...Categorizing Fallacies Assignment CRT/205 Due: 7/10/11 1. Example: TV commercial –“This is your brain. These are drugs. This is your brain on drugs.” During this commercial it shows pictures of the difference between your brain on drugs and not on drugs. Type of Fallacy: Scare Tactics Explanation: This is a scare tactic because it tries to frighten kids or even adults to not do drugs. The commercial uses eggs to show the negative effects drugs can have on the brain. Some may not believe it, but others will. I know growing up when I seen this commercial it made me really think how badly drugs really do affect your brain. Luck for me the scare tactic worked and I stayed away from drugs. I will definitely use this on my children in the future. 2. Example: “David I thought I told you to clean up your toys.” “I was going to, but I had to beat a gym leader in my Pokémon game. Look at the new Pokémon I caught!” Type of Fallacy: Red Herring/Smokescreen Explanation: My son uses this fallacy with me at least once a day. If he gets in trouble for something or does not do something I ask him to he either lies, or he changes the subject. I feel that this tactic is very popular with parents and their children. 3. Example: Since I am young and in good health and if I continue a healthy lifestyle for myself I won’t suffer health problems from smoking. Type of Fallacy: Wishful Thinking Explanation: I am only 24 years old and have not had any health problems because I smoke...
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...CRT 205 Entire Course (UOP) For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com CRT 205 Week 2 Ambiguous Claims Quiz I CRT 205 Week 2 Claims and Arguments Quiz CRT 205 Week 2 Defining Terms Quiz I CRT 205 Week 2 Subjectivism and Value Judgments Quiz CRT 205 Week 2 Chapter Review Quiz CRT 205 Week 3 Analyzing Credibility CRT 205 Week 4 More Fallacies Quiz I CRT 205 Week 4 More Fallacies Quiz II CRT 205 Week 4 Psychological Fallacies Quiz I CRT 205 Week 5 Categorizing Fallacies CRT 205 Week 5 Identifying Fallacies Checkpoint CRT 205 Week 6 Argument Quiz I CRT 205 Week 6 Deductive Inductive Logic Quiz CRT 205 Week 6 Evaluating Arguments Quiz CRT 205 Week 6 Unstated Premises Quiz CRT 205 Week 6 Argument Quiz I CRT 205 Week 7 Argument Evaluation CRT 205 Week 7 Argument Validity Checkpoint 1 CRT 205 Week 8 Moral Reasoning Quiz I CRT 205 Week 2 Writing Argumentative Essays Quiz II CRT 205 Week 3 Argument Credibility Checkpoint Part 1 CRT 205 Week 3 Argument Credibility Checkpoint Part II CRT 205 Week 4 Persuasion via Rhetoric Quiz I CRT 205 Week 4 Persuasion via Rhetoric Quiz II ------------------------------------------------------------------- CRT 205 Week 2 Ambiguous Claims Quiz I (UOP) For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com Exercise: Review Quizzes (Ch. 1, 2, & 3) • Due Date: Day 5 [Individual forum] • Complete the following Review Quizzes at http://www.mhhe.com/criticalthinking8 • Copy and paste your quiz results into a new...
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...Appendix C Categorizing Fallacies Categorize each fallacy statement by copying and pasting it into the text box adjacent to its matching fallacy type. Fallacy Statements |Fallacy Type |Fallacy Statement | |Ad hominem/genetic |3. From a study group member: “I just don’t get it. One minute she says she’s coming, and| | |then the next, she calls to cancel. I wonder if we can trust that the articles she | | |submitted are what we need!” | | | | | | | |Wishful thinking |1. It takes someone with a really big heart to give to our charity, and you seem like | | |someone who cares more than most. | | | | |“Argument” from popularity | | | |12. From a conspiracy theorist: “Come on, everyone...
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...The Violence Interrupters The film “The Interrupters” by Steve James and Alex Kotlowitz is based on a group of individuals that are part of Ceasefire, a Chicago anti-violence program. Gary Slutkin, the founder of Ceasefire, believes that the spread of violence is very similar to the spread of disease, and so he believes that the treatment should be analogous. In order to stop the infection, one must go after the most infected, the source. The main goal of the violence interrupters is to simply stop killings and to save as many lives as possible. They make it very clear that they are not trying to dismantle gangs. The violence interrupters are made up of individuals who have had many years of jail time in the past, but now want to make a positive difference in their community rather than continue with their lives of crime. The interrupters use their own personal histories to intervene in conflicts before they go too far and turn into violent encounters. The Violence Interrupters Challenge the problems with the program: One of the main problems with the film is that “The Interrupters” are staged on the front lines in their fight to save lives in their communities. This fight is near to impossible to win because although they all put forth their best efforts and put their heart and soul into every individual they try to help, the problem cannot actually be solved, as it exists on a much larger scale. Although the film shows “The Interrupters” doing their best to make...
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...Fallacy Exercises, part 3 I. Identify the fallacies committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write "no fallacy."[1] NOTE: If an argument is followed by “IGNORE” it is an eample that we didn’t cover and you are not responsible for it. 1. Either we require forced sterilization of Third World peoples or world population will explode and all of us will die. We certainly don't want to die, so we must require forced sterilization. False Dichotomy. These aren’t the only two possibilities. People could control the population by other means. 2. James said that he saw a picture of a beautiful girl stashed in Stephen's locker. We can only conclude that Stephen has broken the rules, because girls are not allowed in the locker room. Accident – the rule applies to real girls, not pictures of girls. 3. Why is it so difficult for you to reach a decision? Complex Question. The thing being assumed is that it is difficult for the person to reach a decision. 4. People who lack humility have no sense of beauty because everyone who has a sense of beauty also has humility. Circular argument. The conclusion says nothing different than the premise. 5. Butane is combustible. Therefore, it burns. Circular argument. “Combustible” means “burns”. 6. Honey, this postcard just arrived, and it says we have won a free airline trip. All we have to do is call the toll-free number...
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..."The Morality of Birth Control" by Margaret Sanger, (1921) Margaret Sanger uses several method's within her speech, "The Morality of Birth Control", to convey her strong views on the topic. She uses a strong sense of bias, fallacies, and colorful rhetoric devices in her speech to not only get the attention of the audiences, but to relay a sense of urgency for the actions that need to be taken. One bias that Sanger uses is toward the idea of motherhood without birth control being a condition of ignorance and chance. This may perhaps be the case for a small number of women, but it is not accurate to categorize all women who do not use or believe in birth control in this manner. Margaret Sanger uses vivid examples of fallacies and rhetorical devices in her speech. She uses the words "religious scruples" to drive home the basic need for power and morality. When Sanger refers to the opposition to birth control she refers to them as "this group is diseased, feeble-minded, and is of the pauper element dependent entirely upon the normal and fit members of society for their support." Her vivid imagery evokes not only emotion, but the need for aggressive action. One way that the speaker addressers arguments and counterarguments is when she brings about the point of the two sexes "mixing together”. Sanger brings about the point that opponent to birth control are the same people that were opposed to women working outside the home and mixing with the opposite sex. Margaret Sanger...
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...Economic fallacies seem to surround us in the media, but few people take notice. The reason I believe this type of stray thinking is so common is that the media is often written not by economists by training, but by those who did not concentrate in business or finance in their studies. I want to focus on one of the most important and far-reaching economic fallacies - the Fallacy of Composition. Before knowing that there was a name for such an error in economic reasoning, I had considered the possibility that there are probably numerous examples of errors of part to whole relationships since samples taken are often not representative of the studied population. I will discuss two examples in finance to support why it is a problem. The Fallacy of Composition assumes that what is true and valid for an individual or segment of the population would necessarily be true for the larger group or whole (McConnell 16). There are ample examples of this problem in economics and finance. I have worked in the finance industry for three years now and as a perfect example, investment firms of various sizes want to make equity sales in the market. If a larger firm only wants to sell 1000 shares of a relatively liquid investment, they would have no problem and the price of each of those shares remains rather consistent. However, the same would no longer be true if that same firm wants to completely exit one of their existing positions by liquidating all of their 10 million shares, they...
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...Appendix D Assumptions and Fallacies Nanette McDowell Hum 111/ week 8 Assignment April 13, 2013 Bethany Bigler • What are assumptions? How do you think assumptions might interfere with critical thinking? What might you do to avoid making assumptions in your thinking? An assumption is a thought or a way of someone’s thinking in which they believes are true without proof. For example, when I was young I thought that all white people did not like black people. As I became older to understand my thoughts and judgments, this assumption was not true at all. The assumption back then was perceived in my mind because of the kinds of people that I was around that influenced my judgment. I was overgeneralizing about white people not liking black people because of the environment at the time. We must identify inferences and assumptions in order to see what inferences are illogical when the assumptions that lead to them are not justifiable. Once you become skilled in identifying the inferences and assumptions you are in a better position to question the extent to which any of your assumptions are justified. The key is recognizing and questioning our inferences and assumptions. To avoid making false assumptions here are some tips that I follow: (eHow article), • “Be as objective as you can in making evaluative decisions. Whether you're at work, at home or with your friends, be as logical and fair as possible in your judgments. • Resist the urge to accept stereotypes. Even though...
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...Steps for Writing Critiques (from Behrens and Rosen’s Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum, 12th Edition) 1. Introduce. Introduce both the passage under analysis and the author. State the author’s main argument and the point(s) you intend to make about it. Provide background information to help readers understand the relevance of the passage. This background information may include one or more of the following: * an explanation of why the subject is of current interest * a reference to a possible controversy surrounding the subject of the passage or the passage itself * biographical information about the author * an account of the circumstances under which the passage was written * a reference to the intended audience of the passage 2. Summarize. Summarize the author’s main points, making sure to state the author’s purpose for writing. 3. Assess the presentation. Evaluate the validity of the author’s presentation, distinct from your points of agreement or disagreement. Comment on the author’s success in achieving his or her purpose, by reviewing three or four specific points. Base you review on one or more of the following criteria: * Is the information accurate? * Is the information significant? * Has the author defined terms clearly? * Has the author used and interpreted information fairly? * Has the author argued logically? 4. Respond to the presentation. NOW you can respond to the author’s views. With...
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...Paper 1: Argument Paper There are too many lawyers William E. Foster wrote this article entitled “There are Not Too Many lawyers.” It is an interesting piece, sharing a lot of information. The author pointed to all the benefits that can arise from being an attorney, while underlying several other important factors. He also tried to bring up few points to reinforce his statement. He argued that attorneys have deep working knowledge of the legal system, are skilled specialists and bring a noble value to society. The author focused solely on the abilities of attorneys in general without considering any counterclaim facts. Essential mistakes were made throughout his argument, such as poor formation of paragraphs, use of fallacies, lack of credible sources, absence of counterclaims and conclusion. Although the author may have presented crucial information, after a thorough analysis of the entire argument, the bad points prevailed over the good ones; hence, this argument is weak. A strong argument requires a good structure such as: a clear thesis statement, supporting facts, credible sources, counterclaims, coherence in paragraphs, a good structure, excellent grammar, good use of punctuation, clear introduction, body and conclusion, etc… The writer hardly satisfied any of these attributes. First, he included a thesis statement: “Although of the criticism of the present legal education environment are valid, I disagree that law schools are graduating too many JD’s.” (Paragraph...
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...Book Review of Being Logical: A Guide to Good Thinking Being Logical: A Guide to Good Thinking by D.Q. McInerny is an introduction to the science and art of thinking and living logically. The paperback version includes a preface and 137-pages that was published in 2005 by Random House in New Work and has a price tag of $12.95. The author, D.Q. McInerny, is a professor of philosophy and has taught logic at several institutes of higher learning before ending up at Our Lady of Guadalupe Seminary in Lincoln, Nebraska. He has written works on religious philosophy and has collaborated on three text books concerning philosophy and logic. McInerny has written with conviction but believes that logic must be exercised in the educational process (McInerny, 2005). In this particular work, McInerny attempts to make his readers understand logic by seeing their surroundings and environments in an objective and critical manner (McInerny, 2005). He is able to do so in lay-man’s terms that almost any reader would be able to comprehend. This piece was written as a handbook for presenting the very basic values of logic to people who have never had the chance to practice it before. Those that have been well versed in logic before may easily lose interest in a work this simplified. Summary Being Logical is organized into five parts: 1) Preparing the Mind for Logic; 2) The Basic Principles of Logic; 3) Argument: The Language of Logic; 4) The Sources of Illogical Thinking; and 5) The...
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...actually be proven 100%. I do find this source to be credible based off of the information that is given. This article is broken up into sections that talk about the main effects of marijuana usage. It lists statistics throughout the article and studies that have been conducted. However, I do believe they are only taking one side where marijuana can be useful in a lot of cases not mentioned here. It isn’t all negatives when it comes to marijuana usage. I do not believe that any rhetorical devices were used by this author. The author stuck to simple details and studies, and did not go on exaggerating or relating marijuana use to anything other than the details. I think that the fallacy, hasty generalization was used throughout this article. Mainly because this fallacy makes the assumption that a whole group or idea is a certain way because of a small amount of sources. In this article they provide all negative effects of marijuana use, when we all know that there are medically proven studies that...
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...People speak in a variety of ways across the globe, ranging from literal to sarcastic. For what is spoken to be understood, one must know how they are speaking, otherwise things will be confusing and misunderstood. In the book “The Future of Life”, written by Edward O. Wilson, the ways of how environmentalists and people-first debates are carried out are brought to the surface. These two sides ironically have similarities in format and childish manner, which are both seen throughout the satirical workings of Wilson. First off, Wilson implements a point that brings out the false, deceptive thinking of both groups on the problem at hand. For example, the people-first advocates claim that if a person “relaxes their guard” when the environmentalists would possibly be in power, their “property rights will go down the tube.” This shows that there is no applicability to environmentalist ideologies, nor any appeal to their true goals, which can be seen throughout the arguments against the environmentalists. The same exact method is used on the other side to show the back and forth way of argument without any real support. Wilson says that the people-first advocates’ idea of conservation is “planting trees around a golf course”, which of course, has no true support for it to be viewed as real. There is also no information or facts within the statements, just the truth about how both sides argue. These features alone provide little impact on the issue, but Wilson does so anyway by writing...
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...English 103 10 July 2014 An Improper Proposal “A Modest Proposal”, written by Johnathon Swift, is perhaps one of the greatest literary works in English history. It is an intelligently written satire that is set in 1729. In it Swift presents the idea of devouring one year old infants in an attempt to feed the hungry and ever growing population. The satire is set in Ireland and was aimed at Catholics, who were known for having a lot of kids and being too poor to care for them. Throughout his persuasive/argumentative satire he utilizes logic and reason, emotion, and character to argue why his proposal is a good solution to the excess population and to persuade others to follow his idea. One of the types of arguments Swift employs throughout his essay is logos. Logos are arguments that are based on fact and reason. In the beginning of his literary work Swift begins discussing how many children are born every year to poverty stricken parents. He uses specific numbers such as “. . . . One-hundred and twenty thousand children of the poor are born annually” to bring to light how much the population and hunger problems will continue to grow. Swift is using logos (logic and reason) when he uses statistics of children born to parents who cannot afford to care for them. He also uses logos to dehumanize the infants by comparing them to food already eaten. When Swift compares the children to roasting pigs he is using an analogy. Another logical analogy Swift uses is comparing...
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...Title: Unit 5 Fallacies Kaplan University February 11, 2014 Unit 5 Fallacies Part I: Mom, you know how much I love animals, right? Well, yesterday I just happened to be passing by an animal shelter, and wanted to stop in and take a look at all of those poor dogs that are going to be put to sleep. I know you told me that I couldn’t have any more pets, but there was this one dog; his name is “Butterscotch," and he was scheduled to be executed that same day, and well; I just couldn’t let them stick those huge needles in him, hurting him, and killing him for no reason. Anyway, I hope you don’t mind, but I brought him home with me. You know; I remember you telling me when you were a kid; you did the same thing, so I can’t see how this would be any different from what you used to do. Besides, I’ll take care of him, feed him, and you won’t have to do anything; I promise. If you let me keep him, I will promise to do all of my chores and never argue with you again, please! You know; I was talking to my friend the other day, and she told me that shelters actually like killing dogs, they sell the dog remains to a company that makes dog food out of them. I’m not sure where she heard this, but she loves dogs, so I know she’s right. My friend said they make more money that way, so they really don’t care about these dogs at all; it’s always about people's greed and how much money they can make. If I can save at least one dog from becoming dog food, I would be happy. ...
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