled grey cast iron and hardened steel. The investigation was carried out on a laboratory bench equipped with an engine head with a camshaft, followers and systems creating the conditions necessary for a routine run of the valve gear. Cam wear was defined by comparing the profile lifts of the cams. The height of the followers was measured using a coordinative measuring machine and a perpendicular optimeter. The rotational speed, valve displacement and the torque required by the valve gear were measured. Camshaft C9 and the thimble shaped followers with regulating plates F6 were also examined in a diesel engine. The effects of the materials the kinematic pair was made of, heat treatment and thermochemical treatment,...
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...until dough is smooth. Divide dough into 10 equal pieces, rolling each piece into a ball. Allow to rest, covered with plastic wrap, for at least 30 minutes. 2. Once dough has rested, preheat cast iron skillet over medium-high heat (do not use nonstick for this). Roll out each ball into a circle, about 6 inches in diameter. Cook one at a time in the hot skillet for about 60 seconds, flipping half-way through, when it starts to puff and a few brown spots have appeared on the first side. Keep warm by wrapping the stacked tortillas in a clean dishcloth. Bottom of Form Description Make your own fast and easy wraps/tortillas Summary | | | | | | Ingredients 2 | Cup | flour | 1⁄2 | Teaspoon | salt | 1 | Cup | water | 3 | Tablespoon | oil | Instructions 1. In a large bowl, mix flour and salt. Add water and oil. Stir until it sticks together to make a dough ball. More flour may need to be added until it sticks together. 2. On lightly floured surface, knead the dough 5-6 times until smooth dough is formed. Seperate dough into 8 equal portions and roll into balls. 3. Flatten each ball and roll out into a 7" (or so) thin circle. 4. Heat up a nonstick skillet on medium high. Spray pan and cook each tortilla for 1 minute per side. 5. Serve warm and enjoy! Notes Cast iron skillets work the best for this recipe. It's so easy to roll out the tortillas, I cook one while I'm rolling out the next. The thinner you can roll them the better--even a tear in it is okay...
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...D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is titled A Game of Thrones. It is filmed at Titanic Studios in Belfast and on location elsewhere in Northern Ireland, as well as in Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, Scotland, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its sixth season concluded on June 26, 2016. The series was renewed for a seventh season, which is scheduled to air in 2017 with a total of seven episodes.[5][6] The series is set on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and interweaves several plot lines with a large ensemble cast. The first narrative arc follows a dynastic conflict among competing claimants for succession to the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms, with other noble families fighting for independence from it; the second covers the attempts to reclaim the throne by the exiled last scion of the realm's deposed ruling dynasty; the third chronicles the rising threat of the impending winter and the legendary creatures and fierce peoples of the North. Game of Thrones has attracted record numbers of viewers on HBO and attained an exceptionally broad and active international fan base. It has received widespread acclaim by critics, particularly for its acting, complex characters, story, scope, and production values, although its frequent use of nudity, violence, and sexual violence has attracted criticism. The...
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...The Kings of Lions Lion king is a movie based on bravery, courage, love, family, hatred, and honor. With an exciting Cast (in credits order) verified as complete | Jonathan Taylor Thomas | ... | Young Simba (voice) | | Matthew Broderick | ... | Adult Simba (voice) | | James Earl Jones | ... | Mufasa (voice) | | Jeremy Irons | ... | Scar (voice) | | Moira Kelly | ... | Adult Nala (voice) | | Nathan Lane | ... | Timon (voice) | | Niketa Calame | ... | Young Nala (voice) | | Ernie Sabella | ... | Pumbaa (voice) | | Robert Guillaume | ... | Rafiki (voice) | | Rowan Atkinson | ... | Zazu (voice) | | Madge Sinclair | ... | Sarabi (voice) | | Whoopi Goldberg | ... | Shenzi (voice) | | Cheech Marin | ... | Banzai (voice) | | Jim Cummings | ... | Ed (voice) | The movie is set in Africa. The Pride Lands are ruled by Mufasa, who is brave and wise and good because he is the rightful king. His son simba is a young cub that’s very playful and thinks being king is all about fun. In one scene after Mufasa rescues Simba and Nala, by effectively invading the hyenas’ territory, he instructs Simba about the necessity of only being brave when required. Well Simba have an evil uncle name Scar that bow to rule the pride land .Cheating his Uncle out of becoming King of the Pride Lands. Scar is fueled by rage and Plots to kill Mufasa and Simba so he is able to take over the throne. He and the hyenas team up and manage to push Mufasa to his death, but Simba...
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...Earth Processes: Sapphire glass crystal is a manmade material that can have many negative implications on the environment. The process to make Sapphire glass crystal requires a lot of heat Sapphire requires 100 times more energy to produce than glass. This additional energy requires the burning of either fossil fuel like coal or oil to run the manufacturing plants. Leading to air pollution, and increased need for fossil fuels for the economy. Stainless steel production has many effects on the environment: recovery of Iron involves open cast mines, cutting through the earth to mine the iron ore, materials containing iron re are fed into a hot furnace that blast the deposits, this involves a lot of energy to produce as well as air pollution, releasing gasses that contribute to global warming. 2 Gaseous emissions and metal dust are the most prominent sources of waste from electric arc furnaces. Waste from production is a major concern, slag is the bi product and stored in large dams, these tailings dams can collapse and have catastrophic effects on the environment and...
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...on April 1, 1917. Scott Joplin (1867/1868 – April 1, 1917) was an African-American composer and pianist. Joplin achieved fame for his ragtime compositions and was dubbed the "King of Ragtime Writers". During his brief career, he wrote 44 original ragtime pieces, one ragtime ballet, and two operas. One of his first pieces, the "Maple Leaf Rag", became ragtime's first and most influential hit, and has been recognized as the archetypal rag. "Scott Joplin." Bio. A&E Television Networks, 2015. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAtL7n_-rc The story of the piano begins in Padua, Italy in 1709, in the shop of a harpsichord maker named Bartolomeo di Francesco Cristofori (1655-1731). Many other stringed and keyboard instruments preceded the piano and led to the development of the instrument as we know it today. Cristofori's piano was developed from the harpsichord and consequently rather small and made entirely out of wood. As time passed, however, the development of larger instruments with more and heavier strings at higher tensions - all in order to increase the volume of sound - necessitated a more rigid construction. The wooden frame was successively reinforced with more and more pieces of iron, and in 1825 the complete cast iron plate was introduced by the American piano maker Babcock. The iron plate could withstand the increased string tension, and prevented the...
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