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PEMBENTUKAN KERAJAAN ISLAM DAN SUMBANGANNYA
Pengenalan:

Khutbah terakhir Nabi Muhamad menjelaskan aspek berikut:
1. umat islam mesti bersatu padu
2. mencintai perdamaian
3. berpegang teguh jepada agama Islam

Ini kerana selepas kewafatan baginda umat Islam menghadapai dugaan besar antaranya:
1. mendapatkan calon pengganti nabi muhamad.
2. munculnya individu yangf mengaku nabi
3. golongan yang tidak membayar zakat
4. murtad – golongan al riddah

Kerajaan Khulafa Al- Rasyidin

Selepas wafat 632M – sistem pemerintahan islam dikenali sebagai khalifah. – dikenali dengan khulafa al rasyidin. Antara khalifahnya:
1. Abu Bakar Assiddiq – Bani Tamim – 632 M – 634 M
2. Omar Al Khattab – bani Adi – 634M – 644M
3. Uthman bin Affan – Bani Umaiyah – 644M – 656M
4. Ali bin Abu Talib – Bani Hasyim – 5656M – 661M

Konsep Khalifah
Arab – pengganti yang melaksanakan tanggungjawab pemerintahan danpentadbiran kerajaan.

Agama – tanggungjawab memelihara kemurnian agama islam yang disampaikanNabi saw, dan tanggungjawab kekalkan kehormonian serta kestabilan Islam

Syarat
1. lelaki yang merdeka
2. beragama is 3. memiliki pengetahuan islam
4. mematuhi perintah allah
5. sanggup melaksanakan hukum islam
6. bersifat adil dan akhlak yang mulia
7. tubuh badan yang sihat dan sempurna
8. berfikiran cerdas, warak
9. pandai mentadbir
Kaedah atau Cara:
1. musyarawarah atau syura ( Syura bermaksud –Permuafakatan ataukonsesnsus)
2. cadangan satu nama sahaja3
. pemilihan beberapa calon
4. pencalonan sekelompok masyarakat.
5. Baiah atau lafaz taat setia selepas dilantik jadi khalifah.

Kepentingan Baiah dan syuara:
1. Jamin bakal pentadbir yang tepat berkelayakan dan berhemah tinggi.
2. Pentadbiran kerajaan lancar.

Tugas Khalifah
Aspek Agama
1. memelihara kedudukan agama serta
2. mentadbir mengikut hukum syariah.
3. menitikberatkan sistem politik, ekonomi, sosial supaya berlakukeseimbangan antara keperluan rohani dan jasmani.

Politik:

1. memastikan kelicinan pentadbiran negara.
2mempertahankan negara islam daripada musuh
3. bertanggungjawab melantik dan melucutkan jawatan pegawai. 4. ketua Negara
Sosial:
1. menjaga kebajian rakyat supaya nikmati hidup sejahtera didunia dan akhirat
2. menjaga dan meneruskan ajaran Allah swt.
3. mengekalkan perpaduan melalui konsep musyawarah dan syura
4. memantapkan sistem perundangan Islam.

Ekonomi:
1. menguruskan hal ehwal kewangan dan perbendaharaan negara-baitulmal
2. mengatur pungutan kharaj, jizyah, dan zakat.

Sumbangan Khulafa Al Rasyidin
Abu Bakar As Siddiq
Lahir 573M – nama sebenar Abdullah bin Abu Quhafah. As Siddiq bermaksud yang membenarkan kerana sentiasa meyakini kebenaran nabi saw. Ikhlas, jujurdan setia. Juga digelar penyelamat umat islam.
1. Berjaya mengatasi masalah perpecahan masyarakat Islam . Berpuncadaripada:a. Orang islam yang murtad dan gerakan golongan al Riddah yangmenyalahtafsirkan ayat al Quran sehingga tidak mahu bayar zakat.
2. Mempertahan Madinah daripada ancaman kuasa luar spt Parsi, Rom Timur, Menghantar Khalid Al Walid tentang Pars di Iraq, Usamah bin Zaidke Ghassan.
3. Melicinkan pentadbiran dengan pembahaian 10 wilayah spt:
a. Makkahb.
b.Taif
c. Yamand.
d. Al Junde.
e.Khalwanf.
f.Bahrin g. Jarshh.
h.Zabidi.
i.Hadrahmaut, dan
j. Nijran

4. Memperkenalkan bayaran bergaji untuk tentera melalui hasil rampasanperang
5. Perkenalkan undang-undang tanah dan hak rakyat terutama golonganMawali – orang bukan arab yang peluk Islam – hanya perlu bayar cukaitambahan.
6. Mengumpulkan kitab al Quran – arahkan Zaid bin Thabit. Sebabkumpul:

a. Ramai hafiz al quran gurgur shahid semasa gerakan ar riddah.
i. Sebelumnya ayat al quran disalin dalam bentuk: ii. batu iii. kulit binatang iv. kayu dan tulangb.

b. Disimpan oleh Khalifah Umar, Hafsah ( Isteri Nabi saw.) danUthman bin Affan

Umar Bin Al-Khattab
1. Berasal daripada Bani Adi , Lahir pada 583M. Nama sebenar Umar binAl Khattab bin Naufal – Keturunan Quraish. Terkenal dengan sifat berani,tegas dan berterus terang.Dikenali dengan Amirul Mukminin atauPanglima Agung Mukmin.
2. Pelantikan dicadang oleh Abu Bakar As Siddiq dan dipersetujui parasahabat.
3. Jangka masa pemerintahan beliau dianggap zaman keemasan sebab:
a. Banyak perubahan dan pembaharuan dilakukan.
4. Bidang politik:
a. Perkenalkan dasar pentadbiran dan pelantikan pegawai
b. Tubuhkan Majlis Syura dianggotai Muhajirin dan Ansa c. Bahagikan jajahan takluk kepada beberapa wilayahd.
d.Melantik wali atau gabenor sebagai ketua – bertindak sebagaiketua pentadbir dan tentera.e.
e.Tubuhkan beberapa jabatan seperti Jabatan Tentera, Polis,Percukaian, dan Perbendaharaan. Negara. Diketuai Khatib atausetiausaha.f. Jabatan kehakiman dipisahkan daripada jabatan lain untuk elaksalah laku oleh hakim dan dibayar gaji bulanan – 500 dirham

.5. Bidang Sosiala.
a.Pendidikan – sediakan guru dan tempat belajar sertakembangkan pembelajaran al quran
.i. Sebagai contoh ; Abu Sufyan dihantar ke kawasan orang badwib.
b.Perkenalkan kalendar Islam dan Tahun Hijrah.c.
c.Susun semula sistem ketenteraan bentuk tentera tetap dansukarela.d.
e.Markas tentera dibina dibandar utama.
e. Kubu Pertahanan di sempadan yang menghadap musuh sepertiDi Madinah, Kufah, Fustat dan Basrah.

6. Bidang Ekonomi.a.
a.Bina terusan dan tali air – tambah hasil pertanian sepertiempanagan Abu Musa di Basrah dan Terusan Amirul Mukminin – 111km di Mesir.
b. Rakyat digalak teroka tanah baru dan usaha tanah terbiar.
c. Perkenal pelbagai cukai spt:
i. Kharaj – berdasarkan jenis tanaman dan kesuburan tanah ii. Jizyah – dikenakan terhadao golongan zimmni – orang bukanIslam yang duduk dalam wilayah Islam dan kekal dengantradisinya. Mereka bebas daripada perkhidmatan tentera danpembayaran zakat.d.
d.Baitul diperkenalkan bagi kawal aliran zakaat

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