...RUNNING HEAD: CULTURE AND PARENTING Culture and parenting Introduction Parenting is the first and likely most important mechanism through which culture is reproduced (Cauce, 2008). Every child is born into a certain circumstance and learns through interactions with the surroundings. Parents are generally the first and key people in a child’s life, so it should come as no surprise that parenting has influences on the development of children’s temperament, which later impacts their school performance. This article is going to explore how parenting varies among different ethnic groups including Asian Americans, African American, Latinos, and European Americans. More specifically, what factors should be included when considering the parenting characteristics of a unique ethnic group and what implications might they have for schooling today. Theories Two of the modern theories that are concerned with cultural influences on human development are Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory and Ecological Systems Theory proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. First, Vygotsky’s theory defined culture as the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group. His Sociocultural Theory focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation. According to Vygotsky, social interaction – in particular, cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society – is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking...
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...Deborah Hawkins Early Child Development Chapters 6-11 Sharon Garrett Models-These are the models that are used for Early Childhood Development 1. Head Start: Empowering for Change from Within 2. The High Scope Foundations: Planning, Implementing, and Reviewing Best Practices 3. The Project Approach: Active Inquiry in Early Childhood 4. The Schools of Reggio Emilia: A Child’s World 5. Montessori Education: Environment, Materials, and Methods 6. Waldorf education: Harmony and the Whole Child Head Start- In 1964 under President Lyndon Johnson Sargent Shriver assembled a committee and put together a group of sociologists, psychologists, and pediatricians to design a system that would assist children to overcome their setbacks or obstacles caused by poverty. Before the name Head Start was establish, the committee had tossed around several different names, e.g., Kiddie Corps, and Bay Corps however the name Head Start was chosen by the academics who understood the achievement gap between middle class students and their lower class peers (Kagan, 2002). President Johnson announced Project Head Start in May of 1965, President Johnson and Mr. Shiver used the (Office of Economic Opportunity) to establish the Head Start program (Kagan, 2002). It started as an eight week summer program for children from low income communities that were going into public school in the fall (Styfco and Zigler, 2003). In the first summer of the Head Start Program it served over...
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...focuses their gaze on the other individual, points their finger on the object and then returns their gaze on the individual. Cross sectional description of a child’s ability to follow an eye gaze was first presented by researchers Scafie and Bruner the first time in 1975. They found out that children aged between eight to ten months followed a line regarded to them, children between eleven and fourteen months old also did the same. This form of early research showed that it is possible to bring objects to the attention environment of an infant through the use of an eye gaze (Moore & Dunham, 2009). A good development in language is of critical importance when it comes to an infant’s readiness for school and achievement in academics (Janus & Offord, 2007). Language development is also a key facilitator in the development of social skills of an individual which optimizes the involvement of the individual in social and economic activities of the society (Zubrick et al., 2009). There is increased attention from researchers in early child development in language so s to better understands human development. Language development may be viewed as a simple process but it depends on the quality and amount of language that infants are exposed to (Hoff, 2012). Joint attention plays a very important role in the learning of vocabularies in children (Baldwin, 1995). Pointing of gestures and verbal labeling provides an opportunity for infants to learn words through appropriate object...
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...Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (567 million people) is less than the wealth of the world’s 7 richest people combined. • Nearly a billion people entered the 21st century unable to read a book or sign their names. • Less than one per cent of what the world spent every year on weapons was needed to put every child into school by the year 2000 and yet it didn’t happen. • 1 billion children live in poverty (1 in 2 children in the world). 640 million live without adequate shelter, 400 million have no access to safe water, 270 million have no access to health services. 10.6 million Died in 2003 before they reached the age of 5 (or roughly 29,000 children per day). • Causes 1. overpopulation 2. Lack of education 3. Environmental degradation 4. Economic trends 5. Corruption 6. Poor Governance 7. Natural Disasters 8. Social and Culture Issues • Effects: Poverty is linked with negative conditions such...
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...A Discussion of the Theories of Bronfenbrenner and Vygotsky Connie Hassan 2015 Abstract Child development is defined as a normal progression by which children change as they grow older by acquiring and refining knowledge, adjusting behaviours and mastering new skills. As children grow there are both quantitative and qualitative differences between them. Quantitative differences emerge in that children acquire more knowledge and grow physically larger and stronger. Qualitative differences in the way children think, behave, and perceive the world differently as they mature. Many theories of child development have emerged as researchers continue to try to support, contradict or integrate differing points of view. Theories of child development have reflected the thinking of the times in which they arose. Some more recently developed theoretical perspectives focus on children’s internal processes and others on external influences related to development. This essay will discuss two different theoretical approaches - sociocultural theory, which stresses that social interaction is fundamental in the role of physical, cognitive and social development, and ecological systems theory, which integrates a holistic approach to encompassing the key individual and environmental influences on child development. The focus of the discussion is a comparative analysis of a theory from each of these approaches. A Discussion of the Theories of Bronfenbrenner and Vygotsky According to Berk...
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...President Carter was the best leader because in his early life he graduated from his Naval Academy, in his Presidency he helped bring peace between foreign countries, and left a lasting legacy with his Carter Center foundation to address national and international issues. Carter was born on October 1, 1924,in the small farming town of Plains, Georgia. There along, with his brother and two sisters, he was raised by his parents, James Earl Carter, Sr., who ran a small peanut farm and his mother, Lillian Gordy Carter, who was a nurse. He was educated in a public school, then received a B.S. degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1946 in Annapolis, Maryland. After graduating, Carter married Rosalynn Smith. They had three sons, John William, James Earl III, Donnel Jeffrey, and...
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...When the topic of dictators is brought up who comes to mind? Most anyone will say Adolf Hitler. Why was he so cruel? What drove his hatred for the Jews? Why did he want a so-called "perfect" race? Well the answer to all these questions might be answered from Hitler's childhood. Adolph Hitler was born on April 20, 1889, in Braunau am Inn, Austria. He was the son of Alois, a customs official, and Klara Hitler. Alois was a very mean and stern father. His death, in 1903, came as a relief to Adolf. His relationship with his mother was totally opposite than his relationship with his father, Adolf idealized his mother so when she died in 1907 it was a very traumatic experience to him. This led to many problems, especially school. While living in Vienna, Hitler made his living by drawing small pictures of famous landmarks, which he sold as post cards. But he was always poor. He was also a regular reader of a small paper, which claimed that the Arabian race was superior to all and was destined to rule the world. The paper blamed Communists and Jews for all their problems and Hitler agreed to those views. Hitler agreed with most of the points made in the publication. He continued to live a poor life in Vienna and in 1913 decided to move to Munich. Still living in Vienna and being Austrian by birth, Hitler showed more loyalty to the country of Germany. He thought that the Aryan race was destined to rule the world. Many believe that he tried to escape the draft but it was never proven...
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...Systems theory: a scientific/philosophical approach and set of concepts, rather than a theory, for the transdisciplinary study of complex phenomena. It was first proposed by the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy in the 1940's (anthology: "General Systems Theory", 1968), as a reaction against scientific reductionism*. Rather than reducing a phenomenon (say, the human body) to a collection of elements or parts (say, the organs or cells), systems theory focuses on the relations and interactions between the parts, which connect them into a whole (see holism*). The particular arrangement of elements and relations determines an emergent* organization, or system*. That organization is abstract, independent of the concrete substance of the elements, which may be atoms, molecules, cells, transistors, or people. This entails that the same principles of organization can be found in different domains: physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, sociology, technology... One of the aims of systems theory is to unify different scientific disciplines by uncovering these general principles (see unity of science*). Systems theory studies characteristics common to many or all complex systems. These...
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...Development of the social brain during adolescence Sarah-Jayne Blakemore Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK Adolescence is usually defined as the period of psychological and social transition between childhood and adulthood. The beginning of adolescence, around the onset of puberty, is characterized by large hormonal and physical changes. The transition from childhood to adulthood is also characterized by psychological changes in terms of identity, self-consciousness, and cognitive flexibility. In the past decade, it has been demonstrated that various regions of the human brain undergo development during adolescence and beyond. Some of the brain regions that undergo particularly protracted development are involved in social cognitive function in adults. In the first section of this paper, I briefly describe evidence for a circumscribed network of brain regions involved in understanding other people. Next, I describe evidence that some of these brain regions undergo structural development during adolescence. Finally, I discuss recent studies that have investigated social cognitive development during adolescence. The first time Uta Frith made an impression on me was when I was 15. That year I was given a copy of her book Autism: Explaining the Enigma (U. Frith, 1989), which had recently been published. I knew nothing about autism and found Uta’s book captivating. It inspired me to write to its author and ask if I could...
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...progressivism through her advocacy of many ideologies: feminism, social anarchism, socialism, and pacifism, to name a few. The first ideology that Goldman actively embraced was Social Anarchism. This type of anarchism advocates the importance of helping everyone, not sequestering all the wealth in the hands of the few elite. In social anarchism, the distribution of wealth, collectivisation, and violent revolutions to overthrow the present government are all ideas that are shared by the majority of its followers. One experience that led Goldman to embrace social anarchism was the Haymarket incident of 1886. A group of strikers had gathered at the Haymarket square in Chicago, to protest against the McCormick Harvester Company. Somehow, in the chaos that surrounded the protesters, a bomb was set off, killing seven people in addition to injuring many onlookers in the crowd. The event caused Goldman to read about the Anarchists, who were blamed for the event. She discovered how the ideals of the anarchists coincided with those she believed in, such as equality and freedom. With this in mind, she also discovered one other value: violence could be used to achieve her goals. After reading about the anarchists, Goldman decided to devote herself to the anarchist cause, if only to reassure the world that the anarchist ideals did not die with the Haymarket ordeal. A second experience that had led Goldman to embrace the ideology of social anarchism would be every time she witnessed someone poor...
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... Professor Laura Schwinn, HSV 504 Introduction Childhood neglect endured during the infancy stage of development can influence and have a “snowball effect on their subsequent successes in later stage development” (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010 p. 9). Infancy, the time between birth and 12 months old, is a critical stage of development, as human growth escalates rapidly during the first few years of life. It is a period of growth that is especially sensitive and vulnerable to the effects of maltreatment (Hildyard & Wolfe, 2002). When childhood neglect occurs during this very sensitive period, issues of safety, attachment, and social-emotional functioning are often identified as areas that need immediate intervention. The following paper will focus on the issue of early childhood neglect and the possible effects it can have on development during infancy according to three expert theorists Mary Ainsworth, Erik Erikson, and Albert Bandura. This paper is also written using the stories from “Paul”, (a pseudonym), a victim of childhood neglect: My name is Paul. I was born in 1995 to my mother who was thirteen years old. Her boyfriend, my father, was seventeen. My father was never involved in my life, as he was actively involved in criminal behavior, which ultimately led to his early death by gun violence. I was ten months old when my father was killed and I have no memories of him. My mother hid...
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...global events occurred. A very unique and interesting childhood and adult life, subjective beliefs and philosophies, and major events occurring in the world around her were all factors that contributed to Ayn Rand’s perspective and style of writing in her infamous novel, Anthem. Ayn Rand, the oldest of three daughters, was born on February 2, 1906 (Gladstein. 3,4). Rand’s given birth name was Alisa Zinovievna...
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...CRJS-6137-4 Analysis of an Offender Larry Tyus April 10, 2016 ABSTRACT My topic is about being a drug dealer and addressing all of the concepts of what and constitute and define a drug dealer, and it does get a bad rap, but at the same times it is glorified through songs and movies. We will address the issue of whether being a criminal is an inherent trait or learned behavior, the average age group of most dealers and their family and social environments. I will only use data as it pertains to cocaine, whether it is powder or crack, heroin and methamphetamine since they are the preferred choice. What constitute criminal behavior Criminal behavior is a behavior in which the offender commits an offense that has been deemed as being unlawful act and punishable by the government and usually it is against individuals or property. Criminal behavior is seen as being prohibition or possession that constitutes a menace against the general public or society. In hope of confining and understanding criminal behavior researcher begin to study the brain of violent crime and compare their findings to the brain imaging “normal” individual. Through doing this they came up a new field of study called neurocriminology. Adrian Raine has studied the brain image of murders, violent criminals and psychopaths and from this research, he is convinced that there is a social and environmental cause to violent behavior. Although he is also convinced there exist a biology side of this type of behavior (npr...
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...Changing Perceptions on Inquiry Based Learning in Pre-Service and In-Service Teachers North Carolina State University Changing Perceptions on Inquiry Based Learning in Pre-Service and In-Service Teachers The modern world in which we live is requiring individual citizens to become more equipped with essential 21st century skills. The science classroom is a platform where students can engage in critical thinking, communication, and collaboration skills that would enhance their readiness for our rapidly changing, technology rich, society. Furthermore, teaching these skills through means of inquiry and constructivism has shown to increase student involvement, comprehension, and retention when done effectively (Aydeniz, 2012, pg.201). For this reason it is imperative for science educators to include, if not practice regularly; inquiry based learning in their lessons. However, this is not an approach many teachers feel comfortable implementing for various reasons. The purpose of this review is to focus on research studies that have provided professional development on inquiry based learning to pre-service and in-service teachers in the hopes of improving their views of inquiry while encouraging and supporting them in practicing this methodology. The studies used are from multiple countries and school level ranges from kindergarten to high school. Since this area of research is increasing in its popularity the articles used are fairly recent, ranging from 2008 to 2014. This...
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...Some of the influences that helped curve the ethical values that still determine who I am to this day come from family, friends, coworkers, school peers, relationships, and the military. I learned the value of respect from my siblings through standing up for what i believed in when disputes occurred. My brothers instilled in me that when a situation occurs in which someone approaches me to stand strong and fight back. I learned responsibility from my parents through chores and discipline. Friends and coworker allowed me to see different sides of people, which in turn helped me learn how to trust or not trust someone. School peers and relationships allowed me to understand other people’s feelings and different ethnic backgrounds. Most of the early years of my life built the foundation of ethical values. Not until i married my wife and my son was born is when i could feel the weight of those values. The military helped me to understand those values along with integrity and that my actions have consequences that can affect how others perceive me. The fundamentals of my ethical system consist of relativistic point of view; Relativism often uses the personalized approach to ethics. It is subjective and focuses on personal experience as a form of...
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