...Should English be made the official language of India? Well, although English is a global language and it has somewhat become necessary to know English if one has to be successful globally, still making it our country’s official language makes little sense to me. If the whole point of changing our official language is related to the growth and success of our nation then China and its growth should make no sense to the world. The leader in BRIC nations and the nation considered next ‘SUPERPOWER’ after America doesn’t have English as their official language. They are doing great with mandarin and have very less people speaking English there. When their language is not posing a hindrance to their growth, when their GDP rate is going pretty well, when they are not thinking for changing their official language but are rather putting their heads into bigger constructive discussions then why should we? Globalization has brought the world closer and therefore to know and have tolerance for different cultures and languages is absolutely great but to forget and bring a change in our own heritage is something that according to me should not be acceptable. It’s fantastic to know English and get education in the same medium. Surely, it enhances our people to be recognized globally. It may bring them confidence and it may also aid to their growth in personality, but to look down upon one’s own culture and language is like looking down upon your parents when they are old and they need help...
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...hiomlán ann ina saol ábhartha. Gaelic and English are undoubtedly very different languages. The difference in the way words sound and are spelled varies greatly between the two. Yet, when translated, they have the same surface meaning. They do not, though, have the same history and importance. This is the theme of Brian Friel’s play, Translations. When the British army enters Ireland and attempts to anglicise it, first by changing something as seemingly insignificant as street names, it has a great effect on Irish people and culture. In reality, 1833, the time period for this...
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... I can see clearly in his article through his description that how his family intimacy changed due to his language and identity shift from Spanish to English, one by one step. I like his view from another perspective to the Bilingualist that children are easy to confuse about their identity from the different languages they ned to speak in the different occasions(public places and private places like home), especially combined with his personal experiment. I think for the child, studying different languages is advantages for their future, but it is not a necessary skill for them because it is just as he said that if the teaching method is not...
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...taught the sons of Spanish noblemen to read and speak using the one-handed alphabet. He published the first book on deaf education in 1620 in Madrid. The book depicted Bonet's form of a manual alphabet. His intent was to further the oral and manual education of deaf people in Spain. Around 1760, a French priest, Charles Michel De L'Eppe, established the first free public school for the deaf in France. De L'Eppe tried to develop a bridge between the deaf and hearing worlds through a system of standardized signs and finger spelling. Dedicated to helping the less fortunate, the energetic priest also founded a shelter for the deaf in Paris and a school for deaf children in Truffaut, France. In 1788 he published a dictionary of French sign language. Into the 1800’s Deaf people were...
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...Question Using suitable examples, describe and comment upon some of the reasons for language change. Language changes, as do all things in the living world, as language reflects and affects the society which uses it. The mechanics of language change show language as a system with larger and larger scale trends, which allows us to examine the conditions necessary for change. The process of change occurs gradually, and the rate of this change does conform to a pattern. For instance, if you get an influx of foreign words, few people use them, and they spread slowly until people have become familiar with them. When they have, the word usage stabilizes. Another factor affecting language change is hyper-correction. This occurs when a sentence is corrected so frequently that the deviant form becomes the norm in spoken English. For example, the sentence Jill and me went to the fair is often corrected to Jill and I went to the fair. The result of this is that the phrase and me has become disdainful and unacceptable. The ultimate effect of this is an exaggerated use of the term and I. For example, Mother gave the book to John and I is a deviant form which has become the norm in spoken English. Research has also discovered many other reasons why language changes. William Labov conducted a study in America investigating the use of the letter r. He used three sets of shop assistants from high-class, middle-class, and lower-class stores and found that all three sets consciously...
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...Roxanne Reininger EDLD 6342 Community Leadership & Development Dr. Israel Aguilar Support for our English as a Second Language Learner English as a second language (ESL) is rapidly growing and changing not only our schools, but our communities as well. Every district needs to become aware of the need to incorporate more programs and opportunities for these language learners. To succeed in this, it will take a collaboration of administration, teachers, and community figures. Getting started and developing an ESL program will allow schools to set goals for success with English Language Learners (ELL); it will also allow schools and communities to work together and move forward, taking action to help these students. Getting started to help ELL students is the first step of the process. The context is a politically charged atmosphere where our English Language Learner ELL, need to be given appropriate interventions to become successful. A gap in basic language are holding back students to be successful in high school and beyond graduation. Context looks at the political environment as compared to public perception. In the political world, there are requirements to reach in reaching success for ELL students. Although these requirements can help, it is not always easy to obtain. They want to hire trained professionals for student, increase budgets to help with programs, and offer as much help as possible to see ELL students graduate. However, the public sees...
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...English language 1. Some effects of the Renaissance. The introduction of printing and the fixation of the written standard. 2. Growth of Literature in the Early English Language. 3. The formation of the spoken standard. 4. New sources of information about Language History in the 15th and 16th Centuries. The formation of the national English language, or Standard English, is considered to date from the period between the 15th and the 17th centuries. After that time the language continued to change, so one can speak of the evolution of Standard English instead of tracing the similar or different trends in the history of its dialects. We must mention at least two of the external factors that led to this development: the unification of the country and the progress of culture. Other historical events, such as the increased foreign contacts, produced a more specific kind of influence on the language: they affected the wordstock. The changes in the economic and social conditions were accompanied by the intermixture of people coming from different regions, the growth of towns with a mixed population, and the strengthening of social ties between the various regions. All these processes played an important role in the unification of the English language. All over the world the victory of capitalism over feudalism was linked up with the consolidation of people into nations and the unification of the regional dialects into a nation language or rather...
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...different languages in the world. But what is a language for a community? The way in which most people see it is a method of communication. But language is also a tunnel that connects us with the history, culture, and nation. As a person born in Dominican Republic my first language is Spanish. However, when I came to the United States at a young age I had to go to middle school and learn a new language. This started to make feel shy about my native tongue. In a way, I started to stop speaking Spanish in front of the people. At the same time, I started to notice that Spanish people look at you with proud eyes once they see you speaking English. Therefore, that makes feel as if English was superior to Spanish....
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...R’s” of Vanessa Ruiz. Vanessa Ruiz is a news anchor for an English-language television newscast in Arizona. She has a bilingual background, and she started her career at a Spanish-language television network. As a news anchor, on the English-language show, Ruiz receive criticism for the way she pronounced Spanish words. The critics posted online comments that her punctuation was annoying, wrong and stupid. Ruiz, with a Spanish language background, was pronouncing words the correct way in the Spanish-language culture, but since she is a news anchor for an English-language news program, critics believe she should pronounce words in an English manner. Ruiz believes the way she speaks the Spanish words honor the original Arizona settlers. Cultures are mixing creating mix linguistics in the United States; there are a numerous amount of Spanish-speaking people in the United States....
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...to the changes that occur during the process of translating from one language to another. These shifts occur at all level whether the lower level of language or the higher thematic level of text. According to Catford (1978:73) he says translation shift is the change from the formal correspondence to the target text. He has divided translation shifts into two categories and that is rank and category translations shift. Rank translation shift is where there is a change from grammar to lexis whereas category is the change from formal correspondence. The existence of a translation shift in any kind of translational activity has become an unavoidable phenomenon as translation is a process. It never stops with the evolution of time and the knowledge of mankind. Translation has never and will never reach completion or perfection. It is where our practice makes perfect. Translation shifts normally occurs when the source language is different from the target language and these are normally due to differences in word order, types of tense used grammar used parts of speech applied etc. In the case of translating English to Arabic there occurs a translational shift because English belongs to the Indo-European family and Arabic is a Semitic language. The disparity makes the shift to come out. It is always important for one to understand that translation shift helps to reduce literal translation of the target language. Translation shift resulting from English to Arabic This is the most...
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...Evaluating Reading Programs African-American (AA) and English Language Learners (ELL) students are groups that traditionally suffer in standard reading and English classrooms. A 1965 Harlem study cited by William Labov (Labov, Can reading failure be reversed pg. 40, laay ) contrasts two groups of students: one group that is not affiliated with street culture and one group that is. The findings are startling. AA students that did not associate with “street” groups on average read two grade-levels below students. This figure is alarming but nonetheless, two grade-levels can be remediated with the right intervention. However, the group that associated with “street” groups persisted to stall at an average plateau of a 4.9 grade reading level. A plateau indicates a systemic failure to address the underlying issue of instruction. The times have changed but the fact that AA and ELL youth are not being served has remained constant. One would (like to) believe that non-responsive students are wholly neglected, however, often times it is not a negligence in intervention, but a lack of appropriate reading curriculum/tools that creates the dire situation that underperforming students are in. AA and ELL students pose an educational challenge because they already possess language structures that vary from standard academic English in grammar, phonics, and cultural experience. The Ann Arbor decision reaffirms that although different, African American Vernacular (AAVE), is not mangled or fragmented...
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...The roles of speech-language pathologists seem to be shifting and expanding as the 21st century presents society with continuous technological transformations, rising costs of healthcare services, increasing demand for services as the population ages, rising numbers of Autism diagnoses, and the growing diversity of the United States population. Thus, the role of speech-language pathologists within a healthcare setting will depend upon several factors and new models of service delivery will likely be necessary to achieve client success within the ever-changing society of the 21st century. The increasing costs of healthcare services not only affects where speech-language pathologists provide treatment, but also who can receive treatment....
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...communicate in two languages. Bilingualism can be acquired in two different ways. Children usually acquire bilingualism from being exposed to two separate languages from a parent, nanny, or caregiver. Simultaneous bilingualism occurs when a child acquires two languages at the same time (simultaneously), before the age of three (Otto and Hall, 2010). Ideally, the child will have equal experiences with each language. Sequential bilingualism is when a child has had sufficient exposure, usually after the age of three and after the first language is mastered. (asha.org, 2004). Sequential bilingualism is when the child acquires their second language after they have mastered a primary language. This usually occurs when they have parents who speak a different language from that of the community. When they enter school, they are introduced to their second language. There are two main hypotheses that explain how children acquire secondary language. They are the unitary system hypothesis and the separate system hypothesis. In the unitary system hypothesis, it is the belief that children fuse together words from both languages into one lexicon. After around three years of age, they will start to split the words into two separate lexicons, but use the one set of grammar rules. In the separate system hypothesis, it is believed that the child separates the languages in the beginning, creating two different lexicons. Studies indicate that the vocabulary in each language of the bilingual...
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...us “further and further from ourselves to other selves, from our worlds to other worlds”. Drawing from this readings, argue for or against this statement. Ngugi (1986) argues that language and identity are inseparable, and that a global language robs people of their identities. I however believe that language does in a way guide how we perceive the world but it in no means defines who we are. Identity as explained by Gervais-Lambony (2006) develops over time and is shaped from our social experiences. Identity is not fixed and can change over time to how we want people to perceive us. In this discussion I shall argue against Ngugi’s statement by drawing from readings that opposes what Ngugi says. Ngugi (1986) feels that English was forced upon him and that his home language and his culture were taken away. For Ngugi identity, culture and language are closely linked. Therefore he feels that if one’s language is taken away so is your identity. An author that agrees with his statements is Appiah (1999) who has a strong traditional sense of what it means to be an African. Appiah uses the word tribe when he speaks of identity ( Appiah 1999: 42 ) “ a tribe is thought of as a group of people who are descended from common ancestors and ruled by a chief , who share a single culture including language and religion”. Ngugi and Appiah do not believe that there is any choice in identity, they believe that identity is fixed. On the contrary Kamwangamalu (2004) argues that one can choose...
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...National Language Proposal As reported by Carl Hulse in the New York Times, the United States Senate voted to make English the national language. The proposed amendment was passed with a 63-to-34 vote, with backers claiming it established that it would simply affirm the pre-eminence of English without overturning laws or rules on bilingualism. The proposal declares that no one has "a right, entitlement or claim to have the government of the United States or any of its officials or representatives act, communicate, perform or provide services or provide materials in any language other than English" (2006). Politics of Bilingualism in Education In an article from Social Justice, James Crawford describes the politics of bilingualism in education by offering a detailed history and the political debate that has ensued since the Bilingual Education Act was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Johnson in 1968. The latest movements to make English a national language are mentioned, and the attempt is then made to answer the many questions that the bill inspires, including its impact, significance and true purpose (1998). Bilingual Education An article in the Bilingual Research Journal by Carlos J. Ovando of Arizona State University argues that changing political, social, and economic forces, rather than any consistent ideology, have shaped the nation’s responses to bilingual education. He concludes that language ideology in the United States has...
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