...Introduction Charles Darwin born 12 February, 1809 was an English geologist and naturalist. Alfred Wallace born 8 January 1823 was a British explorer, naturalist, geographer, biologist and anthropologist. Darwin and Wallace are highly regarded for their significant contributions to the theories of evolution. It is very important to compare the individual lifestyles, contributions, and beliefs of Darwin and Wallace in order to develop a clear and comprehensive understanding of their concepts of natural selection in evolution. According to Janet Browne (2010) in her biography of Darwin, she describes the similarities in the life experiences of Darwin and Wallace that led them to independently arrive at the theory of natural selection. Both Wallace and Darwin were inspired by the readings such as Charles Lyell and Thomas Malthus. Browne notes that, “Even so, the parallels between Darwin’s and Wallace’s ideas are no less remarkable for their cultural symmetry. Their similarities are further demonstrated by them sharing similar geographical exploration and travel experiences and their mutual appreciations of their marvels of nature and overwhelming desire to comprehend them…” (Browne 2010: 357). The two theorists examined the concepts of natural selection independently until its publication. By the 1958, Darwin had already developed his idea on natural selection but had not published it as he was still collecting more evidence. After his previous research had been destroyed in...
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...theories, this project investigates what parts are involved in making gestures and how gestures carry meanings. A wide range of body parts are involved in making a gesture. According to David Mcneill, the physical movements acquire meaning by iconics, metaphorics, deictics, and beats. The project also discovers an etymological way to connect gestures to Chinese vocabulary. Based on the findings, the project further develops some guidelines to design gestures for teaching Chinese. They are making easy movements, identifying teaching content, making gestures understandable to your students, and applying gestures into teaching. In the end, the project applies the guidelines in designing activities for teaching Chinese pronunciation, vocabulary, character, and culture. Keywords: guidelines, gestures, teaching Chinese, kinesics, linguistics 1. Introduction 2.1 Background Gestures are common body movements: teachers instruct with gestures, referees in soccer game use gestures, people greet each other with gestures. Then what are gestures? Generally speaking, gestures are body movements which accompany and even sometimes replace verbal language. Because of its intimacy with language, it has attracted the people’s attention since Greek and Roman era. People back then treated gestures for the purpose of art. Not until modern times did scientific research emerge and shed lights on understanding the physical components of gestures and how gestures carry meanings. (Kennon 2004,...
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...Naturwissenschaften (2004) 91:255–276 DOI 10.1007/s00114-004-0515-y REVIEW Ulrich Kutschera · Karl J. Niklas The modern theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis Published online: 17 March 2004 Springer-Verlag 2004 Abstract In 1858, two naturalists, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, independently proposed natural selection as the basic mechanism responsible for the origin of new phenotypic variants and, ultimately, new species. A large body of evidence for this hypothesis was published in Darwin’s Origin of Species one year later, the appearance of which provoked other leading scientists like August Weismann to adopt and amplify Darwin’s perspective. Weismann’s neo-Darwinian theory of evolution was further elaborated, most notably in a series of books by Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, Julian Huxley and others. In this article we first summarize the history of life on Earth and provide recent evidence demonstrating that Darwin’s dilemma (the apparent missing Precambrian record of life) has been resolved. Next, the historical development and structure of the “modern synthesis” is described within the context of the following topics: paleobiology and rates of evolution, mass extinctions and species selection, macroevolution and punctuated equilibrium, sexual reproduction and recombination, sexual selection and altruism, endosymbiosis and eukaryotic cell evolution, evolutionary developmental biology, phenotypic plasticity, epigenetic inheritance and...
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...An Essay on Fiscal Federalism Wallace E. Oates Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 37, No. 3. (Sep., 1999), pp. 1120-1149. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0515%28199909%2937%3A3%3C1120%3AAEOFF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A Journal of Economic Literature is currently published by American Economic Association. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/aea.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. http://www.jstor.org Tue Apr 24 17:00:09 2007 Journal of Economic Literature Vol. XXXVZZ (September 1999) pp. 1120-1 149 An Essay on Fiscal Federalism 1. Introduction ISCAL DECENTRALIZATION is in vogue. Both in the industrialized and in the...
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...History of Evolution The word "evolution" in its broadest sense refers to change or growth that occurs in a particular order. Although this broad version of the term would include astronomical evolution and the evolution of computer design, this article focuses on the evolution of biological organisms. That use of the term dates back to the ancient Greeks, but today the word is more often used to refer to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. This theory is sometimes crudely referred to as the theory of "survival of the fittest." It was proposed by Charles Darwin in On the Origin of Species in 1859 and, independently, by Alfred Wallace in 1858—although Wallace, unlike Darwin, said the human soul is not the product of evolution. Greek and medieval references to "evolution" use it as a descriptive term for a state of nature, in which everything in nature has a certain order or purpose. This is a teleological view of nature. For example, Aristotle classified all living organisms hierarchically in his great scala naturae or Great Chain of Being, with plants at the bottom, moving through lesser animals, and on to humans at the pinnacle of creation, each becoming progressively more perfect in form. It was the medieval philosophers, such as Augustine, who began to incorporate teleological views of nature with religion: God is the designer of all creatures, and everything has a purpose and a place as ordained by Him. In current times, to some, the terms "evolution" and...
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...literature review Birgit Schmitz*, Roland Klemke and Marcus Specht Centre for Learning Sciences and Technologies, Open University of The Netherlands, P.O. Box 2960, 6401 DL Heerlen, Valkenburgerweg 177, Heerlen, The Netherlands Email: birgit.schmitz@ou.nl Email: roland.klemke@ou.nl Email: marcus.specht@ou.nl *Corresponding author Abstract: Within the past decade, a growing number of educational scientists have started to recognise the multifaceted potential that mobile learning games have as a tool for learning and teaching. This paper presents a review of current research on the topic to better understand game mechanisms with regard to learning outcomes. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we introduce a framework of analysis which is based on previous work on game design patterns for mobile games and on learning outcomes. The framework focuses on two aspects,...
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...Virtual Management - a New Business Organization Paradigm JJ Murphy Negotiation Newsletter Calum Coburn Co Ltd ( private paper). This article discusses how traditional organizational management methods and structures are failing to adequately accommodate a complexity-based world view, which is characterized by discontinuous change, hyper competition and the exponential explosion of information science. Virtual organizational management is the needed change in the management paradigm. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This article argues that traditional management methods and structures are failing to adequately accommodate a complexity-based world view, which is characterized by discontinuous change, hyper competition and the exponential explosion of information science and shows how the management paradigm has been updated by the new era of the virtual structures. While the management structures and systems developed by such researchers as Weber, Fayol, Taylor and Drucker in the 19th and 20th centuries established a management paradigm which has endured up to the millennium, these "simple" structures and systems were more suited to a time when competition was slower, less aggressive, and characterized by long periods of stability, and when information science was in its embryonic or primordial stage. It is abundantly clear, however, that the arrival of the 21st Century demands a fundamental rethink, and the development of...
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...HR practices more extensively than Prospector organizations. It appears that regardless of their chosen strategy, most companies still make at least limited use of the traditional HR practices. Research limitations/implications: Further research is needed to confirm and validate these findings with a larger sample which could include a broader mix of US companies as well as global respondents. While this exploratory research has found linkages between the more modern HR practices in the Prospector organizations, further research should replicate this methodology to further add to the literature as well as study if HR practices can be separated for the two strategies over the larger sample. Additionally qualitative cases that use meta-analysis techniques should be employed to augment the findings with additional...
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...Early life and education John Dunlop the eldest of his seven siblings was born on the 5th July 1914 in Placerville, northern California, USA. Here in fertile lands of California His parents, John Wallace and the former Antonia Forni, Presbyterian missionaries owned a pear ranch. In due course of time however, his parents migrated to the distant island of Cebu in the Philippines situated in the western Pacific Ocean, with Taiwan to its north, Vietnam to the west, Indonesia to the south and the open North Pacific Ocean to the east. Here he was raised and educated until he graduated from high school. After finishing high school there, Dunlop and his brother soon after returned to the USA to further their education, he entered Marin Community College in California in 1931 because prestigious four-year universities were reluctant to take a student from such a little known high school.1 He transferred to the University of California at Berkeley, where he received a degree with highest honors in 1935 in northern California. He later transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, the same University which turned down his application for enrolment and graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1935 with highest honors. It was during his studies at Berkeley, that he met his fiancé’ Dorothy Emily Webb. The two got married on 6th July 1937. Dunlop continued studies at the University where he earned his PhD in Economics in 1939, delivering the dissertation “Movements of wage-rates in the...
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...many indigenous languages in Nigeria. So it is not in doubt that forms of English which are dissimilar in differing respects from British English exist in Nigeria. What is in doubt is whether each form qualifies as a variety and if any one of them can as yet emerge as the standard variety. This paper argues that English use in Nigeria needs to undergo some stages of development and description before a confident statement can be made as to whether a Nigerian English variety comparable to the British or American Standard English exists. Codification is one such step but prior to it must come a compilation of an extensive database of English language use in Nigeria and the application of empirical methods in examining and determining the character of English in the Nigerian context so that the continuum of forms of the language can be properly ascertained, classified and documented. With such reliable evidence based on valid findings arising from empirical investigations, we can then hope for realistic descriptions of English in Nigeria which qualifies for codification for general use as a representational variety of English in Nigeria. Key words: Codification, Nigerian English, Corpus and...
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...Министерство образования и науки Республики Казахстан Кокшетауский государственный университет им. Ш. Уалиханова An Outline of British Literature (from tradition to post modernism) Кокшетау 2011 УДК 802.0 – 5:20 ББК 81:432.1-923 № 39 Рекомендовано к печати кафедрой английского языка и МП КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова, Ученым Советом филологического факультета КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова, УМС КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова. Рецензенты: Баяндина С.Ж. доктор филологических наук, профессор, декан филологического факультета КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова Батаева Ф.А. кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры «Переводческое дело» Кокшетауского университета им. А. Мырзахметова Кожанова К.Т. преподаватель английского языка кафедры гуманитарного цикла ИПК и ПРО Акмолинской области An Outline of British Literature from tradition to post modernism (on specialties 050119 – “Foreign Language: Two Foreign Languages”, 050205 – “Foreign Philology” and 050207 – “Translation”): Учебное пособие / Сост. Немченко Н.Ф. – Кокшетау: Типография КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова, 2010 – 170 с. ISBN 9965-19-350-9 Пособие представляет собой краткие очерки, характеризующие английскую литературу Великобритании, ее основные направления и тенденции. Все известные направления в литературе иллюстрированы примерами жизни и творчества авторов, вошедших в мировую литературу благодаря...
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...21 23 32 SECOND DRAFT 4.1.4 Drama 4.1.5 Films 4.1.6 Literary Appreciation 4.1.7 Schools of Literary Criticism 4.2 Catering for Learner Diversity 4.3 Meaningful Homework 4.4 Role of Learners Chapter 5 41 45 52 69 71 72 73 74 Assessment 5.1 Guiding Principles 5.2 Internal Assessment 5.2.1 Formative Assessment 5.2.2 Summative Assessment 5.3 Public Assessment 5.3.1 Standards-referenced Assessment 5.3.2 Modes of Public Assessment 74 74 74 75 77 77 77 Quality Learning and Teaching Resources 104 6.1 Use of Set Texts 6.2 Use of Other Learning and Teaching Resources 104 108 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 109 Supporting Measures 7.1 Learning and Teaching Resource Materials 7.2 Professional Development 109 109 Appendix 1 Examples of Poetry Analysis 110 Appendix 2 Examples of...
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...Donald Bradman From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Bradman" redirects here. For other uses, see Bradman (disambiguation). Page semi-protected Sir Donald Bradman DonaldBradman.jpg Personal information Full name Donald George Bradman Born 27 August 1908 Cootamundra, New South Wales, Australia Died 25 February 2001 (aged 92) Kensington Park, South Australia, Australia Nickname The Don, The Boy from Bowral, Braddles Height 5 ft 8 in (173 cm)[1] Batting style Right-handed Bowling style Right-arm leg break Role Batsman International information National side Australia Test debut (cap 124) 30 November 1928 v England Last Test 18 August 1948 v England Domestic team information Years Team 1927–34 New South Wales 1935–49 South Australia Career statistics Competition Tests FC Matches 52 234 Runs scored 6,996 28,067 Batting average 99.94 95.14 100s/50s 29/13 117/69 Top score 334 452* Balls bowled 160 2114 Wickets 2 36 Bowling average 36.00 37.97 5 wickets in innings 0 0 10 wickets in match 0 0 Best bowling 1/8 3/35 Catches/stumpings 32/– 131/1 Source: Cricinfo, 16 August 2007 Sir Donald George Bradman, AC (27 August 1908 – 25 February 2001), often referred to as "The Don", was an Australian cricketer, widely acknowledged as the greatest Test batsman of all time.[2] Bradman's career Test batting average of 99.94 is often cited as the greatest achievement by any sportsman in any major sport.[3] ...
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...Ethical Responsibility in Pharmacy Practice Robert A. Buerki, Ph.D. Professor Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration The Ohio State University Louis D. Vottero, M.S. Professor of Pharmacy Emeritus Ohio Northern University American Institute of the History of Pharmacy Madison, Wisconsin 2002 Acknowledgments: Pages 208-10: "Principles of Medical Ethics" and "Fundamental Elements of the Patient-Physician Relationship," reprinted with permission from the Code of Medical Ethics, American Medical Association, © 1994 and © 2000. AMA logo reprinted with the permission of the American Medical Association. © 2002 American Medical Association. Usage of the AMA logo does not imply an endorsement of the non-AMA material found in this book. Page 211: "Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements," reprinted with permission from the American Nurses Association, © 2001 American Nurses Publishing, American Nurses Foundation/American Nurses Association, Washington, D.C. Pages 212-15: "A Patient's Bill of Rights," reprinted with permission of the American Hospital Association, © 1992. Pages 216-17: "Pharmacy Patient's Bill of Rights," reprinted with permission of the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. On the cover: The "triad of medical care" has been the basis for the ethical relationship between the pharmacist, the physician, and the patient for centuries. In the background, an early depiction of the triad from Book 7 of the encyclopedia...
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...1 The Foundations of International Society 2013-2014 Part I: Politics 2 (International Relations I) Paper organiser: Professor Christopher Hill (POLIS): Room 105, Alison Richard Building Email: cjh68@cam.ac.uk Lecturers: Professor Hill (CH), Dr Elisabetta Brighi (EB), Dr Aaron Rapport (AR) and Dr Stefano Recchia (SR). Aims and Objectives The course aims to introduce students to the subject of International Relations (IR), whose main focus is the nature of politics at the international level. Students will acquire the empirical and conceptual foundations needed to understand a world political system which cannot be accurately described as either pure anarchy or a coherent form of ‘global governance’. The starting point is the notion of ‘international society’, which refers to the set of institutions and common procedures generated by states over the last three and a half centuries in their attempts to achieve some minimal form of co-existence, but which has gradually evolved to include many non-state actors and different levels of activity – diplomatic, economic and cultural, as well as that of military competition. By the end of the course you should be able to have an informed discussion about: the historical origins of the present system; what is distinctive about international politics as opposed to politics inside the state; and the main challenges which confront humanity in the twenty-first century. You will also acquire a basic familiarity with the main theories needed...
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