...Chemistry “Chemical Reaction and the PH Scale” Chemical reactions are the heart of chemistry. People have always known that they exist. The Ancient Greeks were the firsts to speculate on the composition of matter. They thought that it was possible that individual particles made up matter. As you might imagine, it's useful to be able to measure the acidity of solutions. Scientists have come up with the pH scale for determining the concentration of acid in a solution so we can distinguish between solutions with varying acidity. A Chemical reaction is the outcome of two or more elements together results in the formation of a chemical bond between atoms and compound. Chemicals react together due to participating atoms. The reason why atoms react with each other is to reach a state in which their valence shell is filled. Reactions occur at different speeds, they have different rates of reaction. There are some things that must be considered in a chemical reaction. There are a few things that decide the course and speed of the reaction. One thing about chemical reaction is that, there is now known that there are three types of chemical reactions. They are classified into three types: exoergic (exothermic), endoergic (endothermic), and aergic (athermic). In these cases, energy is supplied, but the different types of reactions initiate the energy differently. First of all, Exoergic, or exothermic, reactions release energy during the reaction. ...
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...This lab report identified different types of reactions in various chemical changes. Through the five experiments completed in class, the creation of bubbles indicating a new gas formed, colour change, and production of light were observed. From reactions A and B, it can be concluded that single displacement reactions are indicated when three elements are present, two of which are of like charges that switch places during the chemical reaction. Both reactions involved an element with a negative charge (Cl) and two elements with positive charges (Cu (II) & Al and H & Mg), which then traded places during the reaction. As well, from reactions C and D, it can be concluded that double displacements occur when four elements (or two compounds) are...
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...Analysis of a Chemical Reaction Procedure Questions: What do you observe? We observed a white, chalky precipitate forming in the limewater test tube. What does this result indicate? This result indicates that carbon dioxide gas was formed by heating the test tube of NaHCO3. What did you observe in the test tube that you heated? We observed the condensation of water vapour on the mouth of the heated test tube. What does this indicate? This result indicates that water molecules were formed during the reaction. Based on these two qualitative observations which of the four possible reactions can be rules out? Synthesis can be ruled out due to the formation of multiple products from a single substance. Single displacement can be ruled out because the products were both compounds formed from a single substance. Double displacement can be ruled out because there was only one reactant. Lastly, combustion can be ruled out because the reactant did not require...
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...A chemical reaction is where two or more substances come together and pops, fizzes, and in some cases explode! Alka Seltzer is a type of chemical reaction where you put water and carbon dioxide gas. Equation . When Alka-Seltzer tablets are dissolved in water, bicarbonate forms (from the sodium bicarbonate), which in turn reacts with hydrogen (from citric acid) to form water and carbon dioxide gas. “ In The bicarbonate reaction project you will find out for yourself by plopping Alkaseltzer tablets into water at different temperatures, and timing how long it ta of the bicarbonate reaction? In thiS how is temperature related to this bicarbonate reaction? In order for the reaction shown above to occur, the bicarbonate ions have to come into contact with the hydrogen ions.” Molecules in a solution are in constant motion, and are constantly colliding with one another. The hydrogen and bicarbonate ions must collide at the right angle and with enough energy for the reaction to occur. The temperature of a solution is a measure of the average motion (kinetic energy) of the molecules in the solution. The higher the temperature, the...
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...Magnesium is an extremely reactive metal. When stored, it reacts with oxygen to form a layer of magnesium oxide on its surface. This layer of magnesium oxide is quite stable and prevents further reaction of magnesium with oxygen. The magnesium ribbon is cleaned by sand paper for removing this layer so that the underlying metal can be exposed to air. Question 2: Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions. (i) Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride (ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride (iii) Sodium + Water → Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen Answer : (i) (ii) (iii) Question 3: Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions. (i) Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble barium sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride. (ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to produce sodium chloride solution and water. Answer : (i) (ii) Question 1: A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for white washing. (i) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula. (ii) Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in (i) above with water. Answer : (i) The substance ‘X’ is calcium oxide. Its chemical formula is CaO. (ii) Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to form calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). Question 2: Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes in Activity 1...
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...Science A Chemical Reaction is a process where reactants chemically combine to form new compounds, by rearranging atoms, which are known as products. The Law of Conservation of Matter states that atoms cannot be created nor destroyed. A Decomposition reaction is a chemical reaction. It is used in airbags located in cars which within inflates less than a second due to an initial decomposition reaction producing nitrogen gas. It is important as there are decomposition reactions to occur because it provides immediate cushioning after car crashes hence saving many lives. It is also important since airbags are required to use few reactants it is needed to also give an effective protection at the same time and therefore sodium azide is used to produce 60L of nitrogen gas and moreover is able to fit inside of the steering wheel at the same time thus it is more effective. The use of sodium azide not only protects humans but it also does not produce any toxic chemicals to harm humans. Decomposition works in airbags by the sodium azide powder placed inside the airbag chamber. When the car or vehicle undergoes a collision, three chemical reactions takes place, where sodium azide rapidly decomposes to form nitrogen gas and sodium metal, by a small spark which would heat the molecules of Sodium Azide which then makes it fall apart and produce a less toxic compound called nitrogen gas. In this the Word Equation for this Chemical Reaction is: Sodium Azide(s) Nitrogen (g) + Sodium(s) ...
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...A Sequence of Chemical Reactions The goal of doing this experiment is to examine the law of conservation of mass by determine the percent of copper from a sequence of chemical reactions. Also, to recognize the change in color, gas, and the temperature change. The sequence of chemical reactions is: Cu(s)Cu2+(aq)Cu(OH)2(s)CuO(s)Cu2+(aq)Cu(NH3)4^2+(aq)Cu2+(aq)Cu(s) Also, I must wear Safety Glasses while I’m doing the experiment because I’m dealing with dangerous chemicals. During the experiment I saw a lot of colors change and I use Electric Bunsen Burner. In order to do this this experiment I need Aluminum wire, Beaker, Funnel with piece of filter paper, thin stem pipets, stirring rod and electric hot plates. Then I weight the copper...
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...Chemical Reaction A chemical reaction is a change of a substance into a new substance that has a different chemical identity. A chemical reaction occurs with physical effects, like the emission of heat and light, the release of gas, the change in color, or the presents of precipitate. There are several different types of chemical reactions, such as synthesis reaction, decomposition reaction, single displacement reaction, the double displacement reaction, combustion reaction, and the acid-base reaction. In our everyday life we experience many chemical reactions taking place around us. You may not notice them but they are always there. An example of a chemical reactions you would see, hear, feel, or taste in your everyday life would be baking...
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...Conclusion A chemical reaction is the interaction of 2 or more reactants that produces one or more new substances. The reactants in this experiment were distilled water and Alka-Seltzer tablets. Water contains H2O, and the ingredients in Alka-Seltzer are aspirin, citric acid, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). When sodium bicarbonate is placed in water, it dissociates into sodium (Na) and Bicarbonate (HCO3). When the bicarbonate splits apart, it reacts with the hydrogen ions from the citric acid. This forms carbon dioxide and water. When Alka-Seltzer and water react; it forms Carbon Dioxide Gas. The reactions forms when small bubbles form, and fizzing occurs. This must be visible to the eye, and the fizzing must also be heard. Increasing or decreasing the number of Alka-Seltzer tablets did change the...
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...Introduction. This is an experiment to investigate into the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) and dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl). The formula for this reaction is: Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + S(s) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l). This makes the products Sodium Chloride, Sulphur Dioxide, Sulphur and water Rate of reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place. Some reaction can take less than a second and other can take over millions of years. During a reaction, we can measure the rate of reaction. The rate of reactions depends on the types of molecules that are combining. There is another thing in rates of reaction called the collision theory. Substances in the liquid, aqueous and gaseous phase consist of particles in rapid and constant motion. The rate of a chemical reaction depends on three factors; the first is - Collision Frequency If a chemical reaction is to happen between two particles, they must first collide. The number of collisions between particles per unit time is known as the collision frequency of the system. This then can be altered by changing the concentration of reactants, total pressure, temperature or the size of the reacting particles. These are all the factors in general that have distinct effects on rates of reaction. The second factor in the collision theory is -Collision Energy Not all collisions result in chemical reactions. Most of the time the colliding particles just bounce off each other. These...
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...Assignment Lab Report Answer the questions below. When you have finished, submit this assignment to your teacher by the due date for full credit. (8 points) |Score | | | 1. Part 2: Single-Displacement Reactions: For each four single-displacement reaction, describe what happened in each well. If a chemical reaction occurred, write a balanced equation for it. Then use the A, B symbols to write a general equation for a single-displacement reaction. Here are the chemical formulas of the reactants for each reaction: • zinc – Zn copper sulfate – CuSO4 • aluminum – Al copper sulfate – CuSO4 • zinc – Zn silver nitrate – Ag(NO3) • copper – Cu silver nitrate – Ag(NO3) Answer: (8 points) |Score | | | 2. Part 3: Double-Displacement Reactions: For each double-displacement reaction, describe what happened in each well, including the colors of any products that formed. If a chemical reaction occurred, write a balanced equation for it. Then use the A, B symbols to write a general equation for a double-displacement reaction. Here are the chemical formulas of the reactants for each reaction: • sodium chloride – NaCl copper sulfate – CuSO4 • sodium hydroxide – NaOH copper sulfate – CuSO4 • sodium phosphate – Na3PO4 copper sulfate – CuSO4 • sodium chloride – NaCl silver nitrate...
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...effect that enzyme concentration has on reaction time and the effect that substrate concentration has on enzyme reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts that catalyze different chemical reactions. In general, enzymes are proteins and they are each specific to specific chemical reaction. In order for enzymes to process properly, they should maintain a specific three dimensional structure. When enzymes function, they combine with their substrates (reactant) to form susbtrate-enzyme complex. Then this complex converts into a product and unaltered enzyme. Substrate + Enzyme Substrate-Enzyme Complex Product + Enzyme OR Substrate –Enzyme Product (From this equation, in general, the reaction of enzyme is irreversible.) Some of the factors that affect the rate of reaction are temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, product concentration, etc. The rate of reaction is affected by the level of pH. The extreme level of pH can denature enzyme and result loss of its action. The optimum pH is 14 and this is the level of pH where the rate of reaction is the highest. Temperature also affects the rate of reaction. As temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases as well; however, it increases until the optimum temperature. After optimum temperature, the enzyme denatured. The concentration of enzyme and substrate affect the rate of reaction. In theory, the higher the concentration of substrate, the faster the reaction rate processes. This is because when...
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...questions. DQ1:Wed DQ2:Sat 2 Nongraded Activities and Preparation Complete the Equation Editor tutorial and Virtual ChemLab Tutorial located on your student website. Individual Text Exercises, Part I Resources: Equation Editor tutorial Prepare written answers to the following assignments from Introductory Chemistry: • Exercise 20 in Ch. 1 • Exercise 120 in Ch. 2 • Exercise 112 in Ch. 3 • Exercise 120 in Ch. 4 • Exercise 100 in Ch. 5 • Exercise 126 in Ch. 6 • Exercise 116 in Ch. 7 • Exercise 100 in Ch. 8 Submit the assignment, as directed by your facilitator. Friday 5 Individual Virtual ChemLab Assignment 2-4 Access and view the Virtual ChemLab Tutorial, located on the student website. Complete 2-4: Precipitation Reactions from Virtual ChemLab: General Chemistry Laboratories, located on the student website. Note. To complete the assignment, the Virtual ChemLab software must be installed on your computer and must be used in conjunction with Virtual ChemLab: General Chemistry Laboratories. Installation requirements and instructions may be found in the workbook and on the accompanying CD. Once the software is installed, an electronic workbook may be found corresponding with your workbook, which contains preset lab assignments that match the workbook assignments. Use these preset assignments when working on your workbook assignments, as the appropriate laboratory will be opened for you. Submit the assignment, as directed by the facilitator. Sunday 5 ...
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...Introduction It has been determined that the rates of chemical reactions are affected by temperature. This experiment is done to test the effect of five different temperatures on the rate of carbon dioxide production in yeast by measuring the fermentation rate. “The fermentation rate is measured in ml/min.” The purpose for performing this experiment is to understand the rate of fermentation of yeast cells which can be determined by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide produced at each temperature. Since there is no direct way to measure the carbon dioxide produced in the lab, an indirect method is used instead. The fermentation rate in this experiment is measured in ml/min which is the rate of carbon dioxide production that is measured over time spent in each water bath. Water will substitute for the carbon dioxide produced at the end of the experiment. The amount of water is measured in milliliters (by the graduated cylinder) will serve as an indirect method of fermentation rate because carbon dioxide is a gas which cannot be measured by means other than indirectly with this experiment. Carbon dioxide production was measured by measuring the volume of water at different temperature; 25°C, 35°C, 45°C, 55°C, and 65°C. The time was also recorded at which all the measurements were taken for the different temperatures. Materials and Method The materials used in this experiment was: Yeast culture (contains yeast and glucose in the form of molasses) Five fermentation tubes...
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...grams)(6.022x10^23)(Number of atoms/1molecule) * Molar mass - Molar mass is the weight of one mole (or 6.022 x 1023 molecules) of any chemical compounds. * Mass % of an element in a compound: * ((Number of atoms of element)(atomic weight))/(Formula weight) * Empirical formula – Gives the lowest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound (Grams)/(atomic weight) --- divide by lowest number on all * Molecular formula – gives actual whole number ratio of atoms of each element in each compound. (Molecular formula weight)/(Empirical formula weight) x compound * Formulas from analysis: * Structured formula – a formula that shows the atoms of a compound, their relative positions, and the bonds between them. * Isomers – compounds with the same molecular formula, but different properties and different arrangements of atoms * Writing chemical equations (symbols) : * + adding 2 or more chemicals together * -> Yields (Products) * (arrow forward and backward) reaction in both directions (denotes equilibrium) * (arrow up) gas evolved * (arrow down) solid precipitate forms * (s), (l), (g) solid, liquid, gas * (aq) aqueous solution * (Triangle) heating the solution * Limiting reagent – the reagent that is completely consumed in a reaction * Reagent that limits the amount of product possible * Theoretical...
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