...Pathogenicity and Cellular Structure Rebecca Abell Unit 2 Assignment 1 Pathogenicity and Cellular Structure When a human gets sick have you ever thought about how that occurs on a cellular level? Our body is made up with many different types of microorganisms and one of them is called bacteria. There are good bacteria and bad bacteria. When the bad bacterium multiplies with in the human body it causes what is known as bacterial infections. Although a bacterium is a microorganism it also has several cellular structures. The structures with in bacteria that cause us to become ill are Fimbriae, Plasmid, and the Capsule. Only the bacteria that contain these three structures can cause disease in a human body. When a bacterium includes the trouble causing structures the disease process starts spreading through the body. The reason that a disease process can not start without the three structures is because the bacteria has no protect for its self from the engulfing neutrophils or cells that destroy disease with in the human body. First the bacteria’s Fimbriae creates a thin structure in which allows the bacteria to attach to a host and not get swept away in the blood stream. Then the Capsule forms a slime layer so that the neutrophils are unable to engulf them thus destroying them. The Plasmid contains DNA and produces exotoxin which makes it resistant from other bacteria. These three structures are what help protect the bacteria and help it cause disease. Bacteria need...
Words: 517 - Pages: 3
...Cellular Structures and Pathogenicity Jennifer L. Wethington ITT Technical Institute Unit 2 Assignment 1 “Bacterial illness is a result of complex interactions between bacteria and the host. During evolution, humans developed many ways to protect themselves against bacterial pathogens. On the other hand, bacteria have developed strategies to evade, subvert or circumvent these defenses” (Sousa, 2003) “One of the most important characteristics of bacterial pathogenicity is the various strategies developed by prokaryotic organisms to use host molecules for their own benefit” (Sousa, 2003). “To accomplish this, bacteria have evolved elaborate control mechanisms to turn genes on and off, varying the transcriptional activator or protein repressors of systems that act at the structural level of the genetic material” (Sousa, 2003). “Without a doubt the most common and best studied of all prokaryotic motility structures is the bacterial flagellum. Composed of over 20 protein species with approximately another 30 proteins required for regulation and assembly, it is one of the most complex of all prokaryotic organelles” (Bardy, Ng, & Jarrell, 2003). “The bacterial flagellum is a rotary structure driven from a motor at the base, with the filament acting as a propeller. The flagellum consists of three major substructures: the filament, the hook and the basal body” (Bardy, Ng, & Jarrell, 2003). “One of the unusual variations on bacterial flagellation is the presence in...
Words: 981 - Pages: 4
...Cellular Structures and Pathogenicity Brittany McMahon ITT Technical College Cellular structures have different impacts on the ability for bacteria to cause disease. Mainly the cells external structures have the biggest effect to adhere to the cells to cause disease. One structure being the pili, a rigid, thin fiber made of protein that expands from the cell surface. The main function are to adhere specific bacterial cells to specific surfaces. There are typically only one or two pili per cell (Hartsock, Angela 2016). Pili that is coated with adhesins can determine the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract and will only adhere to that specific surface to infect those cells (Hartsock, Angela 2016). This bacteria is known as Bordetella. The fimbria is another external structure that is similar to the pili. They are short, filamentous structures that are in large numbers that help in attachment to surfaces (Hartsock, Angela 2016). Like pili the fimbria target tissues they believe will be the best host. Flagella has a completely different function from the pili and fimbria. The main function for flagellum is motility. They are long, tail like appendages attached to bacterial cells that allow the movement (Schuhmacher, J., Rossmann, F., Dempwolff, F., Knauer, C., Altegoer, F., Steinchen, W., Bange, G. 2015). Flagella is made of protein called flagellin. The proteins form a long chain that look like a helical shape. From the cell membrane the flagellum is wide and attaches...
Words: 422 - Pages: 2
...INTRODUCTION Infection remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality in man, particularly in developing areas where it is associated with poverty and overcrowding.In the developed world increasing prosperity, universal immunization and antibiotics have reduced the prevalence of infectious disease. However, antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms and diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease ,avian influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) have emerged. In the developing world successes such as the eradication of smallpox have been balanced or outweighed by the new plagues. Infectious diseases cause nearly 25% of all human deaths. Two billion people one-third of the world’s population are infected with tuberculosis (TB),500 million people catch malaria every year, and 200 million are infected with schistosomiasis. 39.5 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, with 4.3 million new HIV infections in 2006 (65% in sub-Saharan Africa). The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG) hope to be achieved by 2015. These are: eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, universal primary education, gender equality and empowerment of women, reduction in child mortality,improvement in maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS,malaria and other diseases, ensuring environment sustainability and developing global partnership for development. DEFINITION INFECTION An infection is the entry and multiplication of an infections...
Words: 6675 - Pages: 27
...1. The sudden unexpected occurrence of a disease in a given population: a. Outbreak b. Zoonotic c. Endemic d. Sporadic 2. A causative agent of peptic ulcer a. Escherichia coli b. Bordetella pertusis c. Shigella dysenteriae d. Helicobacter pylori 3. The “four o’clock habit” promoted by the Department of health is designed to prevent the spread of: a. Dengue fever b. Tuberculosis c. Malnutrition d.malaria 4. The first drug available for HIV: a. ZDU b. RMP c. TMP d. CMC 5. An immediate hypersensitivity reaction following exposure of a sensitized individual to the appropriate antigen: a. Hay fever b. Anaphylaxis c. Asthma d. Desensitation 6. A thin proteinaceous appendage necessary for bacterial conjugation: a. Cilium b. Trichome c. Flagellum d. Pilus 7. The use of nitrite as preservative for food is discouraged because: a. It can discolour the meat b. It can react with amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines c. It decomposed to nitric acid which can react with heme pigments d. It is not readily available 8. The disinfectant of choice for municipal water supply: a. Lysol b. Chlorine c. Ozone d. Reverse osmosis 9. An object that is able to harbour and transmit microorganisms: a. Mite b. Fomite c. Arthropod d. Vector 10. Administration of a toxoid cenfers: a. Naturally acquired active immunity b. Naturally acquired passive immunity c. Artificially acquired active immunity d. Artificially...
Words: 9032 - Pages: 37
...discussions * Informal * opens Friday 27th feb 5.00 Studies: How the body works Anatomy Gross anatomy – internal structures Microscopic anatomy- study of cells, study of tissues (microscope) Physiology- cellular physiology – e.g. nerves and muscle fibres Integrative physiology- different tissues and organs, functions e.g. cardiovascular Levels of organisation e.g. tissues, organs, organ systems organism levels Go through link called echo – access lecture recordings My unit- weekly feedback quiz Biology and chemistry lessons Textbook folder mastering a&p Lecture d 3rd week on a Tuesday Labour day (Monday) good Friday Assessments In class tests (30%) Quiz a (10 %) quiz b (20%) Worksheet questions (30%) Final exam 40% See unit outline for due dates, methods, extensions Quiz a Week 3 (early feedback) 30 mins to complete Opens 3pm Tuesday 10th Closes 3am Thursday 12th Quiz b Week 7 semesters Week 3 up to lecture 16 (muscles) 60 mins marked out of 50 Worksheet questions (30%) due week 11 of sem Set of questions provided online in week 8 Week 1-10 Final exam Mix mcq and sa Material from whole semester Higher weighting of 11 &12 Feedback about progress: Quizzes weekly Review assessments EIP BIOL 121 TUTORIAL 1 CHEMISTRY: Reading: pages 53-61 notes * Science of structure that deals with matter. * Defined as anything that takes up space and has mass. * Smallest units of matter...
Words: 5008 - Pages: 21
...INTRODUCTION Rationale of the Study Fusarium proliferatum is known as the conidial stage of Giberellafujikuroi, which is an ascomycetous seed-borne fungus that causes bakanae, a disease that influences rice (Nelson, 1994). There are over 100 species of the genus, Fusarium, and they are most common in tropical and subtropical areas. The presence of pathogenic conidia may cause the discoloration in kernels. F. proliferatum is a filamentous fungus or mould found in aerobiologic surveys worldwide. It is a major parasite of rice, sugar cane, sorghum, bean, soybean, and is especially common on maize grains (Pitt, et al. 1994). According to (De Leon and Pandey 1989; King and Scott 1981; Ochor et al. 1987), F. proliferatum causes a disease called Fusarium kernel rot. In parts of the USA and lowlands tropics, this is one of the most important ear diseases and is associated with warm, dry years and insect damaged fields. Czembor, et al. (2015) stated that maize is one of the most important crops in Poland. Diseases caused by Fusarium spp. can affect the yield and grain quality of maize because of contamination with numerous mycotoxins produced by these fungi. Similar results were obtained from 148 samples of maize from the Philippines, and 82 samples of maize from Indonesia. F. proliferatum persisted in high numbers in stored maize from the both countries (Pitt, et al.,1993). (Zainudinet al., 2008b; NurIzzati and Salleh, 2009), stated that F. proliferatum have been isolated...
Words: 8088 - Pages: 33
...PYF12 3/21/05 8:04 PM Page 191 Chapter 12 Gene expression and regulation Bacterial genomes usually contain several thousand different genes. Some of the gene products are required by the cell under all growth conditions and are called housekeeping genes. These include the genes that encode such proteins as DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and DNA gyrase. Many other gene products are required under specific growth conditions. These include enzymes that synthesize amino acids, break down specific sugars, or respond to a specific environmental condition such as DNA damage. Housekeeping genes must be expressed at some level all of the time. Frequently, as the cell grows faster, more of the housekeeping gene products are needed. Even under very slow growth, some of each housekeeping gene product is made. The gene products required for specific growth conditions are not needed all of the time. These genes are frequently expressed at extremely low levels, or not expressed at all when they are not needed and yet made when they are needed. This chapter will examine gene regulation or how bacteria regulate the expression of their genes so that the genes that are being expressed meet the needs of the cell for a specific growth condition. Gene regulation can occur at three possible places in the production of an active gene product. First, the transcription of the gene can be regulated. This is known as transcriptional regulation. When the gene is transcribed and how much it is...
Words: 9991 - Pages: 40
...Coursehero >> Florida >> FAU >> ACG 3341 Course Hero has millions of student submitted documents similar to the one below including study guides, practice problems, reference materials, practice exams, textbook help and tutor support. 18: CHAPTER SPOILAGE, REWORKED UNITS, AND SCRAP TRUE/FALSE 1. Reducing defects helps to reduce costs, but does not make the business more competitive. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Reducing defects does make the business more competitive. 2. Objective: 1 Reworked goods are unacceptable units of production usually not capable of being repaired or converted into a salable product. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Objective: 1 Reworked goods are unacceptable units of production that can be repaired into a salable product. 3. The value of scrap material can have either a high or low sales value relative to the product with which it is associated. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Scrap material by definition has a low sales value. Objective: 1 4. Normal spoilage adds to the cost of the job to which it is attributed in a job order costing system. Answer: True Difficulty: 2 Objective: 2 5. When calculating normal spoilage rates, the base should be actual units started in production. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 The base should be good units started into production. Objective: 2 6. Abnormal spoilage is spoilage that should arise under efficient operating conditions. Answer: False Difficulty: 2 Objective: Abnormal spoilage should not arise under efficient operating...
Words: 10015 - Pages: 41
...D38–D51 Nucleic Acids Research, 2011, Vol. 39, Database issue doi:10.1093/nar/gkq1172 Published online 20 November 2010 Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information Eric W. Sayers1,*, Tanya Barrett1, Dennis A. Benson1, Evan Bolton1, Stephen H. Bryant1, Kathi Canese1, Vyacheslav Chetvernin1, Deanna M. Church1, Michael DiCuccio1, Scott Federhen1, Michael Feolo1, Ian M. Fingerman1, Lewis Y. Geer1, Wolfgang Helmberg2, Yuri Kapustin1, David Landsman1, David J. Lipman1, Zhiyong Lu1, Thomas L. Madden1, Tom Madej1, Donna R. Maglott1, Aron Marchler-Bauer1, Vadim Miller1, Ilene Mizrachi1, James Ostell1, Anna Panchenko1, Lon Phan1, Kim D. Pruitt1, Gregory D. Schuler1, Edwin Sequeira1, Stephen T. Sherry1, Martin Shumway1, Karl Sirotkin1, Douglas Slotta1, Alexandre Souvorov1, Grigory Starchenko1, Tatiana A. Tatusova1, Lukas Wagner1, Yanli Wang1, W. John Wilbur1, Eugene Yaschenko1 and Jian Ye1 1 Downloaded from http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on March 20, 2015 National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Building 38A, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA and 2University Clinic of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 3, A-8036 Graz, Austria Received September 16, 2010; Revised October 29, 2010; Accepted November 1, 2010 ABSTRACT In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology...
Words: 11985 - Pages: 48
...NINTH EDITION Burton’s MICROBIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCES Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP) Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed) Belton, Texas Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department Temple College, Temple, TX Acquisitions Editor: David B. Troy Product Manager: John Larkin Managing Editor: Laura S. Horowitz, Hearthside Publishing Services Marketing Manager: Allison Powell Designer: Steve Druding Compositor: Maryland Composition/Absolute Service Inc. Ninth Edition Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996 Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in the People’s Republic of China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees...
Words: 118758 - Pages: 476
...ate Aptitude Test in Engineering GATE 2014 Brochure Table of Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................1 2. About GATE 2014 ......................................................................................................1 2.1. Financial Assistance ............................................................................................................................ 1 2.2 Employment ............................................................................................................................................ 2 2.3 Administration ....................................................................................................................................... 2 3.1 Changes Introduced in GATE 2013 that will continue to remain in force for GATE 2014 .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 4.1 Eligibility for GATE 2014 ................................................................................................................... 4 4.2 GATE Papers ............................................................................................................................................ 5 4.3 Zone-Wise List of Cities in which GATE 2014 will be Held ................................................... 6 4.4 Zone-Wise List of Cities for 3rd...
Words: 32784 - Pages: 132
...be interested to hear of any comments and corrections. Neil C Millar (nmillar@ntlworld.co.uk) Head of Biology, Heckmondwike Grammar School High Street, Heckmondwike, WF16 0AH Jan 2010 HGS Biology A-level notes NCM 8/09 A2 Biology Unit 5 page 2 Biology Unit 5 Specification Control Systems Organisms increase their chance of survival by responding to changes in their environment. The Nerve Impulse The structure of a myelinated motor neurone. The establishment of a resting potential in terms of differential membrane permeability, electrochemical gradients and the movement of sodium and potassium ions. Changes in membrane permeability lead to depolarisation and the generation of an action potential. The all-or-nothing principle. The passage of an action potential along nonmyelinated and myelinated axons, resulting in nerve impulses. The nature and importance of the refractory period in producing discrete impulses. Factors affecting the speed of conductance: myelination and saltatory conduction; axon diameter; temperature. Synapses The detailed structure...
Words: 26586 - Pages: 107
...this book do not intend disrespect for any particular patient population or racial or ethnic group but are solely presented as memory devices to assist in the learning of a complex and important medical subject. We welcome suggestions for future editions. 1) Write in a conversational style for rapid assimilation. 2) Include numerous figures serving as "visual memory tools" and summary charts at the end of each chapter. These can be used for "cram sessions" after the concepts have been studied in the text. 3) Concentrate more on clinical and infectious disease issues that are both interesting and vital to the actual practice of medicine. MARK GLADWIN, MD BILL TRATTLER, MD D CONTENTS Preface v PART 1 1 2 3 BACTERIAL TAXONOMY CELL STRUCTURES, VIRULENCE FACTORS, and TOXINS...
Words: 117402 - Pages: 470
...Bad Bug Book Handbook of Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Introduction Food safety is a complex issue that has an impact on all segments of society, from the general public to government, industry, and academia. The second edition of the Bad Bug Book, published by the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, provides current information about the major known agents that cause foodborne illness. The information provided in this handbook is abbreviated and general in nature, and is intended for practical use. It is not intended to be a comprehensive scientific or clinical reference. Under the laws administered by FDA, a food is adulterated if it contains (1) a poisonous or otherwise harmful substance that is not an inherent natural constituent of the food itself, in an amount that poses a reasonable possibility of injury to health, or (2) a substance that is an inherent natural constituent of the food itself; is not the result of environmental, agricultural, industrial, or other contamination; and is present in an amount that ordinarily renders the food injurious to health. The first includes, for example, a toxin produced by a fungus that has contaminated a food, or a pathogenic bacterium or virus, if the amount present in the food may be injurious to health. An example of the second...
Words: 91823 - Pages: 368
