...Nationalism in the 19th century was very similar to patriotism. Nationalism is when people are loyal to and proud of their country and have the belief that their country or independant nation is superior to others. In the 19th century nationalism was extremely prevenant, though it would be replaced by patriotism. Though many benefited from Nationalism, it caused unnecessary destruction in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe. It caused uprisings that lead to numerous revolts, disturbing the order, causing needless death and eventually leading to world war one. Firstly, nationalism was used as a political tool for leaders to gain power. This can especially be seen in the German Unification of 1871. The unification took place on January 18 and was when the Princes of the German states made Wilhelm of Prussia as Emperor Wilhelm of the German Empire. From positions of established power, this new generation of leaders molded nationalism to fit harsh political realities. They focused their eyes on practical policies not ideals.”(West in the world pg. 610) These leaders would pretend to help the people, but in reality they were manipulating and compromising to achieve their personal goals. Though,, nationalism often allowed for the creation of new, more powerful, and more oppressive monarchies, these monarchies often came to power through corrupt means. Secondly, nationalism lead to the assassination that caused world war one and was the cause of many other ...
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...The negative causes and effects of slavery in the Atlantic World. Slavery had existed for thousands of years before it came to the new world. African kings would use muslim slaves and kings in europe used slaves. This was not a new concept, but it became a malevolent one. The slave trade started in the atlantic world because plantation owners needed a lot of cheap labor for the excessive amount of work. When Europeans invaded the Americas, their plan was to use natives as slaves. Unfortunately thousands of natives died due to diseases, and the one that didn’t die would leave because they knew the land and didn’t want to be slaves. Since the land was so large a lot of work was needed for the fields that few people could offer. So people would...
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...Racism exists when one ethnic group or recorded collectivity rules, segregates, or looks to kill another group on the premise of aspects that it believes are innate and unalterable. An ideological premise for express bigotry worked out as intended in the West during the cutting edge period. No acceptable and unequivocal confirmation of racism has been found in different societies or in Europe before the Middle Ages (Alter, 1989). The distinguishing proof of the Jews with the demon and witchcraft in the prominent personality of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries was maybe the first indication of a supremacist perspective of the world. Authority penalties for such mentality came in the sixteenth century in Spain when Jews had converted to Christianity and their descendants turned to the acts of segregation of racism and exclusion. The Nineteenth century was a period of liberation, patriotism, and racism of which helped the development and escalation of ideological bigotry in Europe and the United States . Despite the fact that the liberation of blacks from racism and Jews from the local places got the vast majority of its support from religious or devotees to a key human balance. The result of these changes was to increase instead of reducing bigotry. Race relations became less paternalistic and more focused. The insecurities of an advancing modern private enterprise made a requirement for racism. The Darwinian encouragement on "the battle for presence" and...
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...colonies, executions were less common than in England. However, when such a method was used, it was most often a public hanging. Usually capital offenses, such as murder or rape, or repeated serious offenses constituted a need for an execution. Imprisonment was uncommon in colonial America since the budding colonies did not have people to spare to keep the community in order. Every person was valuable for their working ability, and losing even one worker to law keeping was neither reasonable nor an efficient use of resources. In addition, colonial communities rarely had enough extra money to build a prison and feed prisoners. Since probation was not yet known to the colonists, they used a system of nods to guarantee troublemakers would not cause any problems. Courts began to require many problem-causing people to put up money to make sure they would stay out of trouble. This system worked especially well in communities where everyone minded each other's business( Wiki, 2014). As the history of the punishments...
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...Introduction Some would argue that racism does not exist today, this is not an attempt to prove anything of the contrary, instead this is an attempt to understand racism and where it comes from. Although racism lives within the hearts and minds of some people it is much more cleverly disguised, some may not even notice it right in front of their face. For some, it may be a fact that they have not experienced racism, however for others, racism has a great impact on daily life. . Due to the complexity of the human mind, I believe that it would be impossible to find one single cause of racism. This is merely an attempt to discover some contributing factors to racism and why so many people tend to accept racism either consciously or sub consciously. Finally, from an objective perspective, this research will explain how racism develops through various ideas and why. Within these pages we will explore the possible causes of racism such as ethnocentrism, or the idea that one ethnic group is more superior to another. Xenophobia, fear and dislike of people from other countries or cultures is another contributing factor to racism. National pride can be a source of unity but also an excuse to discriminate against others, by holding the belief that your nation is better than other nations. We will explore some theories related to racism such as the idea that sexual repression is to blame for violence. Also exploring the theory of energetic fields as a possible explanation...
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...Every country has a degree of self-determination, however, with some countries controlling their own statehood is not good enough. Nationalism is defined as the advocacy for a particular country to be independent. Therefore, nationalist countries naturally want to increase their power out of pride, which in turn has some adverse effects. These countries feel that their country is so great that its influence should be expanded by taking over other countries. The country is then Imperialist. This also sets into place the paradox of Nationalism-Imperialism. The Nationalism- Imperialism paradox essentially shows that Nationalist countries will grow in power until it becomes Imperialist; it will then take over other countries which will eventually...
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...Theories of radical nationalism and socialism became popular in the 19th century, when the Industrial Revolution had first started to really change things in Europe and in other Western countries. The quick changes in society during the 19th century created enormous social tensions and dissatisfaction among many. Workers, realizing that the wealthy had the most to gain from free market capitalism, turned to other ways of modernization including communism and socialism. Those who believed that they could achieve what they wanted by gradual reform of the existing political structure were socialists while those who believed that the old order needed to be completely replaced by force were communists. Others rejected the socialist emphasis on international class politics and proposed nationalism as another alternative to individualistic capitalism. Unlike socialists or communists, nationalists believed that there was nothing inherently wrong with capitalism. They just thought it should be regulated and made to benefit the nation as a whole in addition to the few individuals who owned the means of production. In either case, political philosophies that emphasized nation and class were responses to a changing world that had uprooted old social beliefs. Communism, which is also described as "Revolutionary Proletarian Socialism" or "Marxism," is both a political and economic philosophy. The Communist Manifesto is widely regarded as the founding documents of modern communism...
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...“Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants Since 1882,” by Roger Daniels analyzes the United States’ immigration policy as one that has forever been flawed, putting forward a clear yet detailed criticism of how racism, blind politics, and ignorance have overtaken the agenda of immigration legislation for the past 140 years. Specifically, he claims that immigration laws have had an evocative effect on the immigrants of all eras and these laws have become stricter due to the nativists’ fear of an increased foreign threat. The prevailing belief during periods of restricted immigration was that alien groups, due to their innate inferiority, were not capable of absorbing the country’s values and ideologies and therefore...
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...society primarily in terms of biology, struggle, competition, or natural law (a philosophy based on what are considered the permanent characteristics of human nature). Social Darwinism characterizes a variety of past and present social policies and theories, from attempts to reduce the power of government to theories exploring the biological causes of human behavior. Many people believe that the concept of social Darwinism explains the philosophical rationalization behind racism, imperialism, and capitalism. The term has negative implications for most people because they consider it a rejection of compassion and social responsibility” (Bannister,2000). The next major issue was Eugenics. “Eugenics is the study of the agencies under social control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations either physically or mentally” (Galton,1904). Eugenics which means well-born was introduced by Sir Francis Galton who just so happened to be the cousin of previously stated, Charles Darwin and the father of modern statistics. He developed the idea that there was a way to improve the human species. After the turn of the century, eugenics became a household topic and existed everywhere in the...
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...WAR is a human Nature War: is an organized and often prolonged conflict that is carried out by states or non-state actors. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, social disruption, and economic destruction. War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities, and therefore is defined as a form of political violence or intervention. The set of techniques used by a group to carry out war is known as warfare. An absence of war is usually called peace. Etymology: The English word war derives from the late Old English (c.1050) words wyrre and werre; the Old North French werre; the Frankish werra; and the Proto-Germanic werso. The denotation of war derives from the Old Saxon werran, Old High German werran, and the German verwirren: “to confuse”, “to perplex”, and “to bring into confusion”.Another posited derivation is from the Ancient Greek barbaros, the Old Persian varhara, and the Sanskrit varvar and barbara. In German, the equivalent is Krieg; the equivalent Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian words for "war" is guerra, derived from the Germanic werra (“fight”, “tumult”).Etymologic legend has it that the Romanic peoples adopted a foreign, Germanic word for "war", to avoid using the Latin bellum, because, when sounded, it tended to merge with the...
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...hear, and feel things from a perspective that ultimately influences your views, beliefs, and values. Eurocentrism is the practice of viewing things from a European perspective and it’s effects are usually subconscious in a way that those affected don’t realize they’re affected. So to what extent exactly does literature force us to consider the long term effects of eurocentrism? Now, as they have taught the next generations, which compose themselves of their own children and immigrated families, these traditions get passed on to them, and so on. However, the key point here is that they aren’t passed on as ‘eurocentric beliefs’, rather, they are passed on as ‘normal’ beliefs and traditions. Literature certainly allows us to consider the long-term effects of eurocentrism to a great extent, and it does this by modelling everyday examples where eurocentrism takes place in a way that allows us to see where and when eurocentrism takes it’s effects. Through the deconstruction of literature, we are able to study the long-term effects of eurocentrism and in turn, take the necessary precautions to prevent the same scenarios modelled in literature from happening in our lives in order to potentially preserve our cultures and our own personal values. Another idea that allows us to understand the long-term effects of...
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...Juvenile sentencing guidelines are designed to establish a process through which juvenile offenders have the opportunity to access a variety of resources to allow for rehabilitation and being let back into the community as a law abiding citizens.Up until the mid-point of the 20th century, the sentences imposed on juveniles in the court system were similar to those just like adults convicted of crimes. Sentences given to juveniles emphasized punishment over rehabilitation during this time period. Ultimately, juvenile sentencing changed from punishment to rehabilitation, something that continues to this day. This is an introduction to Juvenile Justice in America. Since the 1990s, youth crime rates have gone up . These falling crime rates have led many jurisdictions to rethink the juvenile justice practices that happen in the 1980s and 1990s. Today, states are using major reforms designed to reduce institutional confinement, closed old 19th century era reform schools, and expand community-based interventions.In the late 18th and early 19th century, courts punished and confined youth in jails and penitentiaries. Since few other options existed, youth of all ages and genders where often confined with hardened adult criminals and the mentally ill in large overcrowded institutions. At the same time, American cities were dealing with high rates of child poverty and neglect putting pressure on city leaders to find a solution to this growing social issue. In response, reformers Thomas...
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...“I am in this cause with my whole heart and soul. I believe that the Progressive movement is making life a little easier for all our people; a movement to try to take the burdens off the men and especially the women and children of this country. I am absorbed in the success of that movement.” – Theodore Roosevelt Progressivism reached its peak in the United States during the late 19th century, in which it was a reform movement that many took part in to make the country excel in all areas of society including: politically, socially, and economically. Progressives wanted to eliminate waste and corruption, supported improved child labor laws, minimum wage legislation, graduated income tax, and equality for all citizens. With this, progressivism...
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...Blackface minstrelsy was a popular form of entertainment for white audiences beginning in the 19th century. In the name of mocking black’s perceived physical and mental stereotypes, performers would dress in a makeup to represent a black person. Performers would achieve this “blackface” appearance by smothering their face in burnt cork or coca butter to create the black-face appearance. For additional effect, the actors would paint their lips and wear ridiculously overdone costume to enforce the stigma of blacks being poor, uneducated, and easily manipulated. To represent a variety of different types of characters, there were common “personalities” of black face that existed at most shows. The Zip Coon black face mocked free blacks by dressing elaborately but continuously making...
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...Racial & Ethnic Short-Answer Questions (15) Should reparations be paid to the descendants of victims of slavery? • Some reject the decision made in the Bakke case that providing a remedy for the effects of racial discrimination is unconstitutional. They argue that the idea of reparations is rooted in international law. • Affirmative Action is inadequate, the ‘Maafa’ (meaning disaster, i.e., slavery) is a crime against humanity, and therefore compensation is required. • In the past 50 years apologies and financial compensation has been given to a wide range of groups, including survivors of the Jewish holocaust (as well as descendants of the victims), Japanese-Americans who were imprisoned during the Second World War and native Americans who had their land illegally seized in the USA. • African Americans have been demanding compensation for slavery since the end of the American Civil War. Immediately after the abolition of slavery, the demand was for 40 acres and a mule to ensure they would not be dependent on their former slave-owners. Then, between 1890 and 1917, there was a movement to lobby the government for pensions to compensate for their unpaid labour under slavery. Since 1989, Congressman John Conyers Jnr (Michigan) has introduced a bill every year to study the case for reparations. Each of these initiatives has been largely ignored by the political establishment. • Reparations would ensure full recognition of the scale of the Maafa and, at the same time...
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