CHAPTER 5

KEY WORDS AND CONCEPTS

Define and be able to use the following words and concepts:

Clique - in a sociogram, when three or more persons within a larger group select one another as a subgroup. (p. 124)

Closed questions - specific questions that can normally be answered either yes or no. (p. 125)

Data - unstructured, unformed facts. (p. 121)

Diagnosis - analysis of problem(s). (p. 118)

Diagnostic models - provide a conceptual framework to understand the organization, its many components, and how well they function as a system. (p. 127)

Differentiation and integration model - a diagnostic model that stresses the importance of a sound analytical diagnosis as the basis for planned change in organizations. (p. 127)

Directed interview - interview in which only specific information is sought. (p. 125)

Driving forces - opposite forces to restraining forces. Driving forces put pressure on the organization to change. (p. 129)

Equilibrium – a term used in the force-field analysis model that refers to the restraining forces and driving forces for change being equal or in balance. (p. 129)

Force-field analysis model - this model weighs forces for and against change. Restraining forces keep the organization stable and driving forces put pressure on the organization for change. (p. 129)

Hawthorne effect - the effect of the observer on the subject. The act of investigating or observing may influence the behavior of those being investigated. (p. 127)

Information - data that has structure and form. (p. 121)

Isolates – in a sociogram, it is those individuals within a group who are only chosen rarely by others. (p. 124)

Mutual choice - in a sociogram, when certain individuals within a larger group choose one another. (p. 124)

Nondirected interview - the interview direction is chosen by the respondent. There is little