...warming: cause and mitigation Name: Institution: Introduction Global warming refers to climate change that causes an increase in the average temperature of the lower atmosphere. Though global warming has many different causes, it is greatly associated with human activities especially those that leads to release of greenhouse gases. This paper aims at evaluating both the scientific basis of global warming and the role of human beings in global warming. The paper achieves this by comparing natural and anthropogenic climate changes, providing evidence that global warming is taking place, and assessing carbon taxing and clean coal technology as current alleviation strategies for global warming. The paper finally proposes policy changes intended to stabilize global climate and points out nations and business sectors that would encounter strict standards on implementation of the proposed policies. Natural versus anthropogenic climate changes The climate change debate seems to be divided into two major sides. One side argues that the current global warming is caused by human factors while the other side credits global warming to natural processes. Although some scientists acknowledge natural processes as a cause of climate change, it has often been noted that there is no enough quantitative evidence to support that natural forces are dominant causes of current climate changes (Giddens, 2009). Many scientists credit the recent trends in climate change to anthropogenic causes. It is also...
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...Elizabeth Brabson | Global Warming: Cause and mitigation | Introduction To Physical Science | | Joshua Kyle | 3/3/2016 | The difference between natural climate change and anthropogenic can be summed up in relation with greenhouse gasses and how they are introduced into the Earth’s atmosphere. With the natural greenhouse effect, gasses such as methane and carbon dioxide are introduced naturally through such events as volcanic activity. In the anthropogenic greenhouse effect, those gasses are introduced by burning fossil fuels and from the intestines of livestock animals among other means. Also, due to deforestation and tillage of the ground, the Earth’s natural ability to store carbon is hindered. The Earth naturally maintains a level of homeostasis, when anthropogenic forms of greenhouse gases are introduced, it is too much for the planet to naturally maintain control of. Personally, I believe it as a slap in the face to the scientific community as a whole to deny climate change when there is a large amount of evidence to back up what 97% of scientist have pretty much agreed on. There are mountains of evidence, but I will present three. First and foremost, carbon dioxide levels are increasing substantially. Scientist have tested air bubbles in ancient ice from Antarctica and Greenland, and have determined that CO2 levels for the past 650,000 years or so have stayed between 180 and 300 parts per million. However, since the industrial revolution, that...
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...Climate change is attributable to both natural and anthropogenic factors. Anthropogenic climate change, which are also known as human induced climate change, is a result of increase in greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere, increase in atmospheric aerosols, and changes in land use, for instance, through cutting down of forests to create farms. The increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere causes an increase in the amount of heat that is being retained and consequently, increasing the temperatures on the earth’s surface significantly. For example, the amount of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has risen by more than 30 percent since the industrial revolution (Mulvaney, 2013). Atmospheric aerosols absorb infrared and solar radiation and also change the chemical composition of the clouds, both physically and chemically. Industrial processes, human activity, biomass burning and exhaust emissions lead to chemical reactions, which consequently, form aerosols in the atmosphere. Changes in land use have also led to a significant increase in the sunlight reflected back into the surface. In North America and Eurasia, during the industrial era, it is estimated that one-fifth of land was attributed to agricultural activities and deforestation. On the other hand, natural climate changes can be a result of changes in suns energy and shifting of the orbit of the earth. Essentially, the earth’s orbital...
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...Assignment 2: Global Warming: Cause and Mitigation Introduction to Physical Science xxxxxxxxxxxx December 6, 2015 Strayer University Professor xxxx xxxx One of the most all time debated and controversial topics to date in science is global warming. Over the last few decades climate change have lead scientist to develop a theories that human beings are the major contributors to the global warming crisis. Many theories suggest that different types of issues contribute to the warming of the planet but the mitigation strategies to slow this process down vary as well. When speaking of this topic there are two basic types of climate change, natural and anthropogenic. Main contributor in the climate change or global warming can be referred to as greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are derived from water vapor, Methane, Chlorofluorocarbons, and Carbon dioxide. Anthropogenic theory state that the development and consumption of fossil fuels for human life has generated and released a large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. According to this theory the excess carbon dioxide is the main cause of climate change around the world. This process prevents heat from earth to escape naturally into space and hence cool the earth. The theory known as the natural theory states that the earth is going through one of the many peaks and valleys of changes. This of course being a peak of...
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...RISK MANAGEMENT GUIDE FOR DOD ACQUISITION Sixth Edition (Version 1.0) [pic] AUGUST, 2006 Department of Defense Preface The Department of Defense (DoD) recognizes that risk management is critical to acquisition program success (see the Defense Acquisition Guidebook (DAG), Section 11.4). The purpose of addressing risk on programs is to help ensure program cost, schedule, and performance objectives are achieved at every stage in the life cycle and to communicate to all stakeholders the process for uncovering, determining the scope of, and managing program uncertainties. Since risk can be associated with all aspects of a program, it is important to recognize that risk identification is part of the job of everyone and not just the program manager or systems engineer. That includes the test manager, financial manager, contracting officer, logistician, and every other team member. The purpose of this guide is to assist DoD and contractor Program Managers (PMs), program offices and Integrated Product Teams (IPTs) in effectively managing program risks during the entire acquisition process, including sustainment. This guide contains baseline information and explanations for a well-structured risk management program. The management concepts and ideas presented here encourage the use of risk-based management practices and suggest a process to address program risks without prescribing specific methods or tools....
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...Risk Prioritization and Mitigation Project Plan Definition White Hat Inc will develop a risk prioritization and mitigation plan per instructions in the RFP. White Hat Inc will define risks as their priority to the company in terms of their impact on the company. White Hat will also help to define mitigation plans to resolve these risks. We will use several factors to prioritize risk and place each risk into one of three categories High, Medium and Low. To determine what category each risk will be placed we will use the following set of questions and definitions: • Define the Risk • Impact of the Risk on Physical or network aspect of the business • Cost of the Risk • Impact on Compliance • Recovery time and cost of lost business Throughout our audit we will generate several reports on the current status of IT security for The State. To Prioritize Risks for The State faces we will review these reports that include: • IT Security Compliance and Governance Gap Analysis • Data Privacy Legal Requirements and Compliance Requirements • Security Assessment • Data Privacy Security Gap • Security Assessment and Risk Identification • Qualitative Risk Assessment Definition of Risk Categories: • High- exploit of vulnerability that has a high cost to the organization's mission and reputation. This could also entail a risk of death or injury to humans. • Medium- exploit of a vulnerability where the cost of a resource would cause notable loss to the organization's mission...
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...Appendix C Risk Management Plan for The BNL Center for Functional Nanomaterials At Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973 May, 2004 Risk Management Plan for The BNL Center for Functional Nanomaterials Approved by: __________________________________ Robert Hwang CFN Director Brookhaven National Laboratory __________________________________ Michael Schaeffer CFN Project Manager Brookhaven National Laboratory Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 Project Description ...................................................................................................... 1 3.0 Risk Assessment Methodology ................................................................................... 2 4.0 Risk Reporting, Tracking, and Closeout ..................................................................... 2 5.0 Criteria for Risk Identification and Assessment.......................................................... 3 6.0 Assessment Results ..................................................................................................... 4 7.0 Contingency Risk ...................................................................................................... 20 8.0 Risk Factors and Weight Table ................................................................................. 21 9.0 Risk Factors & Cost Weighting Description for CFN Contingency...
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...Andrew Mosolovich Week 9 Assignment Professor Pavlov 06/07/2013 Is our environment being compromised from excessive use of different chemicals? This is the question that has been the ground for major debate for many years, is our advancements causing global warming? When debating global warming the first thing to consider is what the cause of global warming is, and the answer to this basic question is greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are natural gases such as CO2, Nitrous Oxide or Methane and are created in one of two ways. The first way is, through natural cycles, for instance, CO2 is released through animal respiration or plant photosynthesis. The alternative greenhouse gas production comes from man’s use of different fuels and products; this can lead to anthropogenic climate changes. Anthropogenic Climate Changes are changes in the atmosphere brought on by human activity, and there is evidence of these kinds of changes all over. By studying the size of the polar ice caps we can see that they are shrinking and this may be due to a warmer atmosphere temperature brought on by none other than an anthropogenic climate change. An IPCC report from 2007 showing levels of some of the greenhouse gases also shows that the levels of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere has skyrocketed since the post-industrial era, this can only be attributed to man-made machines that have come to rise. So how does human activity attribute to the climate rise? Greenhouse gases are natural...
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...Risk Management Approach: In identifying risks, the Project Team has also established a baseline risk impact criterion. These impact categories and their associated definitions can be found in Figure 6. CATEGORY | DEFINITION | Critical (5) | An event that, if it occurred, would result in complete failure of the project (minimum acceptable requirements could not be reached) | Serious (4) | An event that, if it occurred, would cause major cost/schedule increases. Secondary requirements may not be achieved. | Moderate (3) | An event that, if it occurred, would cause moderate cost/schedule increases, but important requirements would still be met. | Minor (2) | An event that, if it occurred, would cause only a small cost/schedule increase. Requirements would still be achieved. | Negligible (1) | An event that, if it occurred, would have no effect on the program. | Figure 6: Risk Impact Criterion In addition to the risk impact, the risks probability of occurrence must be identified to completely define the impact a specific risks has on the overall success of the project. The probability of occurrence is defined in Figure 7: PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE | INTERPRETATION | 1 - 10% | Very Unlikely to Occur | 11 - 40% | Unlikely to Occur | 41 - 60% | May Occur about Half the Time | 61 - 90% | Likely to Occur | 91 - 99% | Very Likely to Occur | Figure 7: Probability of Occurrence Key Risk # | Risk | Description | Category | Triggers | Probability | Impact...
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...Project Part One Risk Management Draft Jarvis Thomas ITT Technical Institute IS 3110 Risk Management in Information Technology Security 16 October 2014 Table of Contents Document Purpose 3 Definition 3 Risk Management Approach 3 Risk Tolerance 4 Risk Management Tasks 4 Document Purpose The Risk Management Plan describes how risk management will be structured and performed on the project to ensure risk are being managed and controlled at acceptable levels. Risk in a project environment cannot be totally eliminated. The objective of a risk management process is to minimize the impact of unplanned incidents on the project by identifying and addressing potential risks before significant negative consequences occur. The Risk Management Plan also becomes a subset of the Project Management Plan. Definition Definition of Risk Management: the formal process by which risks factors are systematically identified, assessed, and responded to. Risk management concentrates on identifying and controlling areas or events that have a potential of causing unwanted change. (Note that opportunities, also known as positive risk, should also be managed/exploited. This document is focused on mitigating negative risk, rather than maximizing positive risk.) Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations |Risk |A potential...
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...<Project Name> Risk Management Plan <Insert Project Logo here> <Month, Year> Health and Human Services Agency, Office of Systems Integration | Revision History Revision History | Revision/WorkSite # | Date of Release | Owner | Summary of Changes | SID Docs #3164v4 | 06/23/2004 | SID - PMO | Initial Release | OSIAdmin 3283 | 08/29/2008 | OSI - PMO | Major revisions made. Incorporated tailoring guide information into this template | Remove template revision history and insert Project Risk Management Plan revision history. Approvals Name | Role | Date | | | | Insert Project Approvals here. Template Instructions: This template is color coded to differentiate between boilerplate language, instructions, sample language, and hyperlinks. In consideration of those reviewing a black and white hard copy of this document we have also differentiated these sections of the document using various fonts and styles. Details are described below. Please remove the template instructions when the document is finalized. Standard boilerplate language has been developed for this management plan. This language is identified in black Arial font and will not be modified without the prior approval of the OSI Project Management Office (PMO). If the project has identified a business need to modify the standard boilerplate language, the request must be communicated to the PMO for review. Instructions for using this template are provided in purple Arial font...
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...Global Warming: Cause and Mitigation Tyler Turner Strayer Introduction to Physical Science SCI 110 Prof. Amanda Slaughter June 5, 2016 Global Warming: Cause and Mitigation In this paper I will be discussing different causes and effects of global warming. First we will look at comparing and contrasting natural versus anthropogenic climate changes and include examples of each type. We will then discuss which position I will take in wither global warming exists or not. After that we will I will assess two current mitigation strategies for global warming and analyze the effectiveness of the mitigation strategy. Lastly we will look at the policy changes that I would propose to help stabilize global climate, and what business sectors or nations would be held to stricter standards to my proposed policy. To start this paper off I will first look at comparing and contrasting natural versus anthropogenic climate changes and providing examples of both. But I think to start off we need to first know what natural climate change and anthropogenic climate change are. Natural climate changes are anything that effect the climate of the earth in natural ways, for example the sun, the moon, the atmosphere. But what is anthropogenic climate change? Anthropogenic climate change is defined as; “the production of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity” ("Anthropogenic Climate Change," n.d.). Let us first look at natural climate changes, and what causes these type of changes. There...
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...Chapter 7: Statutory Authority Chapter Outline 1. Introduction of topics and concepts to be discussed in the chapter. a. Legal basis of modern emergency management in the United States. b. Budget authority. c. Program eligibility. d. Roles and responsibilities. 2. Case Studies a. The National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP): Legislation to Address a Particular Hazard b. The Homeland Security Act of 2002: A New Emergency Management c. The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000: A Shift to Pre-Disaster Mitigation 3. Additional Sources of Information 4. Glossary of Terms 5. Acronyms 6. Discussion Questions a. General b. NEHRP c. Homeland Security Act of 2002 d. DMA 2000 7. Suggested Out of Class Exercises Introduction No emergency management system anywhere in the world can properly function without statutory authority and consistent budget appropriations. Statutory authority defines disasters programs, determines who is eligible for these programs, provides the legal support needed to implement disaster programs and establishes the legal foundation for funding the programs and activities of the disaster agency. Without such authority, a government agency is powerless. Legal Basis of Modern Emergency Management in the United States The first recorded emergency management legislation in the United States occurred in 1803 when a Congressional Act was passed to provide financial...
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...Cloud Based DDoS Mitigation If you can afford it, ensure that your Internet Service Provider gives you a clean pipe using cloud based DDoS mitigation. If you use multiple links, ensure that both links are protected. There is always a signficant amount of residual DDoS that will flow through. That's why you need a DDoS mitigation system in your network to handle the remainder of the attack. IntruGuard helps cloud service providers with solutions for DDoS attack mitigation as well. If your service provider doesn't provide DDoS attack mitigation services, you must take care of your own network to avoid collateral and other damages. Edge Router Access Control Lists Access lists in the router can be used to block certain addresses, if such addresses can be known a priori. But websites open to the public are, by nature, open to connections from individual computers, which are exactly the agents hackers use to initiate attacks. Robust edge routers provide a robust data center infrastructure. They are the key to a solid foundation. Their high performance makes them sustain large DDoS attacks without performance loss. Juniper Routers provide the ability to perform packet-filtering and black-hole routing combined with Traffic Flow Filtering capability data center administrator today use primarily two methods to mitigate attacks once they have been discovered by the NOC; packet filters, and black-hole routing. Packet filters, also referred to as firewall filters or access...
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...used. Roles and Responsibilities Project Manager The Project Manager will assign a Risk Officer to the project. The Project Manager and other members of the Project Management team will meet Monthly to review the status of all risk mitigation efforts, review the exposure assessments for any new risk items, and redefine the project's Risk List. Risk Officer The Risk Officer has the following responsibilities and authority: The Risk officer will be responsible for documenting any risk that are brought forth in the Project Team Meetings and assigning them priority. Assigning team members to develop mitigation strategies and presenting the best options to the Project Manager. Risk Documentation Risk List The risk factors identified and managed for this project will be accumulated in a risk list, which will be maintain and managed by the Risk Officer. Risk Data Items The following information will be stored for each project risk: What is the risk? How will it affect the project? Is it correctable? Who has been assigned to it? When was the Risk discovered? When (if applicable) was the Risk closed? Closing Risks A risk item can be considered closed when it meets the following criteria: The mitigation process has completed and has been report successful. Or the Risk is no longer considered valid. Activities Risk Analysis and Prioritization Task Participants The Risk Officer will assign each risk factor to an individual project member...
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