...Cataract Definition: Opacity of the lens that distorts the image projected on to the retina and which can progress to blindness. Types of cataracts include: * * Senile * Congenital * Traumatic * Secondary Anatomy and Physiology: * Cornea - It is the outermost lens of the eye, controlling and focusing incoming light. It shields the rest of the eye from dust, germs and other harmful foreign matter. * Sclera - The visible white part of the eye.The sclera is a protective layer that maintains the global shape of the eye and offers resistance to internal and external forces. * Iris - The part of the eye which is colored. The iris is a diaphragm that regulates the expansion and contraction of the pupil to allow in the required amount of light. * Choroid – contains blood vessels and supplies nutrients to the retina. * Ciliary Body - Connects the choroids with the iris and secretes aqueous humor that helps the eye its shape. * Retina - The retina is the link between the brain and the light entering the eye. The retina is a complex structure able to convert the impacting light into nerve impulses that are then sent to the brain along the optic nerve. * Rods are photoreceptors responsible for peripheral vision and function at reduced levels of illumination. * Cones function at bright levels of illumination and are responsible for color vision and central vision. * Vitreous body – transmits light and gives shape to the...
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...be caused after closing your eyes, wearing sun glasses, wearing salon spa protection, and any other type of eye protection. UV A can harm the central vision of the human eye. It damages the macula which is a part of the retina at the back of the eye. UV B harms the from part of your eye because your eyes absorb all the UV B rays. These rays cause more damage than UV A rays. UV rays can cause eye problems such as macular degeneration, cataract, pterygium, skin cancer, corneal sunburn, etc. Cataract is when “proteins” build up in the lens of your eye, making your vision blurry and hard to see. This stops light from passing through clearly which can lead to loosing your eyesight. There are different types of cataracts. For example, age-related cataracts that happen due to old aging, congenital cataract which is caused when you are born because of infection, injury, or poor development in the womb, secondary cataract which is caused from medication or health conditions such as diabetes, and traumatic cataract which is formed after eye injuries. Cataract is the main type of eye...
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...Suemin Chi November 30th, 2013 The Genetics Disease: Galactosemia There are many genetic diseases out there today, but one that caught my attention was Galactosemia. Galactosemia is a genetic disorder that affects how the body processes the simple sugar, galactose. There are three types of Galactosemia; Classic Galactosemia, Galactosemia Type II, and Galactosemia Type III. All three types are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern but the most common is the classic Galactosemia. According to the Genetics Home Reference, it states, “Classic Galactosemia occurs in 1 in 30,000 to 60,000 newborns, Galactosemia type II and type III are less common; type II probably affects fewer than 1 in 100,000 newborns and type III appears to be very rare.” This disorder is rare but if affected with it, can show symptoms that range from mild to very severe if not controlled. Those who are affected with classic galactosemia lack the enzyme Galactose 1-phosphate; (GALT), galactosemia type II has a mutation in the GALKI gene and in type III, the GALE gene. Galactose is one of the products formed from lactose when absorbed into the body. In an unaffected person, GALT will bind to galactose, which later converts to glucose and then used for energy. In an affected person, there is no GALT, so the build up of galactose will cause toxic affects on the organs. This is a very dangerous disorder one can have, but it is especially dangerous to newborns because they will not be able to drink any...
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...How is a cataract formed? The lens of an eye is made up of water and protein. The protein is arranged in a way that keeps the lens clear and allows light to pass through. A cataract forms when some of the protein clumps together and begins to cloud a portion of the lens. Over time it grows larger and affects your vision. [pic] Change from a normal lens epithelium (A) through proliferating epithelial cells (B, C) to final subcapsular fibrous plaque and formation of a new continuous basement membrane (lens capsule) (D). [pic] Risk Factors • Age • Close relatives who have/had cataracts (family history) • Diabetes • Ionizing radiation exposure • Statins • Long-term exposure to bright sunlight • Long-term use of corticosteroids - many people with asthma rely on inhaled, and sometimes oral steroids, as do people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A study conducted by the Centre for Vision Research, University of Sydney, Australia, revealed that cataract risk is higher for patients taking these medications • Previous eye inflammation • Previous eye injury • Exposure to lead • Crystallins loss of function - A specific type of protein (crystallins) begins to lose function as the eye ages. As the protein loses function, small peptides, made of 10 to 15 amino acids, start forming and accelerate cataract formation in the eye, a study revealed. ...
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...A1. Outbreak Measles is a highly contagious viral disease. Persons infected with measles can spread the disease to others from 4 days before up to 4 days after rash onset. Maculopapular rash appearing all over the body is a classic symptom of measles. Other symptoms include high fever, runny nose, sore throat and hacking cough. There is no specific cure for measles however, medications can be taken to alleviate symptoms caused by the virus. People generally recover from the virus within 2 weeks. In some rare instances severe problems can occur which include, pneumonia, encephalitis, seizures or meningitis. In 2008 140 measles cases were reported in the United States. Travelers to Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, India, Israel, China, Germany, Pakistan, The Philippines and Russia accounted for 17 of the reported cases. 8 of the 17 travelers were visitors to the United States and the remaining 9 were residents. Illinois reported 32 cases, New York 27, Washington 19, Arizona 14, California 14, Wisconsin 7, Hawaii 5, Michigan 4, Arkansas 2, Washington DC 1, Georgia 1, Louisiana 1, Missouri 1, New Mexico 1, Pennsylvania 1 and Virginia 1. (Vincent Iannelli, 2014) A2 and A3. Epidemiological Indicators and Data 64 measles cases were confirmed in the United States during January 1 to April 25, 2008. A majority of the cases were imported to the United States from other countries. Of the 64 reported cases 63 were unvaccinated against the measles virus. The epidemiology...
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...Topic: Designing and managing services Case: Aravind Eye hospital CASE UNDERSTANDING AND ANALYSIS Aim of Aravind Hospitals: To treat the eyesight of the poor people in each and every part of India and in other asian, africa countries and in countries across the globe. Founder of Aravind Hospitals: Initially it had three surgeons :Dr. Venkataswamy, his sister, Dr. G.Natchiar; and her husband, Dr. P. Namperumalswamy .Dr. Venkataswamy is the founder of Aravind Hospitals. Personal tragedies at a very age (like the demise of his father) made him strong and accept the responsibilities of his family. * Strong technical expertise. * A strong sense of passionate service towards mankind included with spirituality and idealism. * Emotional connect with differently abled people as he himself has suffered from arthritis. Added with all personal experiences, a strong technical expertise helped him to build Aravind Hospitals Timeline of Aravind Hospitals: Year | Event | 1976 | Established main hospital with 20 beds | 1977 | 30 beds annex | 1978 | Free hospital with 70 beds started | 1981 | 250 beds with 80,000 sq feet of space in five floors | 1984 | 350-bed free hospital was opened | 1988 | New hospitals at Tirunelvelli and Thani started | 1990 | Free hospital opens to walk in patients | 1991 | Intraocular factory setup | 1992 | 240 staff including 30 Doctors,120 nurses | Operations in Aravind Hospitals: The hospital provides two principal...
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...ARAVIND EYE HOSPITAL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Aravind Eye Hospital was set up in 1976 by Dr. Govindappa Venkataswamy (or Dr. V) with the noble intention of being a private, non-profit hospital that provided quality eye care. The case is set against the backdrop of the social problem of blindness in India. With over 12 million blind people, 70 – 80% of the cases are primarily due to cataract that can be treated through surgery. However, the low per-capita income as well as the prevalence of cataract cases among the poorer sections of the society made the surgeries entirely unaffordable. Aravind Eye Hospital started off as a 20-bed facility in 1976 in Madurai, soon started a 250-bed main hospital and over time, expanded to Theni, Thirunelveli and Coimbatore. The central feature of the service provided is the clear delineation of services in the form of paid service in the Main hospital and non-paid service in the Free hospital. They also held several Eye camps to mobilize the poor in villages and spread awareness of the dangers of their ailments. The vision that motivates Dr. V is to market cataract surgery such that it reaches every nook and corner of the developing countries facing this problem. Clearly, profit or a healthy bottomline is not the motivator in this case. However, Aravind faces some real issues at the field level that need urgent resolution to help it achieve its mission of bringing eyesight to the masses of poor people in India. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS The case of...
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...list. The current process for handling of the pre-existing alerts should not change. 4. How will the Call Center explain to the insured the pre-existing denial? If they quote the certificate, the caller will probably state something to the effect of how was this determination made without a review of their medical records. • Verbiage must be created and provided to Call Center to help with handling these types of calls. Note some of the calls may turn into escalation calls. • How is the Call Center to handle if the provider does not have the exact diagnosis code? Example: Diagnosis given: Cataract; provider does not know the actual diagnosis or type of cataract. There are two pre-existing look back periods based on the diagnosis (Posterior subcapsular cataract >3 months after effective date / Nuclear, cortical and senile cataracts considered pre-x after 3-5 years of effective date). E-Con Verbiage must be created and provided to the E-Con team for the responses to the inquiries that will be received requesting an explanation of why the claim was denied. The verbiage should include how to appeal the claim along the dates of the medical records needed for all providers that medical care was provided to the insured. ...
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...Ophthalmology Our bodies are not invincible, due to physical injury and age there are parts and systems that do not work as well and need attention. Doctors are trained to be able to help people with these conditions. Ophthalmologists are one example of such doctors. They have attended extensive schooling to be able to recognize, diagnose, and treat ocular diseases and conditions. Due to the high stress and specialty of this field, ophthalmologists receive healthy compensation for the work they do and it allows for them to be able to control their schedule. The amount of education someone must go through to become an ophthalmologist can seem daunting. Speaking in terms of time alone it takes 12 years of school, internships, and residency to complete the process (InnerBody, “How to become an Ophthalmologist”). After getting your bachelors, masters, and doctorate degrees you then have even more schooling to go through. Ophthalmologists are specialists in their field so even after medical school they must do a one year internship and three years residency before being able to practice freely. Even to get into either a medical program of a doctor of osteopathy program you need to meet various requirements ranging from your GPA, personal experiences, and most importantly scores from the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT). The MCAT measures the information learned from years of classes and possible experience working in the profession. After all the schooling is completed there...
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...Patan (Gujarat)-384265. ABSTRACT With the aim of providing affordable eye care services to a country which has about 20 million blind citizens and 80% of it due to curable cataracts, at the age of 58, Dr. V. Started, the Aravind Eye Hospital. Popularly known as the McDonald‘s of cataract surgery, with a bed strength of more than 4000 beds and serving 0.25 million patients every year, this is one of the world‘s largest eye care systems catering largely to the poor population. Poor people with cataract can regain their eye-sight at a price as low as $40 or even free, if they can‘t afford. It was demonstrated by this non-profit system that it is practically possible to combine high quality, low cost, world scale and sustainability. It has been seen as a unique business model by many Organizations and has proven that care provided at low cost can also yield sustainability and even profitability. Aravind system's successful manufacturing unit, Aurolab, has produced 6%-7% of the low-cost lenses world-wide in 2002, which were sold in more than 100 countries. This Organization has been a source of case studies to not only national, but International agencies as well. ___________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION CASE STUDY Dr. V. created a system for sight-saving cataract surgeries that produces enviable medical outcomes in...
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...generous support of Aravind while conducting the field research. Published by IE Publishing Department. María de Molina 13, 28006 – Madrid, Spain. ©2010 IE. Total or partial publication of this document without the express, written consent IE is prohibited. INTRODUCTION Improving efficiency in health care is an acute issue. In the developed world this is due to increases in costs and quality issues (Aptel and Pourjalali, 2001; Spear, 2005); Western Europe currently spends 9% of its GDP on health care, and, if the trend continues, will spend over 20% by the year 2050 (Drouin et al., 2008.) In the developing world on the other hand demand exceed capacity; it was estimated that in 1997 over 12 million people were blind in India from cataracts, while a further 3.8 million new cases are developed each year, and current capacity for surgery is far below this level (Thulasiraj et al., 1997.) Better health care operations are clearly required to deal with issues of ageing population, increased costs and unmet demand. One case that provides clues to such means is Aravind, the largest eye care provider in the world, with over 2.5 million operations performed and 20 million patients treated in the last thirty years. An Indian non-for-profit organization in which two thirds of the patients are treated for free, Aravind attends its goals by strict attention to cost optimization. THE STORY OF DR. V Dr. Govindappa Venkataswamy (known as Dr. V) retired at age 58 from a life in...
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...A cataract is a “clouding of the lens in the eye that affects vision.” 1 As I observed in my job shadow with Dr. Zeiter, many patients needing cataract surgery were elderly and this observation is supported by fact. Cataracts occur more often as people get older. A shocking statistic holds that by age 80, over a half of all Americans have a cataract or have had cataract surgery.2 Rarely, cataracts occur at birth, or are developed at a younger age by “ physical, drug, or chemical injury.” 3 How do cataracts affect vision? Normally, light passes through the lens to the retina, which is tissue towards the back of the eye, and that light is basically transformed into nerve signals sent to the brain. There, the image will be clear if the lens...
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...Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness around the world and most common in people over the age of 40.1,2 There are more than 22 million Americans that are affected by cataracts.1 Cataracts are a clouding of lens in the eyes that can eventually cause vision loss.2 Cataracts can happen in either or both eyes. The eye’s lenses works just like a camera lens.1 The purpose of the lens is to focus light onto the retina to create clear vision, and to adjusts the eye’s focus.1 The lens consists of water and proteins.1 The proteins in the lens are arranged in a certain way that allows light to pass through the lens and to let the lens keep clear.1 When people start to age, the proteins in the lens start to clump up and start to cloud certain areas of the lens.1 This causes vision loss. There are different factors that can cause cataracts. The factors are diabetes, ultraviolet radiation, hypertension, obesity, smoking, previous eye surgery, family history, high myopia, significant alcohol consumption, and previous eye injury.1...
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...Cataract surgery is currently the most common and well-established ophthalmic sur-gical procedure in the world. This procedure involves the extracapsular extraction of the natural opaque lens fibers and implantation of an intraocular lens (IOL), which restores good vision. (1-2) Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most common complication following phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. (3) PCO is formed from lens epithelial cell migration from the equatorial area or from dislodged cortical fibers toward the visual axis. (4-5) Various options have been described for the treatment of PCO. Primary posterior con-tinuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (PPCC) combined with phacoemulsification is a surgical technique to prevent posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery in adults. However, neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy...
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...university – graduate studies | Visual Perception Deficits | Cataract & Glaucoma | Submitted by: | Nadine Angelica C. Gadia – Casiño, RN | March 18, 2012Submitted to:Ms. Delia V. Realista, RN, MANProfessor | | I. Intoduction Cataract Cataracts are common and significant cause of visual defects all over the world. A cataract is an opacification or clouding of the lens of the eye. Cataracts develop because of the alteration of transport of nutrients and metabolism in the lens. This interferes with light transmission to the retina therefore affecting the ability to perceive images clearly. All cells of the lens formed in the lifetime is retained therefore prevalence of cataracts increase rapidly with aging. WHO estimates that cataracts account for 48% of reversible blindness worldwide, which translates to about 18 million people. Cataracts affect slightly more women than men. The Beaver Dam Eye Study in the US found that 23.5% of women and 14.3% of men had a visually significant cataract by the age of 65 years. Although cataracts can be surgically removed, in many countries surgical services are inadequate, and cataract remains the leading cause of blindness. Age is the greatest risk factor in the occurrence of cataracts. Cataract, though with unclear links, may be acquired through heredity and genetics (e.g., Wilson's disease, galactosaemia, myotonic dystrophy). Early formation of cataracts is associated with the following risk factors: * Environmental...
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