...Do Bank Mergers Create Shareholder Value? An Event Study Analysis Varini Sharma Introduction to Econometrics December 17, 2009 Professor Gary Krueger Macalester College I. Introduction Since the 1980s, the U.S. banking industry has experienced a large increase in the level of mergers and acquisitions. Between 1980 and 1998, approximately 8,000 bank mergers occurred, involving about $2.4 trillion in acquired assets that can be attributed to deregulation in the1980s and the removal of legal restrictions on intrastate and interstate banking (Rhoades, 2000). One basis for these mergers is the assumption that such consolidations lead to improvements in efficiency and profits amassed through increased market power, economies of scale, reduced earnings volatility, diversification, and other financial and operational synergies. While proponents of bank mergers argue that these gains are substantial, Coase (1937) tells us that tradeoffs exist between economies of scale (size) and ability to manage. In addition to the significant increase in mergers we have witnessed the collapse of countless financial institutions in the past 3 years due to bad lending practices. While the Coase theory applies to firms in general, how well does it apply to financial institutions? Additionally, has the increased size of financial institutions contributed to the financial crisis of 2008? This paper investigates the economic role of bank mergers in creating shareholder...
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...Anatomy of a merger: behavior of organizational factors and processes throughout the pre- duringpost-stages (part 1) Steven H. Appelbaum Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Joy Gandell Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Harry Yortis Hydro-Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Shay Proper Montreal Stock Exchange, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Francois Jobin Kruger, Inc., Trois-Rivie Âres, Quebec, Canada Keywords Mergers and acquisitions, Organizational behaviour, Process efficiency, Managers Introduction Since the late 1980s, the total number of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) has far surpassed the number that occurred throughout the 1960s. Whereas the M&As throughout the 1960s were mainly due to unions between conglomerates, the 1980s and 1990s has witnessed an increase in M&As between firms of different sizes and different industry types (Tetenbaum, 1999). The trend to engage in this type of vertical integration or diversification does not seem to show signs of diminishing in the near future. Yet, at best, the firm that initiates the merger usually only achieves normal economic profits while the value created rests almost solely with the firm that was approached (Barney, 1997). The primary purpose of merging and acquiring new firms is usually to improve overall performance (Lubatkin, 1983) by achieving synergy, or the more commonly described as the ``2 + 2 = 5'' effect (Cartwright and Cooper, 1993a; Hovers, 1971) between two business units that will increase...
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...Master of Business Administration (MBA) LONDON METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY at ESOFT Metro Campus, Sri Lanka Academic Year 2014-15 MN7127ES: Change Management and Consultancy Assessment 1: Individual Report Strategic Change Case Study: GreenHealth-Cranberry1 Merger ABSTARCT This report contains the analysis of the case study of merger process of two UK based parasitical companies, GreenHealth and Cranberry. This report discuss deep inside analysis of two companies during the pre-merger stage and post-merger stage. Balogun and Hope Hailey’s Change Kaleidoscope model, Jonson’s Cultural Web Model and Kotter’s Change Steps has consider for this analysis. Contents 1.0 Introduction: 4 2.0 Case Study Analysis 5 2.1 strategic change context in January 2012, at the start of the merger process 5 2.2 compare and contrast the culture of GreenHealth and Cranberry before the merger (2011) with the new GreenHealth-Cranberry after the merger 8 (2013). 2.3 Critical evaluation of the change process that took place during 2012-13 11 3.0 Conclusion 14 4.0 Reference 15 1. Introduction GreenHealth is a UK based manufacture of vitamins, minerals and herbal supplements based on Reading, England. Company established in 1902 family owned company and currently employs 930 staff. Total revenue in 2011 is £237 million. GreenHealth’s products sold through high street retailers such as Holland and Barrett, and...
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...Change and Culture Case Study 1 Sharon Reed HCS/514 October 15, 2012 Steve Kovak Change and Culture Case Study 1 In the world of health care organization mergers are common as the pressures of free market drive organizations into combining resources with each other. Not every merger is a success. The health care organizations in most successful in making a merger are characteristics. The characteristics be examined and used to reveal key insights about organizational structure and ways that the free market system operates. The main reason corporate entities are to merger with companies to increase level of competitiveness in the market. A middle manager in a health organization had experience with merged with a previous competitor. Competition result to delivery of poor quality of care. The new organization has in place outpatient and inpatient service whereas one organization does not. Mergers can occur when two different organizations decide to joint together as one. In a merger is often a clash of cultures as two different organizations interact with each other and attempt to become one. Organizations that take advantage of a merger can resolve conflicts of culture and develop new collective attitudes. Each organization has its own ways of doing things and change will be made. Change in any organization comes with conflict and resentment which, management must resolve. In organization culture brings life experiences from each employee. Culture made of morale, values...
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...Anatomy of a merger: behavior of organizational factors and processes throughout the pre- duringpost-stages (part 1) Steven H. Appelbaum Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Joy Gandell Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Harry Yortis Hydro-Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Shay Proper Montreal Stock Exchange, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Francois Jobin Kruger, Inc., Trois-Rivie Âres, Quebec, Canada Keywords Mergers and acquisitions, Organizational behaviour, Process efficiency, Managers Introduction Since the late 1980s, the total number of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) has far surpassed the number that occurred throughout the 1960s. Whereas the M&As throughout the 1960s were mainly due to unions between conglomerates, the 1980s and 1990s has witnessed an increase in M&As between firms of different sizes and different industry types (Tetenbaum, 1999). The trend to engage in this type of vertical integration or diversification does not seem to show signs of diminishing in the near future. Yet, at best, the firm that initiates the merger usually only achieves normal economic profits while the value created rests almost solely with the firm that was approached (Barney, 1997). The primary purpose of merging and acquiring new firms is usually to improve overall performance (Lubatkin, 1983) by achieving synergy, or the more commonly described as the ``2 + 2 = 5'' effect (Cartwright and Cooper, 1993a; Hovers, 1971) between two business units that will increase...
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...The used change model The deal to a merger between two of the giants are remarkable achievement. There are no cultural differences. "Although the integration of the team spent after the merger of DaimlerChrysler, several million dollars has work on cultural sensitivity seminars for their staff on topics such as sexual harassment in the American and German restaurants etiquette, larger errors in business practice and management settings remain unchanged. So both brands could contain preserved different cultural class: • James Holden, the President of Chrysler from September 1999 to November 2000 described what he saw as "married up, marry down" phenomenon. "Mercedes, perceived as a fantasy, a particular brand, and Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth and...
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...Merger Acquisition BUS 508 Name Date Instructor Life Technologies and Thermo Fisher Scientific Introduction There are a lot of examples of Merger in present business world. If we search the world economic journals and magazines, then we will see that almost every year a lot of mergers and acquisitions are taking place in the modern corporate world. In the year 2013, some vital merger and acquisitions took place. In this paper a very important merger process will be described. The merger which will be described is not only important for the companies, but also important for the customers and the consumers of those companies. After reading through this paper, the reader will be able to know the reason, circumstances, effects and conclusions of the merger process. Then they will be able to judge whether the merger process brought any good for the companies or the people who are related to the companies or not. Before goring in through discussion, let’s see what is actually a merger? (Sherman & Hart, 2006) Merger is a process which adds two or more similar corporate companies or organizations together. This can happen in quite a few ways. First of all, two companies with similar expansion may come to an agreement and start a whole new combined company. This kind of merger is not seen a lot in the recent times. There is another kind of merger. That is, a bigger company can simply buy a similar smaller company. This is mainly a common type of merger. Most of the...
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...Change and Culture Case Study Understanding mergers and acquisitions in the health care industry has evolved over the years. Health care has become increasingly complex and expensive. It is becoming a multi-trillion dollar industry worldwide. The topic of this research paper; the impact of mergers and acquisitions have in health care from a variety of viewpoints. The paper will discuss the multiple impacts in an effort to better understand mergers and acquisitions and what it means to the health care organizations culture, services, workers, and the patients they serve. What is Organization Culture? The organizational culture is not spoken of in an organization but felt on an everyday basis. The culture is defined by what is expected of people and what is valued. Culture defines the norms of behavior and how things are done in an organization. For an organization to be successful it must understand the culture which allows the organization to be productive. Culture defines the boundaries of behavior and performance which is the way of getting things done within the organization. Cultures are often developed early on in the organization and over time these experiences become the “rules and regulations” of the organization. Once a merger or acquisition is completed, the rules and regulations become something of the past (Eikenberry, 2006). The rules and regulations could have served one organization well; it will not work so well once a merger has been completed. When two...
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...The words mergers and acquisitions are often used synonymously but there is a difference between the two. A merger is the combining of two or more companies by surrendering of stock of either of the companies and an acquisition is when one firm takes over another and establishes its power as the single owner. It has been deemed however that when a deal made by two different organisations is on friendly terms, this deal is typically proclaimed as a merger regardless it was a buy out or not. Companies merge for a number of reasons including the following; • Enhancing productivity • Political reasons • Cutting down costs and increasing revenue • Financial motives • Going concern Mergers do not only affect the structure of the organisation, shareholding but also the human element in the organisations concerned. The shareholders will be affected in that some will lose their shares or stocks whilst the shareholders of the gain new stock or shares and the shareholding structure will also change. At the management level changes also occur with management shifts some losing their jobs and other being offered new opportunities. The aftermath of mergers impact the workers mostly in that they have to accept new superiors, new co-workers, new vision and missions, some lose their jobs and the remaining workforce has to unlearn their former culture so as to embrace the new culture of the new organisation. In the case of Pioneer and Unifreight (Swift), Pioneer Corporation Africa had been...
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...CURRENT ISSUES SERIES Mergers & Acquisitions: Organizational Culture & HR Issues Deborah A. Pikula IRC Press Industrial Relations Centre Queen’s University Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Tel: (613) 533-6709 Fax: (613) 533-6812 E-mail: ircpress@post.queensu.ca Visit our Website at: http://qsilver.queensu.ca/irl/qsirc/ Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88886-516-3 © 1999, Industrial Relations Centre Printed and bound in Canada Industrial Relations Centre Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario Canada K7L 3N6 Publications’ Orders: 613 533-6709 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Pikula, Deborah A. Mergers & acquisitions : organizational culture & HR issues (Current issues series) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-88886-516-3 1. Personnel management. 2. Corporate culture. 3. Organizational change. 4. Consolidation and merger of corporations. I. Title. II. Series: Current issues series (Kingston, Ont.). HF5549.P469 1999 658.3 C99-932294-X Executive Summary Mergers and acquisitions are increasing in North America as organizations try to expand their operations and increase their competitive advantage. But despite optimistic expectations, mergers and acquisitions frequently fail, in part because managers neglect human resource issues, which are rarely considered until serious problems arise. This study highlights the importance of proactive management of human resource issues, concurrently with financial issues, and offers detailed practical advice to help ensure...
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...Continental Airlines and United Airlines Merger Tony McDougal December 2, 2012 Professor Bates Abstract This paper explains the challenges faced by two major U.S. airlines, United and Continental airlines in an attempt to merge, and form the world's largest airline based in the United States. This consideration is based in relation to the movement of passengers via air traffic. The airline merge occurred in order for each airline to survive and be competitive within the airline industry. The paper explains briefly the reason for this merger, the strategy it used and went through to accomplish the merger. It also explains some pros and cons the merger and management faced. It explains the vision of the newly created company in reference to where they want to be in the future and the profit of revenue they foresee to earn with this merger. This paper outlines the structural change the new United Airlines came up with after the merger took place and how both United and Continental Airlines management, employees, and customers adapted to the merge. Continental Airlines and United Airlines Merger The merger of United and Continental airlines that was under way in 2008 formed the third’s world largest airline. This merge occurred during the decrease of air travel from heightened security measures against terrorism and high fuel costs. During this time, the United States government also tried to help by giving the airline industry monetary...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS 4 DISTINCTION BETWEEN MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS 5 TYPES OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITONS 7 Horizontal Merger 7 Vertical Merger 7 Co-Generic Merger 7 Conglomerate Merger 7 RECENT EXAMPLES 8 REASONS FOR MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS 10 Growth of the company 10 Synergy 10 Diversification and expansion 11 Elimination of competition 11 × REASONS WHY MERGERS AND ACQUISITONS CAN FAIL 12 No common vision 12 Weak leadership and poor governance 12 Poor strategic fit 12 Cultural and Social Differences 13 Incomplete and Inadequate Due Diligence 13 Poorly Managed Integration 13 Overpaying the target company 13 Changing market condition 13 ARTICLE STATING REALITIES OF M&A for HR 14 SUCCESS MANTRA for M & As 15 Cultural integration 15 Change Management 16 Management resources 16 Role of HR in M&A’s 18 Three Stage Model of Mergers and Acquisitions 21 Stage 1-Pre-Combination (HR Issues): 21 Stage 2-Combination and Integration (HR Issues): 22 Stage 3: Solidification and Assessment (HR Issues): 22 Role of the HR Department in M&A Activity 23 INDUSTRY EXAMPLE – Schnieder 26 Challenges due to acquisitions 26 Industry Example – MTS 29 Conclusions 30 At the Company Level 30 At the HR Level 31 REFERENCES 33 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Mergers and acquisitions, as a means of rejuvenating and restoring business, have become increasingly popular...
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...across the merger between United and Continental airlines. The reason that I choose to do the merger is because I knew that they were going to go through many changes within this merger. Both airline companies have a lot to offer to each other with this merger that they can compete with Delta airlines one of the largest airline in the world. This merger will bring about several changes within both companies. In this paper I will be providing the different changes between both companies with the merger including the culture, systems and unions. Since they were two different companies this will bring on big changes when they finally merger together. History In In the year of 2008 United Airlines CEO Glenn F. Tilton and Continental Airlines, CEO Jeffrey A. Smisek began to talk about merging both company together in order to become the largest merger ever to take place between two airlines. However, once Continental found out about United Airlines declining financial statues they declined their offer. The talk of United negotiating a merger with US Airways stunned the CEO and board members of Continental Airlines. Predictor stated that United Airlines used this tactic to allure Continent Airline to renegotiate the merger that was discussed in 2008. In 2010 a big announcement was presented stating that United and Continental airlines were merging together as one Airline Company. Major of the management team will consist of Continental executives. This merger is just another...
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...CURRENT ISSUES SERIES Mergers & Acquisitions: Organizational Culture & HR Issues Deborah A. Pikula IRC Press Industrial Relations Centre Queen’s University Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Tel: (613) 533-6709 Fax: (613) 533-6812 E-mail: ircpress@post.queensu.ca Visit our Website at: http://qsilver.queensu.ca/irl/qsirc/ Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88886-516-3 © 1999, Industrial Relations Centre Printed and bound in Canada Industrial Relations Centre Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario Canada K7L 3N6 Publications’ Orders: 613 533-6709 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Pikula, Deborah A. Mergers & acquisitions : organizational culture & HR issues (Current issues series) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-88886-516-3 1. Personnel management. 2. Corporate culture. 3. Organizational change. 4. Consolidation and merger of corporations. I. Title. II. Series: Current issues series (Kingston, Ont.). HF5549.P469 1999 658.3 C99-932294-X Executive Summary Mergers and acquisitions are increasing in North America as organizations try to expand their operations and increase their competitive advantage. But despite optimistic expectations, mergers and acquisitions frequently fail, in part because managers neglect human resource issues, which are rarely considered until serious problems arise. This study highlights the importance of proactive management of human resource issues, concurrently with financial issues, and offers detailed practical advice to help ensure...
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...across the merger between United and Continental airlines. The reason that I choose to do the merger is because I knew that they were going to go through many changes within this merger. Both airline companies have a lot to offer to each other with this merger that they can compete with Delta airlines one of the largest airline in the world. This merger will bring about several changes within both companies. In this paper I will be providing the different changes between both companies with the merger including the culture, systems and unions. Since they were two different companies this will bring on big changes when they finally merger together. History In In the year of 2008 United Airlines CEO Glenn F. Tilton and Continental Airlines, CEO Jeffrey A. Smisek began to talk about merging both company together in order to become the largest merger ever to take place between two airlines. However, once Continental found out about United Airlines declining financial statues they declined their offer. The talk of United negotiating a merger with US Airways stunned the CEO and board members of Continental Airlines. Predictor stated that United Airlines used this tactic to allure Continent Airline to renegotiate the merger that was discussed in 2008. In 2010 a big announcement was presented stating that United and Continental airlines were merging together as one Airline Company. Major of the management team will consist of Continental executives. This merger is just another...
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