...RUNNING HEAD: The impact of antenna tilt to the performance of cellular network THE IMPACT OF ANTENNA TILT TO THE PERFORMANCE OF CELLULAR NETWORK: CASE STUDY MNT NIGERIA By [Student full name] [Course of study] [Institution of study] A dissertation is submitted for the degree of [name of course of study] [Level of study eg. IF 50 Doctor of philosophy] Principal supervisor: [Name of supervisor] Associate supervisor: [name of associate supervisor] Faculty of [faculty name e.g. science and technology] Name of collage [Queens university of technology] [Location eg. Brisbane, Austrialia] Date 1 RUNNING HEAD: The impact of antenna tilt to the performance of cellular network Acknowledgement I would like to extend my sincere thanks to those who has provided support towards my thesis writing and research. The study would have been much overwhelming and thesis topic more complicated, if it was not the guidance and support of the people First of all, my sincere thanks credit to the dedication of my academic supervisors, [name of the supervisors], for their useful inputs and discussions during the study. Secondly, am grateful to the support from the MTN Nigeria of the data provided during the study to make these research a success. Thanks also to my family for the support and understanding over the research period. Lastly, is my sincere gratitude to my fellow student writing thesis who have contributed immensely in the discussion for a deeper understanding of this topic...
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...Technology is ever changing in today’s world. Most people are accustomed to the traditional fixed line LAN, but there are others who are always on the go and would like to explore the possibility of cellular networks. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast several attributes of purely fixed line networks vs. having a purely cellular network. Fixed line networks have been and will continue to be a huge industry because the major players provide the backbone. For this reason alone, the company should not expect to pay outrageous prices for equipment. From a security standpoint, fixed line networks are less susceptible to wire sniffing attacks and more secure than cellular networks due to the fact that the hacker would have to gain access to the fixed line network rather than simply intercepting the transmission from a cellular network. While fixed line networks are considered the norm for most companies, they do have limitations. A company which adopts a purely fixed line network will not have the capability to send or receive data unless the user is physically inside the company. This would prove to be a major drawback to companies who have employees who travel to other cities to attend meetings, seminars, etc. Cellular networks are relatively new and are still developing. While employers can expect increased productivity due to employees being able to send and receive data at any time, one important drawback is the fact that the employees need to be in...
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...Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 8– No.12, October 2010 Handover management in GSM cellular system Jahangir khan School of computer science PAF-KIET, Pakistan Air Force Base korangi Creek Karachi 75190 Pakistan ABSTRACT Handover mechanism is extremely important in cellular network because of the cellular architecture employed to maximize spectrum utilization. Handover is the procedure that transfers an ongoing call from one cell to another as the user’s moves through the coverage area of cellular system. One way to improve the cellular network performance is to use efficient handover prioritization schemes when user is switching between the cells. In this paper I have presented an analytical framework that can enhance considerably the handover call mechanism in wireless network. Some advance schemes namely, guard channels, call admission control and handover queuing are discussed. All these of prioritiztaions schemes have a common characteristic reducing the call dropping probability at the expense of increased call blocking probability. Efficnet prioritiztaion scheme accomadetes a number of new calls while guaranates the quality of sevice(QOS) of hanover call. This idea is based on the neighbouring cells have an ovelapping (the area served by more than one cell) coverage area. Furthermore cell overlap and load balancing scheme is proposed to enhance the GSM cellular capacity using an overlapping coverage area. Capacity enhancement is achieved by balancing the...
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...NTRODUCTION Ufone GSM is a Pakistani GSM cellular service provider. It is one of six GSM Mobile companies in Pakistan and is a subsidiary of Pakistan Telecommunication Company. The company commenced its operations under the brand name of Ufone from Islamabad on January 29 2001. U fone expanded its coverage and has added new cities and highways to its coverage network. After the privatization of PTCL, U fone is now owned by Etisalat. PTML is a wholly owned subsidiary of PTCL. established to operate cellular telephony. The company commenced its operations, under the brand name of Ufone from Islamabad on January 29 2001. During the year, as a consequence of PTCL’s privatization, 26% of its shares were acquired by Emirates Telecommunication Corporation (Etisalat). Being part of PTCL, the management of Ufone has also been handed over to Etisalat. During the year July 2005 to June 2006, Ufone continued on the path to success. The Company further expanded its coverage and has added new cities and highways. Ufone has network coverage in more than 750 cities, towns and across all major highways of the country. During the year Ufone successfully completed the network expansion of Phase 4 in existing as well as in new cities and towns which amounted to more than US Dollar 170 million. As a result the asset base of the Company has increased from Rs. 20 billion to Rs. 27 billion. Future Plans Keeping in view the growth potential of the cellular industry there is no option but to be aggressive...
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...Cellular Debate Name Course Date Tutor Network Security Issues on Cellular Network One major advantage of Cellular network security is the ability of communication to be done “Wirelessly” (Xiao et al, 2007). This means that the signals do not follow a specific assigned signal path which may be destroyed by vandals or even by nature, as in case of copper conductors or other physical media such as fiber optic. In addition, data security is enhanced by used of packed switched data in which data is send in form of packets and at no particular order only to be reconstructed at the receiver which makes intercepting such messages cumbersome. In addition, user authentication allows only specific users registered to a specific cellular service provider to use their resources thus allow proper billing to be charged according to the usage of the network(Xiao et al, 2007). A security issue that arises from the use of the cellular networks is subscriber authentication. These systems consist of a large number of subscribers who need to be identified and verified before they can enjoy the services offered by the provider. If authentication is not properly done, then the network is vulnerable to misuse by subscribers not entitled to use the network leading to the service provider incurring losses. Confidentiality is another security issue that can be noted in cellular network (Ciampa, 2009). This is because the ‘air’ channel can be intercepted by malicious people and...
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...The pros and cons of a cellular network vs. a fixed line network. The pros of a cellular network include cost the phone companies charge more than what you'd pay for most alternatives, and some are taxed more as well. There are some locations where getting new wired phone service is expensive or even impossible. Long Distance and extra features like Call Waiting are normally included with alternative phones. More features on cellular and broadband phones normally include Long Distance, Voice Mail, Caller ID, Call Forwarding and more, usually at no additional charge. They also have Text Messaging and various forms of data service which are unavailable with a landline. Portability is another so if you move your home more than average your phone and your number can stay with you. There are no "installation" charges. Internet Access is another pro your wireless phone can also use with either with an internal browser or tethered to your computer, and available wherever there is cellular coverage. A few cons of the cellular network are safety if you need to call 911, public safety authorities won't automatically know where you are you'll have to tell them. Reliability is another wired telephone services have come as close to 100% reliable while cell networks aren’t and sometimes have bad signals. Their network has substantial power backup, redundant circuits and years to get it right. In an extended power outage, such as after a hurricane or snowstorm, the service may not work, leaving...
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...Fixed Line vs. Cellular Debate Fixed line networks were the standard up until cellular phones were introduced. Fixed lines are in almost every home and building today so people have the ability to utilize a telephone and data service. To receive or transmit data over the fixed line a modem is needed. The modem takes the digital information and turns it into tones that have been selected for the transmission over telephone network. The modem at the other end is responsible for turning the tones back into digital data. Data rates were limited until digital subscriber line (DSL) was introduced. DSL used the existing analog phone line so there was no need for new equipment other than modems that convert digital data into high-frequency tones along with a filter at the users end to keep DSL transmission from being heard on the telephone.” The pros to having a fixed line network is that it is a lot cheaper. Most providers even offer free broadband service when you are paying for other services. You also have a higher download allowance which makes it a lot easier to download large files such as movies and videos. Also allowing you to stream things from the internet and send things to family and friends much faster. Basically having a fixed line allows you to use to full potential of the internet. Fixed line networks allow for faster processing speeds and a consistent connection. You will experience less dropped calls and internet failures with a fixed line network. This is a result...
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...evidence from completed projects as well as the foci of new projects, the paper summarizes and critically assesses the key findings and suggests possible avenues for future research. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The fusion of computer and telecommunication technologies has heralded the age of information superhighway over wire-line and wireless networks. Mobile cellular communication systems and wireless networking technologies are growing at an ever-faster rate, and this is likely to continue in the foreseeable future. Wireless technology is presently being used to link portable computer equipment to corporate distributed computing and other sources of necessary information. Wide-area cellular systems and wireless LANs promise to make integrated networks a reality and provide fully distributed and ubiquitous mobile communications, thus bringing an end to the tyranny of geography. Higher reliability, better coverage and services, higher capacity, mobility management, power and complexity for channel acquisition, handover decisions, security management, and wireless multimedia are all parts of the potpourri. Further increases in network security are necessary before the promise of mobile telecommunication can be fulfilled. Safety and security management against fraud,...
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...a purely Cellular Network vs. a purely Fixed Line Network 1. Pros a. Cost: Most wireline phone companies charge more than what you'd pay for most alternatives, and some are taxed more as well. There are some locations where getting new wired phone service is prohibitively expensive or even impossible. Long Distance and extra features like Call Waiting are normally included with alternative phones. b. More Features: Cellular and broadband phones normally include Long Distance, Voice Mail, Caller ID, Call Forwarding and more, usually at no additional charge. They also have Text Messaging and various forms of data service which are unavailable with a landline. c. Portability: If you move your phone and your number can stay with you. There are no "installation" charges. d. Temporary Usage: You can have phone service for an allotted amount of time without installing a separate line. e. Internet Access: Your wireless phone can also be your connection to the Internet, either with an internal browser or tethered to your computer, and available wherever there is cellular coverage. Wireless broadband is also available separate from your cellular account. f. Wi-Fe for Multiple Devices: You can get a cellular modem that provides a Wi-Fi signal that can connect to up to 5 separate Wi-Fi devices. 2. Cons g. Reliability: Wired telephone services have come as close to 100% reliable as is practical. Their network has substantial...
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...Cell phones How have they changed us socially? A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone, and a hand phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station. In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. The first hand-held mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell[1][2] and Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 2.2 pounds (1 kg).[3] In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 6 billion, penetrating about 87% of the global population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.[4][5][6][7] Before the devices that are now referred to as mobile phones existed, there were some precursors. The development of mobile telephony began in 1918 with tests of wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin...
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...Cellular Networks Small Cells are low-powered radio access nodes that operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum that have a range of 10 meter to 200 meters, compared to a mobile Macrocell which might have a range of a few kilometres. With mobile operators struggling to support the growth in mobile data traffic, many are using Mobile data offloading as a more efficient use of radio spectrum. Small cells are a vital element to 3G data off-loading, and many mobile network operators see small cells as vital to managing LTE Advanced spectrum more efficiently compared to using just macrocells. Small cells can be used to provide in-building and outdoor wireless service. Mobile operators use small cells to extend their service coverage and/or increase network capacity. With small cells, mobile operators can offload traffic as much as 80% during peak times. Small cells cover Femtocells, Picocells, and Microcells. Small cell networks can also be realized by means of distributed radio technology consisting of centralized baseband units and remote radio heads. Beamforming technology (focusing a radio signal on a very specific area) can be utilized to further enhance or focus small cell coverage. A common factor in all these approaches to small cells is that they are centrally managed by mobile network operators. Small cells provide a small radio footprint, which can range from 10 meters within urban and in-building locations to 2 km for a rural location. Picocells and microcells...
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...cell phone/smartphone. • Greater Security: much more difficult to listen or break in on landlines over radio waves. • Data speed of landline: 256kbps (Landline DSL) • Speeds are dependent on the ISP. Advantages of a Cellular system: • Portability: able to work from (almost) anywhere • Not as easy to repair/more expensive as well • Less secure: radio waves are easier to intercept than landlines • Current data speeds for cellular data: 4G can deliver download peak speeds of 100Mbs and upload speeds of 50Mbs. 3G currently provides data transfer speeds of up to 384kbps. EDGE currently provides data transfer speeds of up to 170kbps. GPRS currently provides data transfer speeds of up to 56kbps. So depending on where you are located this can be very good or not so much. • Cell phones offer GPS data for tracking • You would need less equipment: with the landline system you would need phones, computers, routers and all the wires. With cellular you would need a phone and maybe a tablet or laptop. Much less expensive in start-up. In my opinion, when considering all the progress made in cellular technology in the past few years it is still prudent to conduct a business that relies on a constant, stable network a landline system is still superior to the cellular system. First, it is less prone to outages for arbitrary reasons; anymore (depending on the company you use) it takes a massive act of nature to kill the phone and data lines, and even then it is usually never down very...
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...According to Stephens (2009), “A database is a tool that accumulates information, and lets one produce, read, revise, and remove the data in some manner.” (p. 23) A mobile databases is a databases that can be connected with by a linking with a laptop device over a mobile system. A mobile database provides a portable and physically separate system form the main system; however, it is still able to link to the main system through remote sites for various file sharing of company data. Mobile Database Platforms The incorporation of mobile databases in use throughout society today, provides the integration of various platforms devices. Some of the mobile database platforms devices include laptops, personal data assistants or (PDA’s), and cellular phones. In addition to the mobile platform devices, on must also consider the various server support for the client platforms that include: * Java * Android * Blackberry * Windows Desktop & Mobile * Linux Many programs and applications like databases require the need or capability to acquire data from an intelligence depository and conduct operations on this data even after out of area. SQL Support Sybase Inc.’s SQL Anywhere controls the mobile-database arena, surrounding 68 percent of the mobile marketplace. In corporate applications SQL Anywhere's data points exchange technologies prolongs info and data exchange engineering; stretch out info in corporate applications. Administration devices within SQL...
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...Disruptive Marketing is Innovative and Boon to the Consumers - a Conceptual Thought Article by Dr. Maruthi Ram. R. Professor and Head – MBA (BU), DSCMIT, Bengaluru Co-Authors Manjunatha.N. Research Scholar, University of Mysore, And Lecturer, NCET, Bengaluru and Shashikala.R. Asst. Professor, DSCMIT, Bengaluru Submitted to DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT PROGRAM CMR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES BENGALURU For NATIONAL LEVEL CONFERENCE on “Disruptive Marketing — The Way Forward?” 27th April, 2012 Disruptive Marketing is Innovative and Boon to the Consumers - A Conceptual Thought Introduction Human beings are a very special creation of God. It is this creature that could think compared to the many other creatures in the world. Man can even think of innovative ideas and also implement the same for his convenient living. The good old saying quotes “Necessity is the mother of invention”, has embedded a detailed meaning in it. If we take the example of the invention of the “WEEL” by the ancient man of the Stone Age man we can really understand how innovative in the thinking of Man. The other invention of human beings is the formation of fire. These are a few examples and the list goes on and on. Disruptive Marketing The contemporary world is of the highest civilization this universe has ever witnessed. The innovative mind of human beings has unfolded itself into multifold activity and taken different shapes. In fact the changes that have taken...
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...Revolution of 2G Networks Until 4G Networks in Cell Phone. The advent of modern technology in the early 90’s had lead to the revolution of 2G networks. This network contributes greatly to the world as it allows people to send text messages and picture messages as well as to access the internet through their mobile phones. In consequence, the ability of people to communicate has become wider and easier as this technology assists them to communicate without any deterrence in terms of territorial boundary, expensive cost or time. The development of 2G networks has taken place continuously as a lot of research activities have been conducted in order to meet the increasing need of the society to have better communication network. Hence, 3G networks that allow people to interact with each other through video call were introduced on 2003. Subsequently, High – Speed Packet Access (HSPA) came into picture to provide better internet speed. The most recent development of this network is the emergence of 4G networks, the most speedy of network generation. Nonetheless some issues arise in the course of achieving this technology. Firstly, the implementation of this technology through out the world requires high cost equipment to deploy. This is because to initiate this network it requires new cell tower to be constructed. As a result, extensive labour force and cost is needed to complete the construction of these networks. Besides that, most of the countries reused the 2G networks frequency so...
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