...Final Conclusion Memo Team B: RES/341 Nov 10, 2011 * Introduction The research conducted provided information to support the team’s collaborative efforts to provide a cause for the wage disparity between men and women. Credible information such as, the U.S. Census Bureau has presented statistics on women’s and men’s earnings for several decades. By analyzing a series of data, it was feasible to understand the trends in the wages. According to research analysis prepared by Consad Research Corporation, there is a difference. In pay directly associated with gender that dates back to three decades (Consad Research Corporation, 2011). Confidence Interval In addition to the Consad Research, information includes addressing data analysis using descriptive statistics, which included central tendency, dispersion, and skew data and statistical data using graphic and tabular techniques, was provided. A confidence interval was also computed to support the team’s conclusion. From our research the confidence interval is M 73.0 – 4.8 = 69.1 < M 73.9 > 73.9+ 4.8= 78.7Females earn 73.9% + 4.87 of male wages. The formulated problem statement supports a series of data collected from comparable scenarios. When we used statiscal analysis to project or reflect the earnings of women and men, we found no evidence on which we could base a prediction for a closing (or widening)...
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...An In-Depth Examination of Racial Disparity from Arrest to Incarceration ENG 122 English Composition II Prof. Ashton Schwarz September 13, 2014 An In-Depth Examination of Racial Disparity from Arrest to Incarceration The disparate number of minorities in prison populations is a concern for many who believe this disproportion is due to a systematic bias in the judicial system. While many factors may contribute to this overwhelming discrepancy, I contend that the disparate number of minority populations in prison is an accurate portrayal of how crime is committed in the United States. In order to understand the cause of this disparity, I will delve into the arrest rates and sentencing statistics that attempt to show why minorities are incarcerated at a higher rate, and why they're incarcerated for longer periods of time, than their white counterpart. These two focal points, arrest rates and sentencing statistics, I believe, are the best for gathering data, considering it is where the justice system both begins and ends. Though many may think that there is a racial bias concerning the disparate number of minorities in prison working against minorities, an article entitled, “Are Blacks and Hispanics Disproportionately Incarcerated Relative to Their Arrests?” provides impressive data to oppose this claim. This article boasts being one of the first studies to include the Hispanic ethnicity in their data, which other studies omitted from, or never incorporated into, their...
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...A Community Health's Perspective for Disease Control & Prevention Abstract The paper is intended to ascertain research statistics, facts, policies and analysis of topics that contributes to the health and wellbeing of a community. The effects of injury prevention and the control of infectious diseases are discussed. The rationale of controlling the cost of healthcare through behavioral and lifestyle changes is discussed. How does the exploitation of drugs, alcohol and tobacco influence the health of the community? In a community health setting, the relationship between affordable housing and violence prevention is analyzed. The impact of obesity on the community and other forms of chronic illness is discussed. An analysis of proposed solutions to disease control and prevention is presented. Mental health issues and its demeaning consequences on the community are analyzed. The need to educate the community on the ethics of healthcare is emphasized. Finally, occupational and environmental health hazards and their effects on community health is reviewed. I PERSPECTIVE ON COMMUNITY HEALTH The health of the community is a vital building block of the economic, social and political framework of any vibrant society. Because health is considered wealth, a healthy community creates a cost effective environment where all citizens has equal access to primary care physicians and sustainable quality of care. A healthy community continuously...
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...Introduction With practices aimed at reducing discrimination such as affirmative action, the argument has been made that racial discrimination is no longer a pressing issue in American society.[1] It has further been argued that the Constitution protects all citizens, and race has no weight in the American criminal justice system.[2] While the United States Constitution guarantees equal treatment of all citizens, regardless of race, racism still exists in the American law enforcement and criminal justice systems. In this era with the end of official institutional racism, there has been a corresponding shift from de jure racism to a de facto racism where members of minority groups, especially African Americans, are subject to unequal protection of the laws and excessive in the American criminal justice system, particularly in drug law enforcement.[3] Drug law enforcement is far more discretionary than for other offenses. It is for the police to decide when and where they will seek to make drug arrests, and what priority they will place on enforcing drug laws.[4] Since the war on drugs began in the 1980s, two general trends have been identified. First, there has been a substantial increasing in the number of drug arrests overall; and second, black males have constituted an increasing proportion of these arrests.[5] Based on this evidence, it would be natural to assume that the number of arrests is proportional to the crime rate – that blacks began using drugs in...
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...been contested for decades, which brings about the proliferation of biomedical morality. According to the New Health Guide, as of June 2015, euthanasia is legal in the Netherlands, Belgium, Colombia and Luxembourg. Assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland, Germany, Japan, Albania and in American states of Washington, Oregon, Vermont, New Mexico and Montana. Because euthanasia is not legal throughout the United States, there is a divisive public controversy over the moral, ethical, and legal ramifications. In order to establish a clear understanding of these issues, I will define the terms in question and provide an all-encompassing interpretation. There are only slight differences between euthanasia and assisted suicide, and that is a disparity in the degree of involvement and behavior. Assisted suicide entails making the lethal mechanism available to the patient to be used at a time of the patient’s own choosing. By contrast, euthanasia entails the physician taking an active role in carrying out the patient’s request, and usually involves endovenous, or within a vein, delivery of a lethal substance. For the sake of this paper, I will consider both of them equal issues in the bioethical paradigm, and use them interchangeably. The objective of this paper is to outline two ethical theories, utilitarianism and Kantianism, in regards to the concept of euthanasia and bring about the questions of morality that are still in debate. Initially, I would like to address the current ethical...
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...Terrorism: A Global Threat Bashir Ahmad “Fighting terrorism is not unlike fighting a deadly cancer. It can’t be treated just where it’s visible – every diseased cell in the body must be destroyed.”-David Hackworth I. What is Terrorism? Terrorism is defined as “the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.” Terrorism is also defined as the “unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.” The U.S. Department of State defines “terrorism” to be “premeditated politically-motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.” Some facts about terrorism: 1. Terrorism is the act of destruction performed by a person or group of persons on behalf of an established government. 2. Terrorism is the act of destruction performed to restore the imaginary injustice. 3. Terrorism is the destruction of people on behalf of an established government agency against another country, is considered as war, not terrorism. 4. If destruction of people or property is undertaken by or on behalf of an established government on its own territory, it is considered...
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...health policies are being enacted to educate Americans about healthy eating patterns in hopes of absolving the obesity epidemic, but those at highest risk have low-income and may be unable to comply. According to the United States Department of Agriculture’s research, approximately one in seven Americans in 2013 struggled with food insecurity; slightly less, at a rate of one out of ten, are households with children (Coleman-Jensen, Gregory, and Singh). At this moment there are Americans experiencing the difficulty of an unwarranted fast or eating under their caloric requirements due to a shortage of resources. The least expensive foods available tend to be high in calories, salts, sugar, and fat (Drewnowski, Specter SE). A change in mindset may be needed to direct people to more healthy food choices but their resources may not cover the costs to purchase them. Food pantries make healthy food options available which helps to lessen this health disparity. Multiple issues are being addressed as the government seeks to guide Americans to a healthier way of life (McCary). Many new health policies have already infiltrated our lives, such as new school lunch regulations, taxes on sugared beverages, and MyPlate. Shortly our nutritional food labels will be replaced. "Calories from fat" will no longer be labeled, however "added sugars" will now be required on the label (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, USDA). Both changes reflect recent breakthroughs in knowledge about...
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...Within the prison system there are various key issues that surrounded the operations of the daily activities as well as the administration of the judicial system. Some of these key such as prison violence, prison rape and the drug policy issues are negative and does affect the prison. On the issue of prison violence, over the years, prison violence has been on the rise. This has causes major changes within the prions system, such as implementing strategies to control the prisoners and their criminal behaviors. Prison rape also has continues to rise. This issue has been will probably continue to exist. This is because the prison officials have yet to be able to control this kind of activity. Another issue that has been affects the prison system is the sentencing that are being handed out for drug charges. This has cause the prisons to be overcrowded. Prison Violence on the Rise Prison violence is on the rise, many prison conditions are a recipe for violence, by being overcrowded, understaffed, insufficient staff training, excessive solitary confinement, insecure facilities, mistreatment of mentally ill inmates, policies that weaken family ties, a culture of disrespect between staff and prisoners, and little accountability for wardens. These facilities are causing concern not only for inmates but, for those employed to supervise the convicted offenders. Inmate population continue to grow, staffing levels in most facilities either have stopped or decreased. Violence has increased...
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...UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK ------------------------------------- x UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, : : -v: : RAJAT K. GUPTA, : : Defendant. : ------------------------------------- x JED S. RAKOFF, U.S.D.J. 11 Cr. 907 (JSR) SENTENCING MEMORANDUM AND ORDER The Court is called upon to impose sentence on Rajat K. Gupta, who on June 15, 2012, was found guilty by a jury of one count of conspiracy and three counts of substantive securities fraud, in connection with providing material non-public information to Raj Rajaratnam. Federal law requires a court to state, not only orally but in writing, its reasons for imposing a sentence “different from” a Guidelines sentence. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2). See also United States v. Rattoballi, 452 F.3d 127, 128-29 (2d Cir. 2006). This will be a non-guidelines sentence, and, accordingly, the Court will both read this Sentencing Memorandum in open court and docket it promptly thereafter. Imposing a sentence on a fellow human being is a formidable responsibility. It requires a court to consider, with great care and The notion that sensitivity, a large complex of facts and factors. this complicated analysis, and moral responsibility, can be reduced to the mechanical adding-up of a small set of numbers artificially assigned to a few arbitrarily-selected variables wars with common sense. Whereas apples and oranges may have but a few salient qualities, human beings in their interactions with society are...
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...racism plays in the criminal justice system we must, first, look at the role that it plays before the criminal reaches the day of sentencing in the court. There are various publications that speak on profiling and actuarial methods which unwillingly get people into the system. Though these are two major components of the discriminatory acts that exist within the criminal justice system, it does not actually begin with these institutionalized methods. It is the laws and crime control policies that create discrimination in the system. It has been witnessed that in some instances these laws and policies are set in favor of the white people and in opposition to the black ones. In this paper, a detailed discussion has been done on the racial disparities in criminal justice system along with its adverse effects to the community. Moreover, this paper also contains the strategies that would help to avoid racism and maintain equality and righteousness. What is meant by Racism and Prejudice? When racial...
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...Yolanda Johnson HCA-255 February 21st, 2014 Prof: Deborah Conway Health Reform Why the Clinton Health Reform Plan never passed in the 1990”s Possibly the Clinton organization's utmost error was unwarranted determination. The strategy struggled instantaneously to protect worldwide insurance coverage, controlling the isolated coverage market, changing health care funding through a company requirement, regulate prices to planes imposed by a nationwide health panel, and change the provision system through managed care. In the least any one of these ideas alone was going to be difficult to achieve, and even though there is a practical validation for taking all of them on at one time, it would prove to be an administrative double-crossing task. Without a doubt, each element of the Clinton plan stimulated conflict (Joanathan Oberlander, 2007). The National Federation of Independent Business strongly was against the business obligation. The Health Insurance Association of America struggled against coverage guidelines and federally enforced price controls. Congressional Republicans criticized the whole design, including the health agreements, as being too much “big government.” The organization's hold on to the proficient opposition of health care system change separate well-insured, middle-class Americans (Joanathan Oberlander, 2007). The Clinton organization both overestimated the opposition and misjudged the support for reform. The organization did not organize any planned constituency...
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...Reardon v. U.S. 947 F.2d 1509 C.A.1 (Mass.),1991. Heard May 8, 1991. (Approx. 19 pages) [pic] Lien on real property created by CERCLA when Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determines that property owners may be liable for cleanup costs amounts to deprivation of a significant property interest within meaning of the due process clause. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, § 107(l ), as amended, 42 U.S.C.A. § 9607(l ); U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 5. Absence of notice and hearing may be justified by exigent circumstances. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 5. 92k251.5 k. Procedural Due Process in General. Most Cited Cases Constitution allows the process due to be tailored to fit realities of the situation. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 5. *1510 Lynn Wright, with whom Robin F. Price and Edwards and Angell, New York City, were on supplemental brief, for plaintiffs, appellants. George W. Van Cleve, Deputy Asst. Atty. Gen., with whom Barry Hartman, Asst. Atty. Gen., Washington, D.C., Wayne A. Budd, U.S. Atty., George B. Henderson, II, Asst. U.S. Atty., Boston, Mass., Stephen L. Samuels, Steve C. Gold, Jacques B. Gelin, Attys., Dept. of Justice, Charles Openschowski, Office of Gen. Counsel, E.P.A. and Luis Rodriguez, Asst. Regional Counsel, E.P.A., Washington, D.C., were on supplemental brief, for defendants, appellees. OPINION EN BANC TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge. After removing hazardous substances from property belonging to the Reardons, EPA filed...
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...The Muslim World and its Problems in the 21st Century The Prospects of Muslim Renaissance Problems of the Muslim world in 21st century and Prospects of Muslim renaissance In the twenty first century the Muslim world is passing through a very challenging and crucial situation. We will face countless problems in the near future and we have to fight for our survival. There are multidimensional external attacks as well as internal challenges in the Muslim world. The Muslim world is under cultural raid and very fatal conspiracies. In order to know about the problems of the Muslims, it is necessary to look briefly at some of the aspects of physical and demographic profile of the Muslim world Area and population of Muslim world The Muslim world represents one fifth of the humanity occupying a global land mass spreading over 57 countries. It represents 23% of world population. The birth rate in Muslim world is 3.4%. about 80% of Muslim population is living in Muslim countries and the rest in the non-Muslim countries. DEFENSE The Muslim world is very weak as far as their defense is concerned due to low literacy rate and short of science and technology. In this case they cannot compete with the western world. Most of the Muslim countries look to the west for their defense. Total army of the Muslim world is 67 lacks. Although the Muslim world spends almost 76 billion dollars...
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...Criminal Justice System In the United States Abstract: This research paper explores some problems faced within the criminal system justice in the United States. Larry J. Siegel’s book “Criminology” gives us a history of the criminal justice system, how it operates, and some of the problems we experience with this system. Some of the problems detailed in this paper include the right to equal justice; which he explained the different kind of judgment that people receive based on their race, gender and class, the criminal justice system spends more money on criminals instead of improving technology for the police apprehending them, the criminal justice system lacks of sentencing disparity, reliance on eyewitness and modern technology can lead to conviction of innocent citizen, and finally the rehabilitation model which is set up to educate criminals and eventually let them free because of the belief that they are changed people and have been rehabilitated. According to the definition from the text “Criminology”, the term criminal justice system refers to “the components of government charged with enforcing law, adjudicating criminals, and correcting criminal conduct” (Siegel, 2009, p. 558). According to Siegel, the criminal justice system is essentially “an instrument of social control: society considers some behaviors so dangerous and destructive that it either strictly controls their occurrence or outlaws them outright”...
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...Policy Making and Policy Implementation Public policy refers to the actions taken by government — its decisions that are intended to solve problems and improve the quality of life for its citizens. At the federal level, public policies are enacted to regulate industry and business, to protect citizens at home and abroad, to aid state and city governments and people such as the poor through funding programs, and to encourage social goals. A policy established and carried out by the government goes through several stages from inception to conclusion. These are agenda building, formulation, adoption, implementation, evaluation, and termination. 1. Agenda building Before a policy can be created, a problem must exist that is called to the attention of the government. Illegal immigration, for example, has been going on for many years, but it was not until the 1990s that enough people considered it such a serious problem that it required increased government action. Another example is crime. American society tolerates a certain level of crime; however, when crime rises dramatically or is perceived to be rising dramatically, it becomes an issue for policymakers to address. Specific events can place a problem on the agenda. The flooding of a town near a river raises the question of whether homes should be allowed to be built in a floodplain. New legislation on combating terrorism (the USA Patriot Act, for example) was a response to the attacks...
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