...MARCADORES IHQ DE CANCER DE PROSTATA AQUINO ORDOÑEZ, NOEMI CAMARENA PADILLA, CLAUDIA POMAHUALI PIÑAS, GLORIA VIII Ciclo - 2012 RECONOCIMIENTO DE ALTERACIONES MORFOLOGICAS : CARCINOMA DE PROSTATA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PATRON DE CRECIMIENTO INFILTRATIVO: ACINOS QUE INFILTRAN EL ESTROMA PROSTATICO, PARTICULARMENTE ENTRE LAS GLANDULAS BENIGNAS ATIPIA NUCLEAR (C/S MACRONUCLEOLOS PROMINENTES) CITOPLASMA BASOFILO CONTENIDO INTRALUMINAL DEL TIPO DE CRISTALOIDES O NECROSIS EOSINOFILA AUSENCIA DE LA CAPA DE CELULAS BASALES Criterios histológicos específicos de carcinoma de próstata: invasión perineural. CASOS AMBIGUOS QUE HACER? INMUNOHISTOQUIMICA PSA AC POLICLONAL DE CONEJO ANTIHUMANO APLICACION CLINICA: IDENTIFICACION DE TUMORES DE ORIGEN PROSTATICO RX: CITOPLASMA CONTROL: PROSTATA NORMAL Y HBP DX DIFERENCIAL: CARCINOMA PROSTATICO METASTASICO Y TUMORES METASTASICOS DE ORIGEN NO PROSTATICOS DETECCION DE CELULAS BASALES MARCADAS CON: CK de alto PM 903 (34BE12) CK 5/6 Células basales en glándulas benignas p63 34βE12 (CK 903) en glándulas normales: inmunotinción de las células basales. CK 903 (34βE12) AC MONOCLONAL DE RATON ANTIHUMANO CONFIRMA PRESENCIA DE CELULAS BASALES EN EL 58% UTILIDAD PRACTICA: EN GLANDULAS SOSPECHOSAS EXCLUYEN CANCER DE PROSTATA ESPECIFICIDAD 40% MAYOR PRECISION DX CON AC DE OTROS MARCADORES COMO AMACR RX: CITOPLASMA TAMBIEN ES USADO PARA LA DEMOSTRACION DE CARCINOMA DE CEL ESCAMOSAS...
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...concentración de Ca+ a donde hay menos. El calcio intracelular junto con DAG activa a la proteína kinasa C (PKc) quien fosforila proteínas. - MECANISMOS DE REGULACION DE LA CONCENTRACION INTRACELULAR DEL CALCIO - Bomba de Ca+ : transporte activo, en contra de la gradiente de concentración, donde sale calcio del medio intracelular al extracelular - Bomba de Ca+ en la membrana del retículo endoplasmatico - Bomba Na/Ca+: antiportador, la salida de uno favorece la entrada del otro - EFECTO DE LA LIBERACION DEL ACIDO ARAQUIDONICO EN EL SISTEMA VASCULAR Enlas células del epitelio vascular, en las plaquetas y en los leucocitos la proteias Gq Puede activar una fosfolipasa A2 la que libera acido araquidónico (AA) desde los fosfolípidos a la membrana celular. En el epitelio vascular el AA se transforma en prostaglandinas y prostaciclinas que son inhibidores de la degradación de las plaquetas y vasodilatadoras En las plaquetas el AA se transforma en tromboxanos que son activadores de la agregación de las plaquetas y vasoconstrictores. En los leucocitos el AA se transforma en los leucotrienos que son mediadores químicos de los procesos de inflamación -...
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...Design Lab: Respiration The Effect of Heavy-Duty Exercise on the respiration of Homo Sapiens (Humans) Research Question: What is the effect of heavy-duty exercise (cardiovascular and other activities) on the respiration of humans? Background Information: In this experiment, trials will be conducted consisting of humans run up a set of stairs up and down 3 times as fast as they possibly can in order to put pressure on oxygen need to increase respiration needs. This will test the effect of a set exercise on the respiratory needs of a human. After this, they will have to do a set of 10 push-ups and 15 jumping jacks. If 10 push-ups are not possible, a substitute of 15 curl-ups should be administered instead. Hypothesis: When exercise is complete, the respiratory needs of one human should be significantly higher than it was previous to the exercise. Independent Variable: Human fitness level, exercise set Dependent Variable: How fast the human goes Controlled Variable: Temperature, time for exercise, amount of oxygen in air Materials: * Piece of paper for general observations as well as data recording * 4-6 humans * Timer (ipod, clock, something) * Water (if needed for human) Procedure: 1. Use the stairs next to the Biology classroom, select one human to go first and rotate turns until all humans have gone or until necessary data is gathered 2. Record the rate of exhales of the human (normal breathing) for 30 seconds and any other general...
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...Mantra Breathing Meditation Directions as Follows: 1. Sit comfortably on a straight-backed chair. 2. Place your hands in your lap, gently clasped or cupped. 3. Breathe in slowly and deeply through your nose. Feel your abdomen move outwards as your diaphragm contracts and draws air into your lungs. Your chest should not rise noticeably. 4. Hold your breath for 3-4 seconds... You may start off by counting to get into the proper, slow rhythm. 1-2-3-4... 5. Now sigh with relief - "Ahhh". Perhaps it's just a whisper. Listen to it. Relax your shoulders, your hands, relax... 6. Close your eyes and listen to your breath. Then inhale again through your nostrils. 1-2-3-4... Sigh with relief - Ahhh 7. Don't worry if your inhalation speeds up or slows down. This is normal, you're just becoming aware of your breath. 8. As you exhale, feel the sound of your "Ahhh" ... natural relaxation. You deserve to relax... 9. If you're thinking that this is nice or having any thoughts at all, gently return your attention and your thoughts to your mantra - "Ahhh." No need for any other words. Still, you're patient and kind towards yourself. Thoughts may come, let them pass. "Ahhh..." 10. Inhale through your nose... Feel your stomach rising... When your body feels like exhaling, gently release your breath – "Ahhh..." Nothing fancy, just a natural, s-l-o-w cycle of breath. Relax - Ahhh... 11. Close your eyes and feel the slow rhythm of your breath. S-l-o-w-l-y...
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...Biology 13A Lab #12: The Respiratory System Lab #12 Table of Contents: • Expected Learning Outcomes . . . . 94 • Introduction . . . . . . 95 • Activity 1: Structures of the Respiratory System 96 • Activity 2: Measuring Respiration . . . 96 • Activity 3: Film: “Deadly Ascent” . . . 100 [pic] Introduction The organs of the respiratory system include the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, respiratory tree, and lungs. They function to transport air to the air sacs of the lungs (the alveoli) where gas exchange occurs. The process of transporting and exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the body cells is respiration. The process of taking in air is known as inspiration, while the process of blowing out air is called expiration. A respiratory cycle consists of one inspiration and one expiration. The point of respiration is to allow you to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide, and regulate the blood’s pH level. Respiration rate (breaths per minute) and depth (volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath) varies due to changes in blood chemistry that are monitored by the brain. For example, when you exercise, demand for oxygen increases because the cells require more ATP. In turn, more carbon dioxide is produced by cells and diffuses to the blood. The rise in carbon dioxide leads to a decrease in pH, causing the blood to be more acidic. The brain is especially sensitive to pH levels; as pH levels...
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...INTEGRATED SCIENCES: LIFE SCIENCE AND CHEMISTRY The human body is formed by different systems and organs that allow it to work, and grow. We will study the skeletal system, the skin and muscles, food and digestion, circulation, respiration and excretion. 1. What must I know and be able to do at the end of the third bimestrial? ¬ Ch. 1 Bones, Muscles, and the Skin 1. Identify the functions of the skeletal system, the muscular system and the skin. 1. Compare and contrast movable and unmovable joints, and types of muscles. 1. Explain how skin protects the body from disease. ¬ Ch. 2 Food and Digestion 1 Identify the importance of each type of nutrient. 2 Explain the relationship between diet and health. 3 Identify the organs of the digestive system and what takes place in each. ¬ Ch. 3 Circulation 1 Compare and contrast arteries, veins and capillaries. 2 Identify the functions of the pulmonary and systemic circulation system. 3 Identify the parts and functions of blood, and give examples of diseases. 4 Describe the functions of the lymphatic system, and explain how lymph organs help fight infections. ➢ Ch.4 Respiration and Excretion 1. Describe functions of the respiratory system and what happens during gas exchange and breathing. 2. Identify the structures that air passes through as it travels to the lungs, harmful...
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...Practice date: Sept 19, Thursday Time of day: 20 P.M. ---20.30 P.M. Daily Goal: Practice the correct breathe way I learnt in the first voice. Practice date: Sept, 21, Saturday Time of day: 19 P.M. ---19.30 P.M. Daily Goal: Practice the correct breathe way and do some warm up. Practice date: Sept 23, Monday Time of day: 19.30 P.M. ---20 P.M. Daily Goal: Practice the correct breathe way and try to find a balanced, free, and flexible singing posture as Emily said in the class, and also do some warm up. In the first voice class, I learnt that how to breathe in a right way. I not only need to inhale quickly and exhale slowly when I sing a song, but I also need to maintain right posture. Emily taught me that when I inhaling or exhaling, I both need to release my shoulder and muscle. When I practice the inhaling, I try to only to mouth to inhale. I also practice to explore the sensation that let the air fall lower than my belly button. Then let the breath fall in faster. After that I felt that my abdomen and lower back expand. When I practice the exhaling, I felt that it is more difficult to expand my belly than inhaling. I have to control my exhalation and have a sustained and smooth exhalation. I want to develop good posture while I breathe. A balanced, free, and flexible posture is fundamental to efficient vocal production and lovely voice quality. Emily taught me that when my body is aligned correctly, taking and using an efficient breath is easier. So I practice...
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...Pre-oxygenation in the obese patient: effects of position on tolerance to apnoea ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Abstract Background. In obese patients, reduced functional residual capacity exacerbated by supine position might decrease the effectiveness of pre-oxygenation and the tolerance to apnoea. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of body posture during pre-oxygenation, sitting or supine, on its effectiveness in obese patients. Methods. Forty obese patients (BMI ≥35 kg m−2) undergoing surgery with general anesthesia were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group 1 (sitting, n=20) or Group 2 (supine, n=20). In the predetermined body position, pre-oxygenation was achieved with eight deep breaths within 60 s and an oxygen flow of 10 litre min−1. After rapid sequence induction of anesthesia in decubitus position, the trachea was intubated and the patient was left apneic and disconnected from the anesthesia circuit until SpO2 decreased to 90%. The time taken for desaturation to 90% from the end of induction of anesthesia was recorded. Arterial blood oxygen tension was measured before (baseline) and after pre-oxygenation. Values were compared with two-way ANOVA and unpaired Student's t-test. Results. Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions were similar between groups, both at baseline and after pre-oxygenation. However, the mean time to desaturation to 90% was significantly longer in the sitting group...
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...In order to sustain life, one important function humans must do is breathe. We breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Once the oxygen is in the body, it must then be transported throughout the body. Oxygen has a non-polar polarity which allows it to cross the non-polar membrane of cells easily. However, oxygen will need help to move in the body and it is iron that will be moving oxygen around in the body. Within the red blood cells of the body, there is the component of hemoglobin that is used to transport oxygen and with iron, the production of hemoglobin is made possible. To begin, iron will be taken in and absorbed by the body through consumed foods. The absorption of iron takes place in the middle part of the small intestines,...
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...speaking, and your sense of smell. External respiration better known as as breathing, is the process by which air from the environment is taken into the body, that oxygen is then supplied to the lungs, then waste carbon dioxide in expelled from the body(Internal and External Respiration). Once inside the lungs, oxygen is then transferred to the blood stream and cells this is called internal respiration. This exchange is probably one of the most crucial functions in the body. In a process called diffusion incoming oxygen moves to lower concentrations in the blood stream while at the same time waste carbon dioxide is moved to lower concentration of carbon dioxide outside the body. The same happens when the blood stream reaches cells, diffusion causes one more gas exchange before the cycle can repeat itself close to another eleven times that many minute(Breathing and the Human Respiratory System). When a person begins to speak, they may not realize it, but they are using the respiratory system to execute this function. When air is exhaled it travels down your windpipe and through your voice box. When the air passes through sound is emitted and manipulated by the mouth to produce speech(Language Bits). Olfaction, or the body's ability to smell is a very important one. This characteristic is a vital sense for humans and is used to identify many smells we encounter. Humans are able to smell when air is inhaled through external respiration through the nose and into the sinuses. The sinuses...
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...P4- Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body In this assignment I will be explain the physiology of two named body system in relation to energy metabolism in the body. The system that I have chosen is the respiratory system and the digestive system. The respiratory system is where the exchange of gases in the body this is where the oxygen enters into the blood. The lung is the main organ which the lungs intakes oxygen into the body and the carbon dioxide is exported out. The respiration system is made up of many organs which help us to breathe properly. The digestive system is where the organs inside the body break down the food and convert it to energy and nutrients that are needed in the body. The stomach is a tube shaped which has all the food and liquid that we have ate and it makes around the body and it is a mainly long twisted tube that starts from the mouth and comes all the way down to the anus and into few organs such as the pancreas and the liver which stores any chemicals accessible. The metabolic rate...
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...Intro: Due to the variation in resting metabolic rates seen in different species, scientist have considered the relationship between body mass and metabolic rates and what effect that has on each specimen on a biological level. The respiratory system’s main function is gas exchange as oxygen enters the lunges and travels to the alveoli for most reptiles and mammals. Insects however, do not have a gas transport system, leading to air traveling directly to the tissues carrying out respiration. The energy expenditure is directly linked to gas exchange in both humans and animals. Indirect calorimetry is used to determine the total metabolic rate by measuring both CO2 production and O2 consumption. Insects use spiracles, valve openings along the cuticle, in order to...
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...The respiratory system is an organ system which provides oxygen for the body and allows carbon dioxide leave the body; also known as breathing. There are four processes involved with respiration: ventilation of the lungs, gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs, gas transport in the blood, as well as gas exchange between the blood and target tissues. The respiratory consists of the nasal cavity which warms, cleans, and humidifies inhaled air, and the pharynx which is where the respiratory and digestive systems meet and split again. The larynx contains the vocal cords, and the trachea is a tube that passes behind the heart. The bronchi and bronchioles are air tubes that begin at the fork of the trachea and divide into smaller tubes into each lung, and the alveoli are millions of miniscule sacs of air in the lungs. The respiratory system is imperative for every breathing being’s survival. However, there are many impairments that can occur in this organ system, in both infectious and uncommunicable...
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...Did you know that breathing exercises could work as alternative asthma treatments? Several exercises were found to be effective in reducing the symptoms of asthma and it could also contribute to a lower dose of medication. What is asthma in the first place? Asthma is a chronic lung condition that causes difficulty in breathing. When left untreated, asthma can be fatal. It is important for asthma to be properly diagnosed by a doctor and its treatment needs to be supervised. Medications like bronchodilators are often given to asthma patients to relieve symptoms such as wheezing, chest pain, and shortness of breath but natural alternative asthma treatments can also be a big help. There are actually many alternative asthma treatments available. These include diet modification, acupuncture, breathing exercises, aromatherapy, vitamin and mineral supplementation, and herbal remedies. Breathing exercises are among the alternative asthma treatments that are considered both safe and effective. In asthma, patients experience difficulty in breathing. This exercises are aimed to relax the chest muscles and to teach the right way of breathing, focusing more on the abdomen and the diaphragm rather than on the muscles of the chest. It also helps asthma patients focus more on breathing out or exhalation especially at the onset of an attack. Here are three examples of breathing exercises that may be used by asthmatic patients. -PRANAYAMA Pranayama refers to the breathing exercises used during...
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...This gaseous exchange is called respiration. Respiration can be defined as process by which living beings obtain oxygen to oxidize their reserve digested food in order to release energy. The organs which help in intake or supply of oxygen to the tissues and remove excess Co2 form respiratory system. Breathing in frogs are of three types: 1. Cutaneous respiration (Respiration through skin) 2. Respiration through lining of bucco-pharyngeal cavity 3. Pulmonary respiration (Respiration through lungs) 1) Cutaneous respiration: It is an important mode of respiration in frog which occurs all the time whether the frog is on land or in water. It is the only mode of respiration when the frog in dormancy period, i.e during hibernation and aestivation. The skin of frog has good supply of blood and this is provided by cutaneous artery. Moreover the skin is very thin and do not possesses any structure that may prevent the diffusion of the dissolved oxygen from water into blood. To carry on cutaneous respiration frog keeps its skin moist by taking occasional plunges into nearby water. The skin is also kept moist by mucus secreted by mucous glands of skin. Mechanism: Oxygen first dissolves in the film of water over the skin and then passes through the epidermal cells and capillary walls into the blood. On the other hand carbon dioxide passes out from blood into the water. 2) Respiration through lining of bucco-pharyngeal cavity: In buccal respiration on land, the mouth remains permanently...
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