...6: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Significance testing is used to help make a judgment about a claim by addressing the question, Can the observed difference be attributed to chance? We break up significance testing into three (or four) steps: Step A: Null and alternative hypotheses The first step of hypothesis testing is to convert the research question into null and alterative hypotheses. We start with the null hypothesis (H0). The null hypothesis is a claim of “no difference.” The opposing hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis (H1). The alternative hypothesis is a claim of “a difference in the population,” and is the hypothesis the researcher often hopes to bolster. It is important to keep in mind that the null and alternative hypotheses reference population values, and not observed statistics. Step B: Test statistic We calculate a test statistic from the data. There are different types of test statistics. This chapter introduces the one-sample z-statistics. The z statistic will compare the observed sample mean to an expected population mean μ0. Large test statistics indicate data are far from expected, providing evidence against the null hypothesis and in favor of the alternative hypothesis. Step C: p Value and conclusion The test statistic is converted to a conditional probability called a P-value. The P- value answers the question “If the null hypothesis were true, what is the probability of observing the current data or data that is more extreme?” Small p values...
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...THE ADVERSITY QUOTIENT AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS AT ST. JOSEPH’SCOLLEGE, QUEZON CITY An undergraduate thesis Presented to the Faculty of The Departments of Arts and Sciences St. Joseph’s College Quezon City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Psychology By: ZHOU HUIJUAN March, 2009 RECOMMENDATION This Thesis entitled The Adversity Quotient and Academic Performance among College Students at St. Joseph’s College, Quezon City. Submitted by Zhou, Huijuan has been examined and found satisfactory and is hereby recommended for ORAL DEFENSE. Ms. Mildred L. Lazo Thesis Adviser APPROVAL SHEET In Partial fulfillment of the requirements fro the degree of Bachelor of Science in Psychology, this thesis entitled “The Adversity Quotient and Academic Performance among College Students at St. Joseph’s College, Quezon City” was prepared and submitted to the College of Arts and Science by Zhou, Huijuan. Approved by the committee on Oral Defense on March 8, 2009 with a grade of passed. Mrs. Nelia G. Prieto Chair, Liberal Arts Ms. Mildred Lazo Panel Member Mr. Francisco Lambojon Panel Member Accepted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Sciences Major in Psychology. Sr. Josephini P. Ambatali, SFIC Dean Acknowledgement This work would not have been possible without the presence and contribution of many valued individuals. Through this limited paper, I wish to express my endless, sincerest and eternal...
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...Methodology This study considers the academic performance at Cambridge of undergraduates educated at UK schools and colleges. Their academic performance is judged by their results in their last examinations classed on a First/II.1/II.2/Third basis. In most cases this is in their final year, but in the case of a small number of subjects, for instance Engineering, where the final year is classed on Distinction/Merit/Pass basis results in the penultimate year are used. UK maintained sector schools and colleges are divided into three categories: grammar (academically selective); comprehensive; and other state (mainly sixth form and tertiary colleges). Further subdivision of the other state category results in samples too small to be of statistical significance. This study analyses results obtained by...
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...with data entry, or other items not addressed in this guide, please try using the SPSS help that comes with the program (when in SPSS, go under the “help” tab and click on “topics”; you may be surprised at how “user friendly” SPSS help really is). At the end of this document is a guide to assist you in picking the most appropriate statistical test for your data. Note: No test should be conducted without FIRST doing exploratory data analysis and confirming that the statistical analysis would yield valid results. Please do thorough exploratory data analysis, to check for outliers, missing data, coding errors, etc. Remember: Garbage in, garbage out! A note about statistical significance (what it means/does not mean). Most everyone appreciates a “refresher” on this topic. Statistical Significance: An observed effect that is large enough we do not think we got it on accident (that is, we do not think that the result we got was due to chance alone). How do we decide if something is statistically significant? If H0 is true, the p-value (probability...
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...through the M&M® project link in the weekly course content. Answer Here n1 = 4179, n2 = 4179, x1 = 588, x2 = 521 Therefore, pred = x1/n1 = 588/4179 = 0.140703518 Pbrown = x2/n2 = 521/4179 = 0.124670974 The null hypothesis tested is H0: There is no significant difference in the proportions of red and brown candies. (pred = pbrown). The alternative hypothesis is H1: There is significant difference in the proportions of red and brown candies. (pred ≠ pbrown) The Test Statistic used is where = 0.132687246 Therefore, = 2.160335305 Rejection criteria: Reject the null hypothesis, if the observed significance (p-value) is less than the significance level 0.05. P-value = P (> 2.160335305) = 0.030746722 Conclusion: Reject the null hypothesis, since the observed significance (p-value) is less than the significance level 0.05. The sample provides enough evidence to support the claim that there is significant difference in the proportions of red and brown candies. Details Z Test for Differences...
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...The results indicate a statistically significant difference, F(2,27) = 33.76, p = .03, among the students not participating in extracurricular activities (M =70.10, SD = 6.44), students participating in some activities (M = 81.00, SD = 5.21), and Brand Z (M = 60.90, SD = 4.63). The LSD (Fisher=s LSD), S-N-K (Student – Neuman-Keuls), Tukey (Tukey=s HSD), and Scheffe post hoc tests indicated that all the amount of extracurricular activity has a statistically significant impact on academic achievement. The results indicate a statistically significant difference, F(2,27) = 33.76, p = .03, among the students not participating in extracurricular activities (M =70.10, SD = 6.44), students participating in some activities (M = 81.00, SD = 5.21), and Brand Z (M = 60.90, SD = 4.63). The LSD (Fisher=s LSD), S-N-K (Student – Neuman-Keuls), Tukey (Tukey=s HSD), and Scheffe post hoc tests indicated that all the amount of extracurricular activity has a statistically significant impact on academic achievement. | | The results of the one-way ANOVA indicate a statistically significant difference among the three levels of extracurricular activity, F(2,27) = 33.756, p = .000. Post hoc tests showed that subjects who participated in some activities (M = 81.00, SD = 5.21) have statistically significantly higher final exam scores than subjects who did not particpate in extracurricular activities (M = 70.10, SD = 6.44) and subjects who participated in many activities (M = 60.90, SD = 4.63)...
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...FACTORY OVERHEAD The definition for overhead is easy. Here it is…… If a cost is not direct labor or direct materials, the cost is overhead. In other words, overhead is a multitude of different costs including indirect labor and indirect materials. Here are a few of many examples: electricity, property taxes, advertising, accounting, janitors, cleaning supplies, distribution costs, legal fees, interest, inspectors, human resources department, etc, etc, etc. Life would be too easy if it were just that simple. There is one wrinkle. There is a distinction between between overhead and manufacturing overhead. Factory Overhead is not a financial statement account It is a “suspense account” for capturing and reallocating overhead costs Factory Overhead is debited for actual overhead costs incurred Factory Overhead is credited to allocate overhead to production Regression Analysis Interpretation of output summary The regression model like that, Here, Y= Cost of production A= Constant b1,b2 &b3= Regression coefficient X1= Direct Materials X2 = Direct Labor X3= Factory overhead From the co-efficient table, the values of a, b1,b2& b3 are found out & the regression model can be written as follows: Y= a+b1x1+b2x2+b3x3 = -6537089.828+.248×1+38.489×2+12.326×3 This equation indicates that if taka of direct materials increases by 1taka, the cost production will increases by .248 taka and other things remain constant. Again, if taka of direct labor increases...
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...Psych Stats Exam 4 Study Guide 1) One way ANOVA is the appropriate statistical test when there is one nominal independent variable with at least 3 levels; one sacle DV, and either between groups or within groups design 2) One way ANOVA Null Hypothesis: No differences between population means. µ1=µ2=µ3 Alternative Hypothesis: At least one pop mean is different from at least one other pop mean. (Can’t use symbols) 3) Numerator of the F statistic measures between groups variance (MSbetween) 4) Denominator of the F statistic measures within groups variance (MSwithin) 6) A priori test: planned ahead of time, before you collect data decide on test, based on reasoning Post hoc: choose after you look at data; based on data, choose groups you want to compare; usually harder to find significant difference with a post hoc test than an a priori test 7) Tukey HSD tells you which group is significantly different from the others. 8) Effect size (R2) tells you proportion of variance in the DV that is accounted for by the IV Small: 0.01 Medium: 0.06 Large: 0.14 9) Repeated measures ANOVA is appropriate when you have a within groups design with one IV. 10) In repeated measures ANOVA, can’t calculate SSwithin directly, need to calculate SSsubjects and then subtract SSbetween and SSsubjects from SStotal to find SSwithin. Makes SSwithin smaller. 11) MSwithin will be smaller because take out variability due to subjects. Means F-value will be bigger...
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...PSY/315 March 18, 2013 Chapter 7 14.) Evolutionary theory often emphasizes that human have adapted to their physical environment. One such theory hypothesizes that people should spontaneously follow a 24-hour cycle of sleeping and waking-even though they are not exposed to the usual pattern of sunlight. To test this notion, eight paid volunteers were placed (individually) in a room in which there were no light from outside and no clocks or other indications of time. They could turn the lights on and off is they wish. After a month in the room, each individual tended to develop a study cycle. Their cycles at the end of the study were as follows: 25, 27, 25, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 25. Using the 0 .5 level of significance, what should we conclude about the theory that 24 hours is the natural cycle? (That is, does the average cycling under these conditions differ significantly from 24-hour?) (a) Use the steps of hypothesis testing. (b) Sketch the distributions involved, (c) explain yourself to someone who has never had a course in statistics. (a) Steps of hypothesis testing 1. Restate the question as a research hypothesis and a null hypothesis about the populations. There are two populations Population 1: people who are given the experimental test for 24 hours is the natural cycle. Population 2: people who are given the experimental test in less than 24 hours is the natural cycle. The null hypothesis: µ = 24 The alternative hypothesis: µ ≠ 24 2. Define the...
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...The study aimed to determine the distance of travel and academic performance of BSBA students. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the personal profile of the respondent as to: 1. age 2. gender 3. parent’s occupation 4. ordinal position 2. What are the levels of the academic performance of the students as to their general point average? 3. Is there a significant relationship between the academic performance and personal profile of the respondents? 4. Is there a significant difference between the academic performance of the respondents who are long and short commuters? The following null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 levels of significance: 1. There is no significant relationship between the academic performance and personal profile of the respondents. 2. There is no significant difference between the academic performance of the respondents who are long and short commuters. This study used sixty respondents which are divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 30 respondents who are long commuters and the other group has 30 respondents who are short commuters. To measure their academic performance, the researchers acquired the respondents 1st semester General Point Average. The researchers used the descriptive-comparative research design, and made used of the availability sampling technique. Availability sampling is a method of choosing subjects who...
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...Case study C1. Oxfam Introduction: Oxfam, name formally adopt in 1965 after is abbreviation of its telegraph address, originally known as Oxford Committee for the Famine Relief. It was created in England in 1942 like many others to help during World War II. After the war Oxfam saw the need to continue helping Europe with famine and the poor, unlike others which cease to operate after the war, latter it also expanded its horizon to the rest of the world. Mission: Oxfam’s programs address the structural causes of poverty and related injustice and work primarily through local accountable organizations, seeking to enhance their effectiveness. We aim to help people directly where local capacity is insufficient or inappropriate for Oxfam’s purposes, and to assist in the development of structures which directly benefit people facing the realities of poverty and injustice Oxfam believes that poverty and powerlessness are avoidable and can be eliminated by human action and political will. The right to a sustainable livelihood, and the right and capacity to participate in societies and make positive changes to people's lives are basic human needs and rights which can be met. Oxfam believes that peace and substantial arms reduction are essential conditions for development and that inequalities can be significantly reduced both between rich and poor nations and within nations. The success of it’s grow was mainly due to many dedicated volunteers and donors who continued...
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...to compare the mean price of 1-DAM with the expert’s manufacturer statement; to investigate wheather there is a significant difference in mean prices of 1-DAM in different distribution channels; to investigate whether the mean prices of 1-DAM are significally different in various regions of Russia; Analytical Tools and Techniques: SPSS software program was used to descript statistics and to test the hypotheses by employing several kinds of statistical tests. General conclusions: at 5% level of significance we don’t have enough reasons (data) to reject the claim of the manufacturer (Johnson&Johnson), that the mean price of 1-DAM is equal to 1190 rubles; at 5% level of significance we conclude, that the mean prices of 1-DAM in retail and in internet are not equal and the difference is significant. Consequently, planning the pricing policy of 1-DAM it is recommended to use different pricing models for different channels; at 5% level of significance there is no significant difference in the mean prices of 1-DAM in different Russian regions. Consequently, same (equal) price of 1-DAM can be established for all Russian regions; for the requester of this analysis (company “Ochkarik”) it is not recommended to be guided only by this analysis, planning the pricing policy of 1-DAM, due to low explanatory power of the analysis, that can be improved by more comprehensive selection; Part I. Data Analysis. 1.1. Original Data. To carry out the...
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...Is that Drink going to get the Job Done? Current research in the field of sports medicine may have found a critical solution to pushing your body to its limits and getting an edge on your competition. Researchers from the “University of Birmingham and Manchester Metropolitan University report in the Journal of Physiology that sugary energy drinks activate reward and pleasure regions in the brain, a boost that can translate to better performance”(Park 1). This report has started to make Sports Medicine research weather rinsing a sugar energy drink really makes a difference in the body. In the 2004 case study, Ed Chambers who co-authored the study took volunteers to do a 60 minute workout or less. He gave one group a sugar-based energy drink and told them to do their regular workout. Then the second group was given an artificial sweetened drink and told to do the same workout. Then a third group was given the same solutions and put through an MRI scanner to see if their brains had similar reactions. In this case study they didn’t act the same. The ones who had the energy drink, their brains had reactions in the pleasure part of their brains which means those who had the sugar based drinks pushed harder because their brain had activity in the reward portion. Those who had the energy drink “were able to complete a physical-training session 2% faster than those who got artificially sweetened drinks, and improved their mean power output as well”(Park 1). The research proved that energy...
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...Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 69 (2012) 1314 – 1323 International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology (ICEEPSY 2012) Spiritual well-being of INSTED, Relationship with College Adjustment Norwati Mansora, Nur Syahidah Khalidb a b Institute of Education, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Institute of Education, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract This study attempts to discover spiritual well-being of INSTED, IIUM students and its relationship between spiritual well-being and college adjustment among them. It tries to determine whether spiritual well being is related to his college adjustment in order to attain good academic achievement. This study employed quantitave method. Sample were derived from three fields of study in Insitute of Education IIUM namely; Guidance and counseling, Teacher English as a second Language and Islamic Education The researcher used descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and ANOVA to analyzed the data.The findings of this study will benefit parents, counselors, teachers and policy maker. © 2012 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2012 Published by Elsevier under responsibility of Dr. Zafer Bekirogullari ofof Dr. Zafer – Counselling, Research &Counselling, Selection and peer-review Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility Cognitive Bekirogullari...
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...[pic] A STATISTICAL RESEARCH PAPER Submitted to Mr. Marcelo C. Mendoza In partial Fulfillment to the requirements In Math 22 Submitted by GROUP: PLUS ONE Leader: MARK ANTHONY QUIJANO Co-Leader: ROBERT SANTOS Analyzer: MICHAEL CATABRAN The Race for 2010 Presidential Election Rationale: As we approach the May 2010 election. Our group conducted a quick survey to test the Filipinos’ maturity and integrity in choosing their candidates in our democratic institution. Thus, this project will try to determine the bet of some of our fellow countrymen for the presidential race in the May 2010 election. Statement of the Problem: The aim of this first term statistical research project is to find out who is JRU students’ choice for president in 2010. Specifically, it will try to find the following: 1] The profile of the respondents according to a] gender b] age 2] JRU students’ choice for president 3] Male JRU students’ choice for president 4] Female JRU students’ choice for president 5] JRU students’ perception of their candidates’ chance of winning the presidency in the 2010 election 6] Male JRU students’ perception of their candidate’s chance of winning the presidency in the 2010 election 7] Female JRU students’ perception of their candidate’s chance of winning the presidency in the 2010 election 8] JRU students’ degree of optimism that their choice...
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