...RULES FOR MAKING VALID CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS * 1. A valid categorical syllogism only has three terms: the major, the minor, and the middle term. * Ex. All politicians are sociable people. All councilors are politicians. Therefore, all councilors are sociable people. * The major term is predicate of the conclusion. It appears in the Major Premise (which is usually the first premise). * The minor term is the subject of the conclusion. It appears in the Minor Premise (which is usually the second premise). * The middle term is the term that connects or separates other terms completely or partially. * 2. Each term of a valid categorical syllogism must occur in two propositions of the argument. Ex. All politicians are sociable people. All councilors are politicians. Therefore, all councilors are sociable people. Politicians – occurs in the first and second premise. Sociable People – occurs in the first premise and conclusion. Councilors – occurs in the second premise and conclusion. * 3. In a valid categorical syllogism, a major or minor term may not be universal (or distributed) in the conclusion unless they are universal (or distributed) in the premises. * 4. The middle term in a valid categorical syllogism must be distributed in at least one of its occurrence. * Ex. Some animals are pigs. All cats are animals. Some cats are pigs. * 5. In a valid categorical syllogism, if both premises are affirmative, then...
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...Critical reasoning – is both active and open to alternative points of view Passive reading/listening – writing down notes in lecture, you are passive in the sense that you don’t evaluate which statements to accept and which to reject and you don’t consider the speakers pattern of reasoning. Mere disagreement – is both critical and active but is not open to alternative views. You enter with your own established beliefs already in mind. Cooperative enterprise – two people have opposing views; one person sets his beliefs aside and help the other to strengthen his argument. Critical reasoning misconceptions – it’s too rigid or linear, it supposes that there is a right and wrong point of view. Argument – reasons for believing something or acting in a certain way If the author is attempting to state what has happened, or what is the case, or what something is like, he is engaged in descriptive writing, not argumentation If he is trying to prove something by giving reasons, he is engaged in argumentative writing. Diatribe is bitter and violent criticism or invective Examples of diatribe are often found in letters to the editor, in which people tend to give vent to their strong feelings instead of backing up their opinions with arguments. Consider the following (fictitious) letter: The politicians are at it again. An election coming up, and new spending just “happens” to be needed. Name your favourite issue, and you will find money for it—health care, education, social services...
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...Categorical Syllogism I. Definition II. Three categorical propositions III. General Rules 1) Number of terms in the syllogism. 2) How to determine the three terms in the syllogism. 3) Distribution of the major and minor terms in the syllogism. 4) Distribution of the major and minor terms in the syllogism. 5) The quality of the premises. 6) The quality of the premises. 7) The quality of the premises. 8) The quantity of the premises. 9) The quantity of the premises. IV. Figure 1) SUB-PRE (Subject-predicate) 2) PRE-PRE (Predicate-predicate) 3) SUB-SUB (Subject-subject) 4) PRE-SUB (Predicate-subject) V. Moods 1) SUB-PRE (AA, AI, EA, EI) (AAA) 2) PRE-PRE (AE, AO,EA, EI) (AEE) 3) SUB-SUB (AA, AI, EA, EI, IA, OA) (AAI) 4) PRE-SUB (AA, AE, EA, EI, IA) (EAO) Categorical Syllogism I. Definition Syllogism is a mediate inference because the agreement or disagreement between two ideas or propositions is known through the mediation of a third idea or proposition. It is a process of reasoning or inference where one can determine the agreement or disagreement between two ideas with the third idea and from which deductively/inductively form a conclusion. II. Three categorical propositions 1) Major Premise- is the predicate of the conclusion and is also found in the major premise.. 2) Minor Premise- is the subject of the conclusion and appear in...
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...Document Based Question Essay Outline Use this 5 paragraph form. Make sure you use all of the documents. Groups for body paragraphs don’t have to be an equal number of documents and documents can be used in more than one group. There must be at least 2 documents in a group. Use the Author’s name immediately followed by document number (i.e.Stearns, #4) for easy reference. 1) Thesis (try to use 1 detailed sentence). Remember to restate the question as a statement, and then use the rule of 3 for your blueprint. Don’t put document numbers in thesis. Watch for questions that are comparative or change over time. 2) Body 1 Thesis (1st of your 3, after body thesis list doc. for group; i.e. #2, 5, 8) POV Statement for document # 2 (Use at least two sentences) 1st sentence include the author (doc#), background, and its meaning. 2nd sentence explain why the author has their point of view or POV) POV Statement for document # 5 (Use at least two sentences) POV Statement for document # 8 (Use at least two sentences) Additional document remember to tell the type of document, who it is from, and why it is needed by tying it back to the thesis) 3) Body 2 Thesis (2nd of your 3, after body thesis list doc. for group; i.e. #1, 9) POV Statement for document # 1 (Use at least two sentences) 1st sentence include the author (doc#), background, and its meaning. 2nd sentence explain why the author has their point of view or POV) POV Statement for document # 9 (Use at least...
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...mjhkfkvkuvu Generate some crazy and unique sentences with the random sentence generator on this page! There are about 130,000 different sentences you can generate in the statement list and the question list of sentences combined. You will find some great ideas in the sentences generated, the sentences link two ideas that you would never have thought of being in the same sentence and some go really well together while others are just plain funny! These ideas could spark an idea for a unique short story, inventions or just a different way of thinking about something. What ever your use for this generator, you will enjoy the uniquely funny sentences it generates. Generate some crazy and unique sentences with the random sentence generator on this page! There are about 130,000 different sentences you can generate in the statement list and the question list of sentences combined. You will find some great ideas in the sentences generated, the sentences link two ideas that you would never have thought of being in the same sentence and some go really well together while others are just plain funny! These ideas could spark an idea for a unique short story, inventions or just a different way of thinking about something. What ever your use for this generator, you will enjoy the uniquely funny sentences it generates. Generate some crazy and unique sentences with the random sentence generator on this page! There are about 130,000 different sentences you can generate in the statement list...
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...“various games that involved pretending” (240). a. As kids make up these “principles of generation” (244) that transforms otherwise ordinary objects into “props” (243), and from these come “fictional truths” (243) that they let themselves “imagine” (245) and find pleasure in experiencing this alternate world, so is the process that undergoes when experiencing art. 2. A “fictional truth” is a proposition that is “true in some fictional world or the other” (243). a. A fictional truth is different from an “imagining” (244) in such a way that these fictional truths are “true” in the fictional world that one subjects himself to, whether or not he imagines them to be “true” (244). b. A proposition is then said to be “fictional” if it holds as real in the make-believe world. 3. A “fictional truth” is conjured from a prop and the principle of generation. a. The principle of generation is the “certain convention, understanding, [and] agreement in the game of make-believe” (244), which turn objects into props, “generators of fictional truths, that which make propositions fictional” (244). 4. Props are established by principles of generation, regardless of the observer’s active imagining of them as something else in make-believe. That which prompts imagination, moreover, may not be a prop as there exists no principle that establishes them as a prop (245). 5. Works of art are representations, meaning, they are made “specifically for the purpose of being used...
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...restricted to a value s. In order for the firm to be able to finance its operations, secure funds for its investments, the firm has to be able to earn a return equivalent to its cost of capital r. As it is difficult to determine the exact cost of capital and there is a hard constraint that the permitted rate of return should not be less that r the permitted rate s will typically be above r. The usual (and somewhat misleading) statement of the Averch Johnson result is that because s > r there is an incentive for the firm to overinvest in capital to earn higher absolute values of profit. This can lead to a number of conclusions (some true some false). These can be characterised as. Proposition 1 The input choice chosen by the firm subject to rate of return regulation will not be the cost minimising choice.[TRUE] 1 Proposition 2 The...
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...ENGL 101W First Draft Worksheet for Final Essay Project First, work on your thesis statement. Answer the question you asked as the central question of your Final Essay Proposal assignment by demonstrating what your answer tells your reader about your topic. For example, The appearance of ghosts reveals that the narrators’ are haunted by their cultural past. This is a very rough draft of your thesis statement. Later, go back and make the wording of your thesis statement sound better. Write down this new wording here, and use the improved wording in your actual assignment: Next, organize the reasons why your thesis statement is true Read over the Proposal with the instructor’s comments. Use the observations you made and the scene you began to analyze in the Proposal to think about your thesis statement. Write down how they relate to your thesis statement. Choose your best three or four ideas. Arrange them in an order that makes sense to you: 1. 2. 3. 4. These three or four ideas will be the basis of your three or four body paragraphs. They should provide reasons why your thesis is true. Introduction What background information should you provide for the reader? Which passage are you writing about? What background information does your reader need about this passage? How will you convince your reader that your Close Reading assignment is worthwhile? What is your thesis? It belongs near the...
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...Absolute Truth can be defined as "the real state of facts and reality”, an accepted statement or proposition. Some suggest that there is no true reality, only perceptions and opinions, while others argue that there must be some absolute basis. With this being said, we can say that there are two diametrically-opposed beliefs related to absolute truth: There are no absolutes that define reality. Everything is relative, and thus there is no actual reality. There is ultimately no authority for deciding if an action is positive or negative; right or wrong. There are absolutes that define what is real and what is not. Thus, actions can be deemed right or wrong based upon how they measure up against these absolute standards. I’m a firm catholic believer and the catholic perspective on absolute truth should be determined by the one who is the ultimate authority, or maker, of all things. So for any of those who believe in God the absolute truth is derived from properly understanding who God is and what His "will" is for His creation. Propositions, in logic, are statements that can be labeled as either true or false. All of the examples you just heard and saw are complete statements that you can say are either true or false. Propositions are the objects of attitudes and the primary carriers of truth and falsity. This stipulation rules out certain candidates for propositions, including thoughts which are not sharable, and concrete events or facts, which cannot be false. Reference:...
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...Makiyah was referred to FACT on 9/21/17 by PerformCare for displaying youth was referred to FACT by PerformCare due to youth having suicidal thoughts. Makiyah wrote to a friend that, “she was stressed and that dying is a way out.” It was noted in the referral that Makiyah was experiencing significant symptoms of depression, difficulty sleeping, peer conflicts, isolating, presenting with depressed mood, and irritability. Makiyah reported feeling stressed due to not being able to go out with her friends when she wants to, have to focus on school, Makiyah also reports siblings' behavior as another stress due to their defiance. Mrs. Mitchell reported that Makiyah can be very disrespectful at times and she becomes easily agitated. Makiyah is a 14 year old African American female who lives in Plainfield NJ. Youth lives in a three bedroom apartment with her Adrienne Mitchell, mother and four younger siblings. Makiyah’s parents separated when she was a baby. In 2015 Makiyah was living with her father and stepmother. According to Makiyah her stepmother use to hit her and her father did nothing about it. Makiyah reports that she still had some anger towards her father until recently. She reports expressing to her father how she felt about her step mothering hitting her. In August 2015, Makiyah was placed back into Mrs. Mitchell's care. Ms. Mitchell reports that for the most part Makiyah is compliant with house rules. Ms. Mitchell did mention that she would like for Makiyah to work...
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...Prioritize ideas and details to create sentences and build them into simple, coherent paragraphs that have a topic sentence, supporting details, and a concluding statement. I believe the Course Outcome is asking me to do is knowing how to write an essay. It is important to know how to write a paragraph. There are certain rules you should follow in order to write a paragraph and to know how to write a paper. I believe I had more than just two examples of activities I had completed during this course that helped me achieve the outcome of my selected but one of the activities that sticks in my mine was doing my final essay. It helped me to know how to create sentences and build them into simple, coherent paragraphs. Paragraphs need not only to be well-developed and unified, but also to be coherent. In a coherent paragraph, all sentences show their relationship to one another. One way to achieve coherence is to arrange the sentences in a logical order. Logical order means arranging sentences reason. For example, if you write about events as they are it is logical to use chronological, or time, order. If you describe an object or a place, it is logical to arrange details and it also helped me to do the following by creating topic sentence, supporting details, and a concluding statement. The other one comes to mine is doing my rough draft. It is very important to learn these skill because you want you essay or paper to come out just right. Knowing how to create sentences and building...
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...Assignment 1 Assignment 1 is worth 20% of your total mark for this course; it should be submitted after you have completed the readings and learning activities for Lessons 1 through 6. Your assignment submission should be no more than 10 pages in length. A page is defined as double spaced, with standard margins, and using a standard 12-point font. The cover page, which should include your name and student number, does not count as a page. A deduction of 10% will apply if your assignment is more than 10 pages long. For additional advice on how to complete this assignment, refer to the Preparing Assignments page (a link is also provided in the Evaluation block on the course homepage). ------------------------------------------------- Read the case “Target: From ‘Expect More’ to ‘Pay Less’” on pages 103 to 105 of the textbook and prepare answers to the questions below. Do not answer the questions at the end of the case in the textbook. Question 1 (20 marks) Identify four actors in the microenvironment that have affected Target’s performance over the past few years. Question 2 (10 marks) Describe how economic and cultural factors affected Target’s marketing strategy during the economic downturn. Question 3 (10 marks) According to its chief financial officer, Target primarily allocates its money to remodelling existing stores to better accommodate the shifts in inventory. Under such a circumstance, which growth strategies in the product/market expansion...
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...243 5. What is the probability that a fair die never comes up an even number when it is rolled six times? 0.016+- 0.001 (Note: Enter the value of probability in decimal format and round it to three decimal places.) 6. Let p and q be the propositions p: You have the flu. q: You miss the final examination. Identify an English translation that expresses the compound proposition p → q. * If you miss the final exam then you have the flu. * If you have the flu, then you miss the final exam. * If you have the flu, then you will not miss the final exam. * If you don't have the flu, then you miss the final exam. 7. Let q and r be the propositions q: You miss the final examination. r: You pass the course. An English translation of the compound proposition ¬q ↔ r is "You do not miss the final exam if and only if you pass the course." * Yes * No 8. Let q and r be the propositions q: You miss the final examination. r: You pass the course. An English translation of the compound proposition q → ¬r is "If you miss the final exam, then you pass the course." TRUE OR FALSE 9. Let p, q, and r be the propositions p: You have the flu. q: You miss the final examination. r: You pass the course. Identify the statement that express the compound proposition p q r as an English sentence. * You have the flu, or miss the final exam, or pass the course. * You have the flu, and miss the final exam, and do not pass the course. * You have the flu, or...
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...PHI 210 Exam 1 Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/phi-210-exam-2/ Question 1 4 out of 4 points Which of the following practices would MOST likely be considered pseudoscience? Question 2 4 out of 4 points A set of statements designed to convince others that an action or idea is right or wrong is a type of _________. Question 3 4 out of 4 points Cliff wants to determine whether people prefer red apples or green apples. In order to obtain good results, he decides to conduct this survey at a car festival. Out of the 5000 people who attended the festival, Cliff surveys 10 attendees randomly. The survey reads, "Which do you prefer, red apples or green apples?" Seven of ten people surveyed answer that they prefer red apples. From his survey, Cliff concludes that most people prefer red apples. Cliff's results may not be reliable because of which of the following problems with his study? Question 4 4 out of 4 points Courtnie has been allergic to cats as long as she can remember; this requires her doctor to give her an allergy shot. On her 26th birthday she spends the day in a house with cats and has no reaction. Therefore the allergy shot has helped Courtnie overcome her reaction to cats. The explanation for why she had no reaction describes which of the following? Question 5 4 out of 4 points A student is designing an experiment to find out if the following statement is true:...
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...Analysis of a Agatha Christie Essay I feel that the author of The Enduring Appeal of Agatha Christie created a essay that is highly effective. I think this because the essay itself has a strong structure that conveys the authors ideas and points effectively. The essay follows the basic essay structure and includes good ideas with strong points to support it, and the essay also has a good thesis statement. This essay follows the essay structure of an introduction, body, and conclusion. Using this structure allows the essay to be organized and easy to read and understand. This essay includes each component in each part of the structure. In the introduction, the essay includes a general statement or topic, a thesis statement, and a brief summary of the main topics, arguments and points made in the essay. In the body paragraph, it includes sentences that support, expand and explain the points that are made in the topic sentence. Lastly, in the conclusion, it restates the main points made in the body paragraphs. This essay also includes many strong ideas and points about the topic the essay is on. When writing an essay it is important that you have strong points to talk about throughout your essay and you are able support your ideas in your essay as well. Also, throughout the body paragraph the author related his/her points back to the thesis statement. This allows all of the readers ideas and points to connect and allows the points to become stronger and have more ...
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