...Inflation is not a random increase in the general price level. Inflation means there is a sustained increase in the price level. The main causes of inflation are either excess aggregate demand (economic growth too fast) or cost push factors (supply side factors) . Economists divide the causes into three main categories. 1. Cost-push Inflation: Cost-push inflation occurs when the price level is pushed up by increases in the costs of production. If firms face higher costs, they will usually raise their prices to maintain their profit margins. Higher production costs led to a decrease in aggregate supply and an increase in the overall price level because the equilibrium point moved. There are a number of reasons for an increase in costs. 1) One is wages increasing more than labour productivity. This will increase labour costs. As labour costs form the highest proportion of total costs in many firms, such a rise can have a significant impact on the price level. It will also not be a one-off increase. The initial rise in the price level is likely to cause workers to press for even higher wages, leading to a wage-price spiral. The sharp rise in the price of imported oil during the 1970s provides a typical example of cost-push inflation. Rising energy prices caused the cost of producing and transporting goods to rise. Higher production costs led to a decrease in aggregate supply and an increase in the overall price level because the equilibrium point moved 2) Another important...
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...Domestic 4 Causes of Inflation 5 Figure 1-The Oil Price and Inflation 5 The Effects of Inflation 7 A Comparison of Regional and Global Inflation Rates 8 Table 1-Annual Inflation Rates-Selected Caribbean Countries 8 Table 2-GDP per capita- Selected Caribbean Countries 8 Table 3-Annual Inflation Rates-Developed Countries 8 Inflationary Trends and Analysis 9 Figure 2- The Last Decade 9 Figure 3- Inflation and Unemployment 9 Conclusion 10 Recommendations 10 Executive Summary Analysing the domestic inflation rate, it was found that the main driver of inflation was food prices. Rising global food prices is expected to continue to put upward pressure on local food prices and subsequently the headline inflation rate in Trinidad and Tobago. While this is a global phenomenon, developing countries are expected to be impacted harder than that of the developed nations. This is due to lower incomes as well as less developed and efficient market systems. Food accounts for a substantial portion of imports in Trinidad and Tobago therefore making us highly susceptible to imported inflation. To limit the impact of imported inflation, local agriculture and manufacturing sectors need to expand. Another contributor to the inflation rate was the average annual oil price for the corresponding year. These two variables possessed a strong positive correlation. Energy prices affect transportation and production and when they increase, the cost of final products increase. Inflation was found...
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...and Inflation and to see if the Phillips curve relationship is correct. In doing so I will study the causes and effects of inflation and unemployment along with inflation and unemployment figures from the last few years. Inflation is usually defined as a sustained increase in the general price level. We measure it as the annual percentage increase in prices. There are generally two types of inflation- Cost push and Demand pull. Demand pull Inflation occurs when there is to much spending in the economy. When consumers wish to spend money on goods and services increases faster than the supply of goods and services, or when demand exceeds supply, then prices are pulled upwards. The increase in demand causes it to shift outwards but because supply cannot keep up with demand prices go up as well. This is shown in the diagram below: For this type of inflation to occur people in general need to have a lot of money if there demand for general spending is high. Therefore this type of inflation generally occurs when there is a low unemployment rate for the majority of people must have some sort of income. Cost push inflation happens when firms costs go up. To maintain their profit margins, firms then need to put their prices up. In other words cost increases have pushed inflation up. Cost-push inflation may happen for various reasons. Wage increases - wages are a major proportion of costs for many firms and so if wages are increasing, this may well cause cost-push inflation. Government...
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...Why Inflation Is Considered a Bad Thing LaQuan Howell Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Abstract Economist for a long time have argued about the causes and implications of inflation. This research aims at identifying the various negative implications that inflation causes. The research indicated that inflation causes negative effects like increase in prices of goods and services, interrupted purchasing power of consumers, and slow economic growth. Introduction Inflation is defined as the decrease in the value of money. It is the continued increase in the level of prices for products and services especially over a short duration of time. This means that the value of a currency does not stay constant during period of inflation, and the purchasing power of consumers’ declines. Thus, whatever consumers earn, will buy less of a good or service. When inflation increases it results to an increase in the prices of commodities, and this may bring about employees demanding an increase in wages. This normally translates to a decrease in profit for the company. Consumers will have less amount of money to use; this could translate to a decrease in company sales. Disadvantages of inflation Inflation is usually considered to be an issue when the rate rises above two percent. The higher the rate of inflation is, the more the problems it causes. Inflation affects the menu costs of goods and services. Menu...
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...DETERMINATION MACROECON OMICS VARIAB LES AN D S TOCK RETU RN : A CAS E OF F IN AN CE S E CTOR AN D TRAD IN G & S ERVICE S E CTOR IN MALAYS IA P a u lin e Ch ee Ba ch elor of F in a n ce (H on ou r s) 2010 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Stock market is a place for listed companies to raise capital .Companies can use the capital for continuing operating activities and expand business. However, the investors are explained to get a positive return from dividend and capital gain in the stock market. Based on the history, the economic condition will influence stock market. For instances, Malaysia faced deflation during the Asian crisis in years 1997. It caused the KLCI index sharply reduced from 1207.43 to 470.43. It have been shown that the investors need to predict the stock prices based on the macro factors to get an abnormal return from stock market There were a lot of researches to study the relationship between macroeconomics variables and stock returns. It is important to study the interaction of macroeconomics factor and stock return. Based on the study, the public can identify which factors can influence the stock market and use the knowledge to predict movement of stock price. According to Wongbangpo & Sharma (2002), the research can reveal the functions of stock market in identify the change in economic condition and also can predict the future performance of stock market. Besides, the study will be useful for the stock market participators...
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...University of Dhaka A Report on “Inflation: Perspective Bangladesh” Date of Submission: May 26, 2011 A Report on “Inflation: Perspective Bangladesh” Course no. & name: F-203-Macroeconomics Submitted to: Mohammad Salahuddin Chowdhury Lecturer Department of Finance University of Dhaka Submitted by: Group: Morning Stars Sec-B BBA 16th batch Dept. of Finance University of Dhaka Date of Submission: May 26, 2011 Group members are Name | Roll | K. M. Najmus Sakib | 16-020 | Mobasheera Tasnim | 16-052 | Md. Kamrul Islam | 16-090 | Rajib Kumar Deb | 16-106 | Shaykha Sultana | 16-160 | Md. Shamsul Alam | 16-172 | Letter of Transmittal May 26, 2011 Mohammad Salahuddin Chowdhury Lecturer Department of Finance University of Dhaka Subject: Submission of a report on “Inflation: Perspective Bangladesh” Dear Sir, We are presenting a report on “Inflation: Perspective Bangladesh”. In this report we have included various methodologies to explain the current scenario of inflation in Bangladesh. In making the study, we had to take help from the various sources of internet, different institutes and class lectures of our course teacher. We are grateful to them for extending generous help. We acknowledge the contribution of our course teacher heartily. We have tried to use our academic knowledge in real life. We are pleased to be granted this vital opportunity and grateful for your versatile assistance. We hope that our work...
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...| Inflation behavior in financial crisis. | | | MAY 4, 2011 INDEX INTRODUCTION | 3 | TYPES OF INFLATION | 4 | * MODERATE INFLATION | 4 | * RUNAWAY INFLATION | 4 | * HYPERINFLATION | 4 | INFLATION CAUSES | 4 | * DEMAND PULL INFLATION | 5 | * COST PUSH INFLATION | 5 | * BUILD-IN INFLATION | 5 | * FORMULA | 5 | INFLATION EFFECTS | 6 | * EXPECTED INFLATION | 6 | * UNEXPECTED INFLATION | 6 | HOW TO STOP INFLATION? | 7 | INFLATION IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES | 8 | * GERMANY | 8 | * FRANCE | 9 | * MEXICO | 10 | * USA | 11 | * GREECE | 12 | CONCLUSION | 13 | REFERENCES | 14 | INTRODUCTION The main objective of this paper is to explain the behavior and the effects of the inflation from the financial crisis in several countries talking about inflation and the causes and effects and later comparing different significant countries. The economic crisis from 2008 to 2011 is known as the world economic crisis that began that year, originates in the United States. Among the main factors causing the crisis would be high raw material prices, the overvaluation of the products, a global food and energy crisis, high world inflation and global threat of a worldwide recession, also a credit, and trust and mortgage crises on the markets. The root cause of all crises according to Austrian business cycle theory is an artificial expansion of credit. The origin of the crisis comes from the strong expansion...
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...understandable to think inflation (price increases within a country – indicating the dollar has weakened in purchasing power for domestic goods purchases) would lead to depreciation – weakening of the dollar against other currencies. The logic of this common misunderstanding is not too complex; if the dollar has weakened for a foreign import, say a $20,000 car, why shouldn’t we expect the foreign company to charge more dollars for the same good, thus indicating depreciation has occurred for the American currency? The reality is quite different and in many ways the opposite of this simplified story. Let’s say both the imported and domestic cars start at $20,000. Then there is inflation in the U.S. and the price of domestic cars, once US automakers include inflation, increases to $23,000. The imported car is still $20,000. This tends to cause U.S. buyers to switch to the 20,000 dollar import over the 23,000 equivalent domestic car, increasing the foreign firms’ market share in the U.S. It can be worth it for the foreign central bank to buy foreign reserves to maintain this favorable exchange rate. Citing research by economists Richard Clarita of Columbia University and Daniel Waldman of Barclays Capital, Nobel Laureate (Nobel Prize Winner in Economics) and international finance expert Princeton’s Paul Krugman reports that the Clarida-Waldman study confirms that inflation leads to appreciation, and the effect is stronger for core inflation (excluding food and energy)...
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...Causes of Inflation: Historically, a great deal of economic literature was concerned with the question of what causes inflation and what effect it has. There were different schools of thought as to the causes of inflation. Most can be divided into two broad areas: quality theories of inflation and quantity theories of inflation. The causes of inflation are as follows: 1. Demand-Pull Effect: Demand-pull inflation is caused by increases in aggregate demand due to increased private and government spending, etc. Demand inflation encourages economic growth since the excess demand and favourable market conditions will stimulate investment and expansion. 2. Cost-push effect: Cost-push inflation, also called "supply shock inflation," is caused by a drop in aggregate supply. This may be due to natural disasters, or increased prices of inputs. For example, a sudden decrease in the supply of oil, leading to increased oil prices, can cause cost-push inflation. Producers for whom oil is a part of their costs could then pass this on to consumers in the form of increased prices. Another example stems from unexpectedly high Insured losses, either legitimate or fraudulent. Cost-push inflation can be caused by many factors. The factors are as follows: * Rising Wages * Import Prices * Raw Materials Prices * Profit Push Inflation * Declining Productivity * Higher Taxes 3. The Money Supply: Inflation is primarily caused by an increase in the money supply that outpaces economic...
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...Vipul arora(13117076) Shakti rana(13117064) DEFINITION of 'Inflation' Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and, consequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling. Central banks attempt to limit inflation, and avoid deflation, in order to keep the economy running smoothly. BREAKING DOWN 'Inflation' As a result of inflation, the purchasing power of a unit of currency falls. For example, if the inflation rate is 2%, then a pack of gum that costs $1 in a given year will cost $1.02 the next year. As goods and services require more money to purchase, the implicit value of that money falls. Monetarism theorizes that inflation is related to the money supply of an economy. For example, following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires, massive amounts of gold and especially silver flowed into the Spanish and other European economies. Since the money supply had rapidly increased, prices spiked and the value of money fell, contributing to economic collapse What Causes Inflation? We can define inflation with relative ease, but the question of what causes inflation is significantly more complex. Although numerous theories exist, arguably the two most influential schools of thought on inflation are those of Keynesian and monetarist economics. ------------------------------------------------- Different Types of Inflation Inflation means a sustained increase in the general price level. However, this...
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...Macro Economics Assignment 3 1a. According to Nobel laurate Milton Friedman, “Inflation is an old, old disease. We have had thousands of years of experience of it. There is nothing simpler than stopping an inflation – from the technical point of view.” If inflation were a disease, then what is the cause of the disease? How do you cure the disease? What are the effects of this disease? Please watch the following videos by Milton Friedman to answer the above questions. Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and, consequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling. Central banks attempt to limit inflation, and avoid deflation, in order to keep the economy running smoothly. As a result of inflation, the purchasing power of a unit of currency falls. Milton Friedman termed it as a dangerous and fatal disease which if allowed to spread unchecked can ultimately destroy the society. It occurs as a result of too much money in the market. The increase in the quantity of money more than the output brings about inflation. The causes of Inflation have been attributed to many things over the years such as greedy businessmen, Trade unions, Spendthrift consumers, etc. However that’s not the case. The main responsibility of inflation falls on the Government. According to Milton Friedman, the primary causes of inflation are as listed below: * Control of the Printing Press: The printing press is under the control of the Government...
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...expansion of the early universe, see Inflation (cosmology). For other uses, see Inflation (disambiguation). Economics 2011 World GDP (PPP) per capita by country 2012 World GDP (PPP) per capita by country Index Outline Category History Types Classification History of economics Economic history (academic study) Schools of economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Heterodox economics Methodology JEL classification codes Theory Techniques Econometrics Economic growth Economic system Experimental Mathematical Game theory National accounting By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Computational Cultural Demographic Development Ecological Education Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Geography Health Industrial organization Information International Labour Law Managerial Monetary / Financial Natural resource Personnel Public / Welfare economics Regional Rural Urban Welfare Lists Economists Publications (journals) Portal icon Business and economics portal v t e In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.[1] When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy.[2][3] A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change...
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...DEFINE INFLATION. EXPLAIN VARIOUS CAUSES FOR INFLATION IN PAKISTAN (a) DEMAND SIDE (b) SUPPLY SIDE INTODUCTION: Moderate inflation is associated with economic growth, while high inflation can signal an overheated economy. As an economy grows, business and consumers spend more money on goods and services. In the growth stage of an economic cycle, demand typically outstrips the supply of goods, and producers can raise their prices. As a result, the rate of inflation increases. If economic growth accelerates very rapidly, demand grows even faster and producers raise prices continually. An upward price spiral, sometimes called “runway inflation” or “hyperinflation”, can result. The inflation syndrome is sometimes described as “too many dollars chasing too few goods:” in other words, as spending outpaces the production of goods and services, the supply of dollars in an economy exceeds the amount needed for financial transactions. The result is that the purchasing power of a dollar declines. In general, when economic growth begins to slow, demand eases and the supply of goods relative to demand. At this point, the rate of inflation usually drops. Such a period of falling is known as disinflation. DEFINITION: True inflation begins when the elasticity of supply of output in response to increase in money supply has fallen to zero or when output is unresponsive to changes in money supply. When there exists a state of full unemployment, the conditions will be clearly inflationary...
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...Management Department Assignment Cyclical Effects of Inflation in the Economy of Bangladesh Course Name:- Micro Economics Course Number:- 1208 Submitted To Mr. Shah Redwan Chowdhury Assistant Professor Management Studies Jagannath University Submitted By Amity (Group-07) (114922-114940) 6th Batch, Sec:-B Management Studies Jagannath University Sl/No | Name | Roll | Status | 01 | Abul Hasan Emon | 114922 | Absent | 02 | Ashif Manowar Oli | 114924 | Present | 03 | Fatema Tuz Zohora | 114926 | Present | 04 | Tanvin Haque Mitara | 114928 | Present | 05 | Md. Rafiqul Islam | 114930 | Present | 06 | Khandaker Arif Hossain | 114932 | Absent | 07 | Touhidur Rahman Al-Baky | 114934 | Present | 08 | Rajib Sarker | 114936 | Absent | 09 | Bidyut Dey | 114938 | Present | 10 | Md. Farhad Hossain | 114940 | Present | Acknowledgement:- We have taken efforts in this assignment. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them. We are highly indebted to Mr. Shah Redwan Chowdhury Sir for his guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the assignment & also for his support in completing the project. We would...
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...| |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |UNIT NO | | |DM4X 10 | | | | | |UNIT TITLE | | |OUTCOME 2 | | |THE UK ECONOMY | | | | | ...
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