Mobilizing for Defense I. Americans Join the War: A. Pearl Harbor 1. Japanese thought the Americans would give up B. Selective Service System 1. Many volunteered 2. Still needed the draft C. Women & the Military 1. Performed non-combat jobs (WAAC) 2. Segregated D. Discrimination & the Military 1. Many minorities questioned if it was their war to fight 2. Many minorities did join; but segregated units (beginning of the Civil Rights Movement)

II. Production A. Industry 1. Switched to wartime production 2. Brought U.S. out of the Great Depression B. Labor Force 1. Faced discrimination and lower pay 2. Women became a permanent part of the work force (beginning of Women’s Rights Movement)

III. Science A. OSRD (Created by FDR in 1941) 1. Pesticides (DDT), Radar, Sonar, and Penicillin B. Manhattan Project 1. Atomic Bomb 2. Einstein worked on project

IV. Federal Government Control: A. OPA & WPA 1. Control Inflation 2. Encourage Americans to buy War Bonds (War Bonds financed the war) B. Rationing (limiting scare goods needed for war) 1. Gas & Metal 2. Black Market

The War for Europe & North Africa I. The U.S. and Britain Join Forces A. FDR and Churchill worked out a war plan together B. Battle of the Atlantic 1. Germans wanted to prevent supplies from reaching Great Britain and the Soviet Union 2. Allies in control of the Atlantic by middle of 1943

II. The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean A. Battle of Stalingrad 1. Hitler wanted the oil fields; also wanted to control Stalingrad because it was an industrial center and it had Stalin’s name 2. Neither side would give up 3. The Soviet Union lost more people in defending Stalingrad than the U.S. did in the entire war 4. Soviets won and began to advance B. North African Front 1. Operation Torch: invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa 2. General Dwight D. Eisenhower 3. German General Erwin Rommel (Afrika Korps) 4. Allied Victory C. Italian Campaign 1. Allies captured Sicily first, then moved North 2. Mussolini lost power (Killed in 1945) 3. Italy not freed until 1945

III. Allies Liberate Europe A. D-Day 1. Operation Overlord (largest land-sea operation in military history) 2. June 6, 1944 3. Allies landed on beaches of Normandy, France B. France, Belgium, Luxembourg freed (Sept 1944) C. Battle of the Bulge 1. Last German offensive 2. October 1944 3. Germans lost D. Liberation of Death Camps 1. Nazis tried to hide evidence

IV. Unconditional Surrender A. Definition: Axis would have to accept any terms of surrender Allies offered (FDR and Churchill) B. Harder to achieve this C. May 8, 1945- V-E Day; Germany surrendered unconditionally (Hitler committed suicide on April 29, 1945) D. FDR did not live to see this; died on April 12, 1945; Truman President The War in the Pacific I. The Allies Stem the Japanese Tide A. Japan’s Empire 1. Three times as big as the Third Reich 2. Included Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, much of China, Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Island, Solomon Islands, and two islands in the Aleutian Chain 3. March 11, 1941- General Douglas MacArthur forced to leave Philippines; American POWs lead on the Bataan Death march B. Doolittle’s Raid 1. April 18, 1942 2. Bombing of Tokyo 3. Lifted American morale C. Battle of Coral Sea 1. May 1942 2. First time Japanese invasion had been stopped and turned back D. Battle of Midway 1. June 3, 1942 2. Devastating losses for Japan 3. Turning point of war in the Pacific E. Navajo Code Talkers 1. Used as a code language; Japanese never figured out code 2. Helped U.S. win war

II. The Allies go on the Offensive A. Island-Hopping 1. Take one island at a time; getting closer to main islands of Japan at each time 2. Very brutal fighting 3. Japan begins to use Kamikaze (Suicide-Plane) B. Battle of Iwo Jima 1. Island critical to U.S. as a base 2. 6,000 Marines dies; only 200 Japanese survived 3. Flag raised-famous photograph C. Battle of Okinawa 1. Last island before main islands 2. 7,600 Americans; 110,000 Japanese 3. Influenced decision to drop the bomb

III. The Atomic Bomb A. Code Name-Manhattan Project B. Tested on July 16, 1945 in New Mexico C. August 6, 1945-Hiroshima D. August 9, 1945-Nagasaki E. Japan surrenders on Aug. 15, 1945; formal ceremonies on Sept.2, 1945

IV. Rebuilding Begins A. Yalta Conference 1. Divide Germany into four zones of occupation 2. France, U.S., Britain, and Soviet Union each get a zone B. Nuremberg Trials 1. Trials of Nazi leaders 2. Japanese leaders also tried for war crimes C. Occupation of Japan 1. MacArthur Constitution 2. Japan becomes free-market D. U.S. gave both Germany and Japan money to rebuild

The Home Front

I. Economic Gains A. End of the Great Depression 1. Wartime industry; needed lots of workers B. Farmers Prospered C. Women Working 1. War created new opportunities for women 2. Women made up 35% of the work force

II. Population Shifts A. War triggered one of the greatest mass migrations in history (Many to CA) B. People moved for work C. African Americans left the South for the North, Midwest, and West Coast

III. Social Adjustments A. Mothers worked 1. Children left with neighbors, relatives, or child-care centers B. Marriages went up C. G.I. Bill of Rights 1. 1944 2. Money and training for veterans provided by federal government

IV. Discrimination A. Civil Rights Leader James Farmer founded Congress for Racial Equality (C.O.R.E) B. 1943-Race riot in Detroit C. Summer 1943- Anti-Mexican “zoot-suit” riots in Los Angeles

V. Internment of Japanese Americans A. After Pearl Harbor, many people became fearful of Japanese-Americans 1. Strong anti-Japanese feelings B. FDR signed an executive order to have all people of Japanese ancestry placed in prison camps 1. 2/3 of the people were born in U.S. 2. Move was justified as necessary for national security, but more due to anti-Japanese feelings C. Righting a historic wrong 1. 1990- All Japanese who were sent to a relocation camp received $20,000 in payment