CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter discusses foreign and local that can be attributed in the success of this undertaking. Difference and similarities with the previous studies are presented in this chapter. The following researches and studies greatly influence on the conduct of this study; the researchers have made consideration in drawing the final conclusion in the study.

Foreign Literature
Facebook is an evolutionary technology of the 21st century that changed social relationships, provides opportunity for individuals to share their ideas and opinions, and establishes and maintains relationships with others. Facebook allows a user to create a profile, display personal information, upload pictures, access other users profile, display personal information, accumulate friends, and interact with friends via messages and gifts. An average time of 30 minutes to 2 hours is spent on Facebook daily. Only recently are studies beginning to examine the effects of Facebook on physical, mental, and family health. Current studies conducted in college campuses reveal that Facebook can cause similar symptoms to drug addiction, effect familial systems and patterns contribute to upper respiratory infection, cause feelings of loneliness, depression, and narcissism, and can lead to less body satisfaction and worse time management according to Kalpidou, Costin and Morris (2011).
Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerberg and his roommates at Harvard University and it was initially launched in 2004. Facebook was initially limited to Harvard students but later expanded to other Ivy league colleges in the Boston area and gradually spread to most universities in Canada and the United States. Zuckerberg hoped to create an SNS that would make Harvard more open. Today about 728 million people around the world use Facebook every day and roughly 80% of university students believe Facebook is vital to their University social culture according to Mazman and Usluel (2010).
According to Hong, Chiu, Huang and Lin (2014) Facebook can impact the mental health of Facebook users. Various studies indicate that spending a lot of time online can make users potential addict to specific internet activities. In some extreme cases, some researchers conceptualized it as an internet spectrum addiction disorder, listing them along other internet uses such as game addiction and internet sex addiction. Additionally, the symptoms of social network addiction are similar to those experienced by individuals addicted to substances such as drugs. These symptoms include mood-repair experience, concealment addictive behavior, tolerance in the sense of increasing usage of SNSs to an excessive amount, withdrawal in the means of experiencing physical and emotional symptoms when one's usage of SNS is restricted or blocked, interpersonal and psychological problems due to usage of SNSs, and relapse which is quick returning to overuse of SNSs after a period of abstinence. A study in Taiwan University aimed to analyze the correlations between Facebook usage and Facebook addiction. The measured variables of Facebook addiction included withdrawal, tolerance, life problems, and satisfaction. Facebook usage included time span on apps like games, browsing newsfeeds, and chat rooms. The study utilized statistical tools to analyze the self-reported psychological traits of university students. Overall, the results illustrate that having a depressive character and Facebook usage could significantly predict Facebook Addiction. The study proves that Facebook can act like a drug drawing many people across the world into the virtual world of communication.
Likewise, a similar study was conducted in Turkey, where students from a College Institution reported personal info on Facebook usage and completed the Facebook Addiction Scale (FAS) and General health questionnaire. The sample consisted of 447 students of whom 78% are male and 22% are females. Ages ranged from 18-30. The FAS comprises eight items related to symptoms of cognitive and behavioral salience, conflict with other activities, euphoria, loss of control, withdrawal, and relapse and reinstatement. The results show that weekly time commitment, social motives, severe depression, and anxiety and insomnia positively predict Facebook addiction (FA). However, the prediction does not necessarily imply causation. Before this study was conducted, research reviews on internet addiction suggested that people may develop disturbed patterns of use to specific online activities such as online gaming and social networking. Specific addictive usage may be related to behaviors such as pathological gambling. One case study in the U.S. reported a 24 year old female who used facebook excessively and thus was dismissed from her job and developed anxiety and insomnia. The two studies indicate that Facebook can have a negative impact on heavy users and could lead to deviations from normal healthy behavior according to Koc and Gulyagci (2014).
Most importantly, Facebook is stealing time. College students are facing problems with time management yet they still manage to overspend time on Facebook. Panek (2014) suggests that "users low in self-control presented with leisure options will tend to eschew tasks that provide delayed benefit in favor of immediate gratification and will experience guilt for doing so". A survey of 458 college students indicates that users are aware of overuse of leisure media because of deficits in self-control in particular with SNS and online video. Evidence suggests that high media environment account for decline in learning among college students. Transitioning from high school to college is a profound change in the lives of students from highly structured and supervised home environment to unsupervised, unstructured campus environment. Therefore, college students are free to spend their time as they wish. With the beginning of 21st century, there are a number of activities to do with leisure time. Evidence suggests that the amount of media use a student engages in can affect the student’s academic performance.
According to Elgendi (2015) “Facebook does have positive impacts on people's life. However, it is important to be aware of some of the downsides of Facebook in order to avoid falling a victim to its unhealthy uses. Many people are unaware of the great impact of Facebook on their life. Sometimes people are subconsciously scrolling down the homepage not realizing how much time they have spent on it or how much they are addicted to it. It is important to not lose one when surfing the web. People should be driving the web, not let it drive them. Everyone should be taking the wheel and steering themselves. Unfortunately, the web is driving us and controlling us in a very scary way. People find themselves scrolling endlessly through Facebook homepage with no sense of direction. Facebook can change the very nature of humans and human interactions which is a concern knowing that humans are social beings. With the new virtual world of today, it is important to not lose oneself, confidence, family connections, and to maintain a healthy body and mind”.

Local Literature
According to The Freeman, a daily newspaper published in Cebu, Philippines by the Philippine Star the most popular social networking sites in the Philippines are Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Facebook leads the other two sites by a wide margin; perhaps owing to the fact that it can be accessed using the standard low-priced cell phones. Nowadays, even children just learning to write their names have Facebook accounts.
A person with a behavioural addiction to social networking has developed a recurring, dysfunctional relationship to a pleasurable activity that doesn't cause harm under typical circumstances, www.promises.com points out. "Common indications of such a relationship include an inability to limit the amount of time spent on the activity in question, use of the activity as a method for avoiding unwanted mental or emotional states, mental preoccupation with the activity while doing other things, prioritization of the activity over one's personal life or other key aspects of a sustainable daily routine and the onset of a withdrawal-like state when the activity is not available."
The mentioned behaviours may not be exactly the same as drug-addiction manifestations - not the same but similar. The website states that a large body of scientific research and doctors' clinical reports have established a clear, strong connection between these behavioural symptoms and some of the main symptoms associated with substance addiction. And so, the American Psychiatric Association now officially acknowledges behavioural addiction as a group of conditions known as addictive disorders.
The website tells of a study, where "researchers from the State University of New York at Albany, Children's Hospital of Boston and the University of the Sciences used an examination of 253 undergraduate college students to explore the potential link between excessive social networking participation and diagnosable behavioural addiction. The students included in the study were chosen to reflect the demographic backgrounds - age, gender, racial/ethnic ancestry, etc. - of all American college enrolees. The researchers used a screening tool called the Young Internet Addiction Test to assess the presence of addictive behaviour in these individuals. They also used modified versions of some of the screening tools commonly used in the U.S. to identify possible cases of alcohol abuse/addiction, substance abuse/addiction and significant emotional problems."
The conclusion was that 9.7% of the study participants had symptoms that indicated the presence of an addictive relationship with social networking." Moreover, the study found three factors that are statistically associated with increased chances of falling into a potentially addictive pattern of behaviour: a) having a high score on the Young Internet Addiction Test, b) having alcohol screening results that indicate the presence of diagnosable alcohol abuse/alcoholism, and c) having a relatively high amount of difficulty maintaining emotional control.
Thus, given the discovered addictive potential of social networking, there is reason for users of social media sites to be wary. Too much of anything is bad. And being addicted to something is worse.

Foreign Study
Since Facebook is becoming a popular form of social networking sites, researchers have started to pay a great deal of attention to Facebook addiction problems among individuals. Along with all the benefits Facebook brings, which may have unintended negative effects. Sometimes users cannot stop themselves from using Facebook to excess, allowing it to take up more and more of their time and thoughts, without any concrete outcome-like many addictions (Crandell and Lugtu et al., 2011). According to the American clinical psychologist, it may be reasonable to describe specifically of ‘Facebook Addiction Disorder’ (FAD) in detail because the criteria of addictive behaviour such as neglect of work, mood modifying experiences, withdrawal, and tolerance emerge to be present in some individuals who excessive Facebook use. Meanwhile, Facebook addiction has similar signs to substance addictions. Users develop ignorance about personal life, an interest of using Facebook all the time, an experience for social escape; a number of defense mechanism to hide addiction signs, a perceived loss of control, and a decline in pleasure over time (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011). For instance, psychologist and psychiatry in USA in May and June 2010 reported that from 1,605 participants surveyed on their social media habits, 39% of them are self-described “Facebook addictions”. Another 61% both admit to escape into the world of Facebook and browse what people are saying and doing in the middle of the night and prefer to see their friends on Facebook instead of face to face conversations (The Telegraph, 2012). Excessive Facebook use has been found to harm psychological and social well-being of individuals and their personality (Harzadin, 2012). Larkshmi (cited in Alabi, 2013) claims that for those who are addicted to Facebook and their personal life truly interrupted by their uncontrolled activities on Facebook.
In another study, Sharifah et al. (2011) surveyed 380 female students in selected universities from Malaysia and found that there is a high relationship between motives of Facebook use (passing time, entertainment, and communication ) and Facebook addiction (F=78.864, p<0.05) at the 0.05 significant levels. Meanwhile multiple regression test displays passing time does contribute significantly towards Facebook addiction (0.24, p <0.05) and 17.3% variance in Facebook addiction is explained by passing time. The study concluded that these university female students are considered to be Facebook addicts. Most importantly, all this findings can encourage other scholars to further study the problems that could be the result of university students’ excessive use of the Facebook. Facebook addiction among students is not a local phenomenon. University students all over the world pathologically may have any experience of social, academic, and psychological problem linked to online behaviour.
This study explored the phenomenon of Facebook addiction among nine International postgraduates. The data established three themes relied on participants interviews. The findings from these three themes (Compulsion to check Facebook, High frequency use, and Using Facebook to avoid offline responsibility) showed that these users considered their Facebook dependency, are known as salience, tolerance, and conflict (Brown, 1993; Griffiths, 1996, 2005). Based on the first themes, the students use Facebook compulsively and frequently struggle when they attempt to solve their problem and use Facebook less. This sign of Facebook addiction are often referred to as a “salience” and it can occurs when a specific activity such as social networking site becomes part of person’s daily routine life and begins to control that person’s feelings, and behaviour (Griffiths, 2005). In addition, the researcher have examined whether the Facebook usage can lead to other harmful effects or become disruptive to everyday life (Vallerand et al., 2003). Griffiths (2000a) claimed that this sign of the social networking sites dependency might be a new form of addiction or simply “tolerance”. The tolerance refers to the fact that increasingly larger amounts of time are spent on social networking site to achieve the original effects (Griffiths, 2005). Young (1996) confirmed that computer addictions desire to increasing amounts of computer usage in order to feel happy with the experience. Finally, overusing Facebook allows the students to ignore offline responsibilities, relationships, and other activities. In line with this, social networking site addictions reported moderate to severe distress in real-life communities, academic performance, and work which are stated as a “conflict” (Griffiths, 2005; Kuss & Griffiths, 2011). According to Griffiths (2005) and Brown (1993), the conflict is the activity causes conflict in academic settings, interpersonal relationships, and other activities. These results also lead to the conclusion that, despite Facebook’s potentially destructive effects, Facebook is, as Facebook itself proclaims, still a great way for students to “keep up with friends, upload an unlimited number of photos, share links and videos, and learn more about the people they meet” (Facebook, 2010). However, like most activities, moderation and controlled use are key, and the best aspect of preparing students for a modern world, therefore, is helping them learn self-control and balance when using technology
(Nicole Ellison, 2007).Facebook has become an addiction for many. Instead of students concentrating on their homework or studying for a big test the next day, they are spending hours looking through pictures, answering their page comments, and chatting with friends on the site’s instant messenger. Facebook has consumed good grades and face-to-face communication is in jeopardy. Even students who are active users of Facebook indicate some concerns about the long hours they spend surfing the site. However, other students consider their time spend on Facebook valuable, because it enables them to exchange news with friends and family, learn about others’ activities, and have fun with various activities. They also regard their Facebook breaks as a means to renew their energy so that they can perform better on their subsequent tasks. Students who use Facebook and hit the books simultaneously found their multitasking led to lower grades than those of their more focused peers. Facebook-using students also made less money during school from part-time work, putting in around five hours per week as opposed to 16 hours per week for a typical, unplugged counterpart. Not only do grades and finances suffer, but students might actually end up feeling more depressed or lonely. Almost half of students believe they are sadder than their friends on Facebook, and some students have shown signs of severe depression in their status updates at one time or another. To a social norm and existence-style for individuals from around the globe).Teens and teenagers have especially recognized these internet sites to be able to contact their peers, share information, reinvent their personas, and showcase their social lives. While using the increase of technology helpful for getting together with others along with the recognition on the internet, Internet sites are now being an activity that's done mainly on the web, with Websites Vaughn, Coyle (2008). According to Stutzman (2005), users use Facebook to learn about each other and to develop social networks with their friends at university which are so vital for their socialization, this procedure can mark a turning point in an addictive behaviour and it makes user to wasting time more and more on Facebook. At this point it can be realized that university students remain a critical and unsafe position in terms of Facebook addiction. Because social networking sites take as an important part of their daily life and they provide a lot of helps to university students not only for a social purpose but also for educational purposes. Spending more and more time on Facebook unintentionally raise the chance of addiction in terms of Facebook use. It is required for students for the aspect of knowledge-based society to improve their capability in using technology for putting a plan into their work in a technological setting (Nalwa & Anand, 2003). Recently, their research that actually examined and measured specific behaviours related to addictive Internet use (Chou et al., 2001). Nonetheless, they feel that this is a good time to fill the gaps in research around Facebook addiction, which has not yet a fully-fledged area of academic research. The majority of researchers on these topics have depended on the quantitative method and questionnaire technique to develop their ideas (Aghazamani et al., 2010). The qualitative study is used to identify the extent of the problem of excessive Facebook usage among nine International postgraduates of Universiti Putra Malaysia. In addition to this, the study attempts to find out and discover what these Facebook addicts experience.
Research has shown that though girls and boys are both likely to have a Social Networking Sites account, the reasons for the accounts may vary based on gender (Bonds-Raacke , 2008). Girls are more likely than boys to share personal information about their daily lives (Merten & Williams, 2009). Results of a recent study involving Facebook, MySpace, and Xanga showed that though most teenagers aged 13-17 used these sites for fun and positive reasons, 55% of girls shared personal stories about depression, anxiety, and relationship problems (Merten & Williams, 2009). In a recent study, it was shown that boys seem to benefit more from social media use and communication technology than girls do (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009). This was hypothesized because boys tend to have more difficulty expressing their thoughts and emotions face-to-face with others than girls do (Peter & Valkenburg, 2009). The early stages of social networking, as mentioned earlier, included web technology such as AIM, which helped many “chat” with others on the computer rather than in person (Peter &Valkenburg, 2009). The number of teenagers, both male and female, participating on social networking sites is staggering, and this may explain why certain problems arise from these sites that have become a major problem in today’s society.
Local Study
A study conducted by a professor of Information Technology at the College of Computer Studies revealed that three out of 71 students in Silliman University in the Philippines are addicted to Facebook. Dr. Dave E. Marcial presented these findings at the 3rd International Conference on Education, Research and Innovation held last month in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam. His paper on "Are you a Facebook Addict? Measuring Facebook Addiction in Philippine University" had over 355 respondents -- all of whom were enrolled in the Computer Fundaments class in the second semester of School Year 2012-2103. Dr. Marcial explains that the results show a low addiction among Silliman students to Facebook. The paper considered six variables in measuring addiction: 1. spending a lot of time thinking about Facebook; 2. developing the urge to use Facebook; 3. forgetting personal problems when using Facebook; 4. unsuccessful attempts to cut down on the number of hours spent on Facebook; 5. becoming restless when prohibited from using Facebook; and 6. actual negative impact on the use of Facebook on studies. With majority of Filipinos maintaining a Facebook account, Dr. Marcial inquired in the paper about the purpose for which his respondents use Facebook. He provided five options. Ranked first is "to keep in touch with family and friends," followed by "to be updated on news, current events and interesting happenings in the world". The least motivation that the respondents indicated was "to play online games"