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Chapter13

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Chapter 13

What is operating leverage, and how does it affect a firm’s business risk?

Operating leverage is the use of fixed costs rather than variable costs.

If most costs are fixed, hence do not decline when demand falls, then the firm has high operating leverage.

Effect of operating leverage

More operating leverage leads to more business risk, for then a small sales decline causes a big profit decline

Typical situation: Can use operating leverage to get higher EBIT or operating income with higher quantity sold, but risk also increases.

Operating Breakeven

EBIT = PQ – VQ – F = 0 P = price per unit Q = units of output V = variable cost per unit F = Fixed operating cost QBE = Breakeven Quantity QBE = F / P - V

Total Operating Cost = VQ + F

Higher QBE higher operating leverage

1. A company estimates that its fixed operating costs are $500,000, and its variable costs are $3 per unit. Each unit produced sells for $4. What is the company’s breakeven point?

2. The Weaver Watch Company manufacturers ladies’ watches that are sold through discount houses. Each watch is sold for $25, the fixed costs are $140,000 for 30,000 watches or less; variable costs are $15 per watch.

a. What is the firm’s gain or loss at sales of 8,000 watches? 18,000 watches?

b. What is the breakeven point? Illustrate with a graph.

Financial risk is the additional risk placed on common stock holders as a result of the decision to finance with debt.

EXAMPLE - Start a business with start up capital of $200,000.

(All Equity) Scenario 1 (Capital Structure)

EBIT $50,000 Debt 0

Taxes (40%) 20,000 Equity $200,000

Net Income $30,000 ROE = $30,000/$200,000 = 15%

SCENARIO 2 - $100,000 DEBT FINANCING

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