...Constraint-induced movement therapy Name: Institution: Question #1 Constraint-induced movement therapy, CI often forces usage of the affected arm while restraining the other healthy arm. Well, with Constraint-induced therapy, the therapist often compels the survivor’s healthy arm in a lob. Consequently, the survivor is forced to use the affected arm intensively and repetitively for approximately two weeks. Often after stroke, the survivor attempts unsuccessfully to put into practice the affected arm, though, their initial failure always discourages them to use that particular side. To use the Constraint-induced therapy, the survivor should have the capacity to extend their wrist as well as move their arm and even fingers. Several studies expose that CI therapy develops movement on the affected arm (Hakkennes, 2005). CI therapy is regarded as a way of refining the attainment of a motor skill by compelling the accumulation of more deliberate practice trials. After a stroke, several patients adopt various approaches that efficiently substitute the goal-projected movements that can usually have been allotted to the affected arm. Several of these approaches lead to using the unaffected arm more repeatedly, fundamentally leading to a reduced necessity for using the affected arm. In fact, in the view of Zipp (2012), each timely completion of any task by the utilization of the affected arm strengthens the non-use of that particular limb. Therefore, CI therapy is regarded as a way...
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...osteoarthritis. Younger people can develop the disease usually as a result of a joint injury, a joint malformation, or a genetic defect. In osteoarthritis, the surface layer of the cartilage breaks and wears away; this than allow the bones under the cartilage to rub together, causing pain, swelling and loss of motion of the joint. Joints that the disease affects most are the fingers, thumbs, neck, lower back, knees and hips. Stiffness, swelling and crunching feeling in the joints areas would be a signs of osteoarthritis. (Gayle Lester, Ph.D., Joan McGowan, Ph,D.,, 2013) Muscular Atrophy is the wasting or loss of muscle tissue. There are two types of muscle atrophy. Disuse atrophy is when the muscle is not being use enough; this type is reversible with exercise and better nutrition. Neurogenic atrophy occurs when there is an injury, or disease of a nerve that connects to the muscle. Neurogenic atrophy is more severe and tends to occur more suddenly. (Joseph V. Camelllone, M.D., 2015) The probable effects on the everyday life our 84 year old female can be debilitating if the diseases are at an advance stage. If not managing the diseases will be difficult but...
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...There are various diseases that are thought to have ancient Egyptian origin. These diseases include: the plague, influenza, small pox, and poliomyelitis. Some Egyptian hieroglyphics from about 2000 BCE show people with withered legs and arms. Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a contagious viral disease that can even cause paralysis, difficulty breathing and sometimes death its most severe form. This disease can affect anyone at any age but it primarily affects children under 5 years old. In this essay, I will talk about the transmission, types of polio and symptoms, treatments, and prevention of the disease. First, polio is transmitted from person to person. It is mainly transmitted through a fecal- oral route. “Poliovirus virions are very stable, especially in in acidic pH, and can remain infectious for relatively long periods in food and water, its main routes of transmission. The incubation period ranges from 6 to 20 days” (1). Once the virus is ingested it multiplies in the mucosa of the throat or small intestine. From here, the virus goes into the tonsils and lymph nodes of the lymph nodes in the neck and the terminal potion of the small intestine. Sometimes the virus enters the blood stream and causes viremia. In more than 99% of those cases, the viremia lasts only for a short time and does not result in clinical disease. In the other less that 1% cases, the viremia persists and goes into the central nervous system and this...
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...only following exercise, but over time may become constant. Other symptoms may include joint swelling, decreased range of motion, and when the back is affected weakness or numbness of the arms and legs. The most commonly involved joints are those near the ends of the fingers, at the base of the thumb, neck, lower back, knees, and hips. Joints on one side of the body are often more affected than those on the other. Usually the problems come on over years. It can affect work and normal daily activities. Unlike other types of arthritis, only the joints are typically affected. Muscle atrophy is defined as a decrease in the mass of the muscle; it can be a partial or complete wasting away of muscle, and is most commonly experienced when persons suffer temporary disabling circumstances such as being restricted in movement and/or confined to bed as when hospitalized. When a muscle atrophies it leads to muscle weakness in which may become difficult to restore...
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...Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig’s disease) Dustin M. Sumner ITT- Technical Institute of Technology Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig’s disease) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. When muscle has no nourishment, it “atrophies” or wastes away. “Lateral” identifies the areas in a person’s spinal cord where portions of the nerve cells that signal and control the muscles are located. As this area degenerates it leads to scarring or hardening (“sclerosis”) in the region. ALS is a disorder that affects the function of nerves and muscles. Based on U.S. population studies, a little over 5,600 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with ALS each year. (That’s 15 new cases a day.) It is estimated that as many as 30,000 Americans have the disease at any given time. According to the ALS Care Database, 60% of the people with ALS in the Database are men and 93% of patients in the Database are Caucasian. Most people who develop ALS are between the ages of 40 and 70, with an average age of 55 at the time of diagnosis. However, cases of the disease do occur in persons in their twenties and thirties. Generally though, ALS occurs in greater percentages as men and women grow older. ALS is 20% more common in men than in women. There are several research studies – past and present –investigating possible risk factors that may be associated with ALS. More work is needed to conclusively...
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...Uses of Hypnotherapy to treat a medical condition Introduction The purpose of this essay is to describe and explain the uses of hypnotherapy in the treatment of a medical condition. For this essay I have chosen to look at a chronic life limiting illness called Motor Neurone Disease. This is a disease that can affect many different aspects of a person’s life and is very aggressive in its symptoms. I have met quite a few people with this condition whilst working in the Neurophysiology department at the QMC, where all the nerve and muscles studies and EMG’s are performed. It not only changes the person’s life but also the lives of the people around them. I found this research both upsetting and informative. MND is a progressive degenerative disease which sadly has no known cure and sufferers will usually die within 5 years of the onset of the disease, there is no way to tell that you have this disease but there are many warning signs such as difficulty with speech, walking and dropping things due to not being able to grip correctly. MND is an unusual disease that damages nerve cells that the brain would usually use to send messages to the muscles and spinal cord where the upper and lower motor neurones are negatively affected. This then alters the muscle strength and can result in muscle loss. Theses neurons also if not working correctly will affect the messages sent to the brain giving the commands the body needs to enable walking, swallowing and any other muscle use. This...
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...The aging Musculoskeletal System LaToya Johnson ITT-Orland GE 258 April 28, 2015  Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a bone condition that makes bones thinner and more fragile because of reduced bone density, and it puts people at risk of fractures, especially of the hip, spinal vertebrae and wrist. Bones in the spine are not broken they are compressed together, and leads up to kyphosis. Kyphosis is a deformity of the spine which is a curve shape to the upper spine. There are different causes/ risk factors that leads up to osteoporosis such as reduced sex hormones, particularly in women due to less estrogen after menopause, eating disorders, tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol intake, decrease calcium and vitamin D, inactivity or immobility. Both men and women are affected. Osteoporosis can have a profound impact on daily living, fractures can occur with little trauma. Which make ADLs harder to do and eventually need assistance. Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, when the cartilage of the bone wears down over time it commonly effect the joints of the hand, knees, hips and spine. People in the occupation with repetitive and stressful movement should find ways to reduce the trauma. . Causes / risk factors that increases or could lead up osteoarthritis is age, sex women is at more risk, obesity, joint injuries, bone deformities, certain jobs genetics. ( web MD). There is no cure that exists at this time however you could slow the...
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...The Aging Musculosketltal system The Aging Musculosketltal system The aging musculoskeletal system of a 84-year old thin, small boned white female has many changes that it could possibly go through. There are three of the major problems that are possible for her body to go through. Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and muscular atrophy. Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and are more likely to have fractures. With osteoporosis the bones become weaker and lose their density. They have less amounts of calcium and minerals in them. Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease there is. This may occur without any cause and sometimes the tendency to have bone loss and thin bones is passed down through families. The leading cause of osteoporosis is the drop in estrogen in women t the time of menopause and a drop in testosterone in men. There are no symptoms in the early stages of osteoporosis. Most people who have this disease are prone to getting fractures and not even having an injury these are called compression fractures. Other changes that may occur are the loss of height and a stooped posture or kyphosis many develop. The treatment for osteoporosis is a lifestyle change with diet an exercise , taking medication and vitamin D along with calcium. Exercises such as walking, jogging, dancing will assist with improving bone mass. This disease of the bones is able to be reversed and even cured over time the the right treatment, Osteoarthritis...
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...common diseases are Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Muscular Atrophy. With Osteoporosis, it is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to fracture. Usually the bone loses density, which measures the amount of calcium and minerals in the bone. Since our bones undergo bone remodeling quite often in the younger years we do not think of the potential or likelihood of being diagnosed with Osteoporosis or Osteoarthritis. However as we age our bones do not recover and remodel as fast, causing loss of bone density. The more mass that is “banked” when younger leads to the smaller risk of having the disease. Much like Osteoporosis is Osteoarthritis. The more wear and tear you put on your bones and joints the more susceptible you are to Osteoarthritis. With these disorders maintain a popular quo among the elderly; the future diagnosis is almost certain to happen. An 84 year old thin female has more than likely already been diagnosed with one of the two disorders, if not both. Osteoarthritis can be very painful and can on more than one occasion hinder any plans that have been set forth, from a trip to the grocery store or an entire vacation. This is especially true of those who have the arthritis in their hands, fingers and knees. The final of the three, dependent on how you look at it, can be the most painful. Muscular Atrophy is the wasting or loss of muscle tissue. When a muscle does not get used often it atrophies; for example if you kept your wrist balled up and never opened...
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...Smart E – pants (all we need to know) Cures – pressure ulcers Problems with pressure ulcers - Pressure ulcers that affect the deep tissue may not be recognized until the wound is externally visible, by which time extensive injury may have occurred. Pressure ulcers are an adverse event that also increases the risk for further adverse events, including infection, osteomyelitis (infection of the bone), sepsis, and death. Due to the intensive treatments involved, pressure ulcers are costly. An Ontario study estimated that the net hospitalization costs of treating hospital-acquired pressure ulcers in patients older than 65 years ranged from $44,000 for stage II pressure ulcers to $90,000 for stage IV pressure ulcers.18 This study also determined that the treatment costs of pressure ulcers that developed before individuals were admitted to hospital ranged from $11,000 for a stage II pressure ulcer to $18,500 for a stage IV pressure ulcer.18 A small Canadian study (n = 12) of the cost of caring for community-dwelling individuals with pressure ulcers due to spinal cord injury found an average monthly cost per patient of $4,745 (ranging between $3,400 and $18,000). About the product – The undergarment — a cotton and Lycra fabric, similar to biking shorts, with a front zipper to accommodate patients needing catheterization, markers on the thighs to guide alignment, and belt loops for the electrode leads * The surface electrodes — two for each buttock, contained in mesh panels on...
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...Cerebral Palsy Cerebral palsy is " a disease which is causes sensory motor disorder as a result of incomplete brain development accompanied by problems in speech ,hearing ,sight and patterns of cognitive disorders and mental retardation"(Bobat,1980). The most patient with cerebral palsy are children. Arabian gulf are the most injured with cerebral palsy. Also, most cerebral palsy attacks occur all year round because a lot of women bring a new child and have cerebral palsy after birth or before . The common characteristics of cerebral palsy are difficulty with sucking or eating ,and difficulty walking such as walking on toes(Mayoclinic.org,1998). In addition, muscle weakness or weakness in motor control with damage in brain. There are three important thing people need to know about cerebral...
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...Terri Schiavo was a 27-year old who suffered cardiac arrest on February 25,1990. Terri was anorexic which caused her to suffer from extreme hypokalemia, which is an imbalance of potassium. The hypokalemia caused the cardiac arrest, which led to a coma due to anoxia, a lack of oxygen in her brain. Terri had brain damage and was in a vegetative state “ during the subsequent months, she exhibited no evidence of higher cortical function. Computed tomographic scans of her brain eventually showed severe atrophy of her cerebral hemispheres, and her electroencephalograms were flat, indicating no functional activity of the cerebral cortex. Her neurologic examinations were indicative of a persistent vegetative state, which includes periods of wakefulness alternating with sleep, some reflexive responses to light and noise, and some basic gag and swallowing responses, but no signs of emotion, willful activity, or cognition” (Quill, M.D., 2005) At the hospital to buy time and keep her alive doctors had inserted a feeding tube. Two months later, her husband Michael transferred Terri from the hospital to a rehabilitation center. The following month her husband with no objections from her parents became her legal guardian. Her parents tried taking her home and caring for her but later sent her back to the rehab center because it was too much work to take care of her at home. Terri needed round the clock care “For months 13-18 into her coma, three shift of workers worked 24 hours a day...
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...The documentation of a severe form of dementia by Alois Alzheimer in 1907 began a massive investigation of the cause of this disorder. Some of the common symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease consist of memory loss, impaired language ability, impaired judgement, and learning (M. Wong, et al. , 1997). Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is mainly a disease of the cerebral cortex. Alzheimer's is marked structurally by the senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and severe loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex. Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disorder ( Hof, Vogt, Bouras, and Morrison 1997). Recent attention has been focused on visual dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease (K. U. Loffler, D. P. Edward, & M. O. M. Tso 1995). Visual Problems During the clinical evaluation of patients with mild to moderate dementia of the AD type, visual difficulties such as : topographic agnosia, visual agnosia, alexia without agraphia, and prosopagnosia are detected. AD patients have The problem of describing the individual components of a picture is consistent with the severity of cytochrome oxidase (C.O.) deficits in the association cortical areas. Other deficits experienced by AD patients were texture discrimination, blue-violet discrimination, and 4.72 deg/sec motion detection. When AD patients were compared to other age-matched controls, AD patients had shown specific deficits in contrast sensitivity. Deficits in color vision were only age-related (M. Wong-Riley, et al. , 1997). ...
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... Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1986;49:1165-1170 Local cerebral glucose utilisation in chronic alcoholics: a positron tomographic study YVES SAMSON,* JEAN-CLAUDE BARON,*t ANDRE FELINE,: JACQUES BORIES,§ CHRISTIAN CROUZEL* From Service Hospitalier Frederic Joliot CEA, Departement de Biologie (Orsay),* Clinique des Maladies du Systeme Nerveux, La Salp&triere,t Service de Psychiatrie, H6pital Kremlin Bicetre,t Service de Neuroradiologie, La Salpetriere,§ Paris, France SUMMARY Using positron tomography, a study of regional cerebral glucose utilisation was performed prospectively in a highly selected group of six neurologically unaffected primary chronic alcoholics. In this group, neuropsychological, behavioural and CT scan anomalies were comparable with those previously reported in more extensive studies. With respect to age-matched control values, cerebral metabolic rate was not significantly modified in the selected cortical, subcortical and cerebellar regions of interest. However, the metabolic regional distribution index, which reflects the distribution pattern of glucose utilisation, was selectively and significantly decreased in the mediofrontal area, pointing to a limbic metabolic dysfunction apparently linked to chronic alcoholism. Even in apparently neurologically unaffected subjects, chronic alcohol abuse may be associated with some degree of cerebral dysfunction. Neuropsychological studies have demonstrated impairment of several...
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...Cerebral palsy (CP) is a term that encompasses a group of non-progressive syndromes of posture and motor problems next to lesions in the brain from early development (Appleton & Gupta, 2001). This disorder is caused by disturbances to the fetal or infant central nervous system (Jones, Morgan, Shelton, & Thorogood, 2007). There are two types of cerebral palsy, spastic and non spastic (Jones, Morgan, Shelton, & Thorogood, 2007). CP has a variety of signs and symptoms that coincide with other neurodegenerative disorders. The clinical signs of cerebral palsy are the following: muscle tone abnormalities, impaired motor coordination and control, dysarthria, and fine motor dysfunction. In some cases these are associated with cognitive impairment (Jones,...
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