...The Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene with Maleic Anhydride The Diels-Alder reaction is a member of a class of reactions called cycloadditions. The reaction involves three π bonds, two from the diene and one from the dienophile in a concerted reaction to form a six-membered ring. Since the reaction involves four π electrons in the diene and two π electrons from the dienophile, it is sometimes referred to as a 4 + 2 cycloaddition. Normal Diels-Alder reactions are favored by electron donating groups on the diene and electron withdrawing groups on the dienophile. The diene must be capable of achieving an s-cis conformation to generate the cis double bond in the cyclohexene product. Acyclic dienes may rotate around a single bond, but dienes locked in the s-trans conformation do not react. [pic] The purpose of this experiment is to form 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-α,β-succinic anhydride by way of a Diels Alder reaction between anthracene and maleic anhydride, as shown in the reaction below. Anthracene acts as the diene and maleic anhydride functions as the dienophile. Xylene (dimethylbenzene) is used as a high boiling temperature solvent so that the reaction will proceed quickly. Melting temperature analysis will be used to characterize the product. Anthracene Maleic anhydride 9,10-dihydroanthracene- ...
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...introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollution also has different components call Pollutants. (Wikipedia 2012) A pollutant is substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. A pollutant may cause long- or short-term damage by changing the growth rate of plant or animal species, or by interfering with human amenities, comfort, health, or property values. (Wikipedia 2012) There are also different kinds of pollutants like greenhouse gases, pesticides, endocrine disruptors, petroleum and heavy metals. Carbon dioxide and methane are two of the most important of these gases, called greenhouse gases because they trap heat in the earth's atmosphere. This is already causing severe problems around the world and the situation will only get worse. The rising temperatures will likely lead to more severe weather events, which cause shifts in natural communities, and probably lead to greater species extinction rates, among numerous other effects. Pesticides are a broad group of chemicals that enable us to live more comfortable lives by and large, but whose main purpose underlies the central problem with pesticide pollution. They are all poisons. A lot of these chemicals will wash into our rivers and streams and cause direct toxicity to fishes, and may work their way up the food...
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...Industrial poisons These are mainly due to various chemical substances from industry, which get into public water supply. Usually they contain solvents, detergents, heavy metals, dyes, pigments, sulphides, organic substances etc. These chemicals may affect directly, by contact, to produce severe skin diseases, allergies or eczemoid reaction or chemical burns. Some toxins produce acute effects while others produce chronic effects. Sometimes, the chemicals are ingested by workers if they do not wash their hands before taking food various toxic chemicals, and their effects on health. One may come in contact with them through other means besides water. Consequences of a negative impact of poisons on the human body depend on many factors: gender, age and individual sensitivity of the body, the chemical structure and physical properties of the poison. Its concentration in the air, the amount of substance taken into the body, the duration and continuity of its revenue, as well as a number of related factors of production environment, such as temperature and humidity, noise, vibration. Industrial poisons enter the human body in two main ways: through the respiratory system and skin. Through airways fall poisons which are in air, preferably as a vapor, gas and dust. Through skin penetrate oily liquid substances which highly soluble in lipids (fats and fat-like substances). Delivery of poisons through the gastrointestinal tract with contaminated hands when eating is also possible. ...
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...Analysis of Case Liquid Chemical Company Include a Brief Summary of Case Study ….. Questions and Problems for Consideration 1. Given the two alternatives do the work inside or subcontract it to Packages Ltd? 2. What are the advantages of one alternative over the other? 3. Which action would you favor? 1. Given the two alternatives do the work inside or subcontract it to Packages Ltd.? Two alternatives for Liquid Chemical Company to decide are keeping the container department of its company and signing the contract with Packages, Ltd. With helping Walsh to make an efficient decision, we’ll try to eliminate all sunk costs and costs that don’t differ between alternatives. |Cost of Operating the Container Dept. |Cost of Contract with Packages. Ltd. | | | | |Labor $100,000 |Contract--New $250,000 | |Rent: Plant 90,000 |Contr.--Maint. 75,000 | |Rent: Warehouse 170,000 | | |Other expenses 15,000 | | |Part...
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...INTRODUCTION The following research paper has been compiled to provide an insight into Chemical Weapons (CW). It deals with the description and the usage of various chemical reagents used by various countries and their negative effects. The following also shows the policies of countries towards chemical weapons, their stockpiles and their lethality and disposal. The following report also shows the history of chemical warfare, their demilitarisation, proliferation and the various councils set up to reduce their use. It also includes a news release by the sunshine project on the use of chemical weapons by the US military. All in all it tells you everything about chemical weapons and explosives. Chemical Warfare Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. This type of warfare is distinct from Nuclear warfare and Biological warfare, which together make up NBC, the military acronym for Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (warfare or weapons). None of these fall under the term conventional weapons which are primarily effective due to their destructive potential. Chemical warfare does not depend upon explosive force to achieve an objective. Rather it depends upon the unique properties of the chemical agent weaponized. A lethal agent is designed to injure or incapacitate the enemy, or deny unhindered use of a particular area of terrain. Defoliants are used to quickly kill vegetation and deny its use for cover and concealment. It...
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...Chemical Peels Chemical peels are one of the least invasive ways to improve one’s appearance. Peels are a form of exfoliation that assists in cell turn over. Before the age of 30 cells turn over every 28 days. After the age of 30 it’s about 10 days every 10 years. Due to slow cell turn over after the age of 30 chemical peels could improve acne, acne scars, age and liver spots, fine lines and wrinkles, pigmentation, and sun damaged skin. There are three different types of peels: superficial, the lowest level, medium depth, and deep peeling. Estheticians can only perform superficial peels anything that is more invasive has to e performed by a physician. So in the salons the parentage that can be applied is between 15 and 30 percent. These peels include Alpha Hydroxy Acids, Beta Hydroxy Acids, and 1 to 2 layers of a Jessner’s peel. All of these peels can be performed every two weeks. When performed they may tingle or feel a little hot and will most likely turn the skin pink. Contraindications to these peels include: allergies to aspirin or salicylic acids, pregnant or nursing, current use of topical or internal antibiotics, Accutane use within the last year, open cold sores, wounds, or other infections, cancer, and autoimmune disease. Any of these would make the client an unfit candidate for a superficial peel. The next level of chemical peels is the medium-depth, Trichlooaceticc Acid or TCA; a dermatologist or plastic surgeon should only perform these peels. TCA...
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...Chemical periodicity Lorem V. Mendoza ------------------------------------------------- .ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------- When elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic number, their physical and chemical properties recur periodically. This periodicity stems from the valence electronic configurations of the elements. This arrangement of the elements on the order of increasing atomic number with the elements having similar properties placed in vertical columns is known as the periodic table. INTRODUCTION This Experiment is all about for determining the given compound. In this Experiment we try to observe the physical state, color, appearance and the reaction of a compound on a litmus paper. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experiment, we use Test tubes to observe the difference between the elements. 10 ml graduated cylinder to measure the water. Spatula, we used this to put the elements on the test tubes. We used Litmus Paper to determine maybe acid or base the elements. On this Activity, We try to identify the Physical state, Color, and Appearance of different elements. Li2 CO3 K2CO3 CaCO3 Na2CO3 MGCO3 BaCO3 On the first Procedure, We put a small amount of a elements samples Li2CO3 , K2CO3, CaCO3, Na2CO3, MGCO3 and BaCO3 in the different test tubes. We put 10ml water on the different test tubes. After adding we stir it and observe. We use a Litmus Paper to determine the elements maybe acid or base. On the Second...
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...Chemistry “Chemical Reaction and the PH Scale” Chemical reactions are the heart of chemistry. People have always known that they exist. The Ancient Greeks were the firsts to speculate on the composition of matter. They thought that it was possible that individual particles made up matter. As you might imagine, it's useful to be able to measure the acidity of solutions. Scientists have come up with the pH scale for determining the concentration of acid in a solution so we can distinguish between solutions with varying acidity. A Chemical reaction is the outcome of two or more elements together results in the formation of a chemical bond between atoms and compound. Chemicals react together due to participating atoms. The reason why atoms react with each other is to reach a state in which their valence shell is filled. Reactions occur at different speeds, they have different rates of reaction. There are some things that must be considered in a chemical reaction. There are a few things that decide the course and speed of the reaction. One thing about chemical reaction is that, there is now known that there are three types of chemical reactions. They are classified into three types: exoergic (exothermic), endoergic (endothermic), and aergic (athermic). In these cases, energy is supplied, but the different types of reactions initiate the energy differently. First of all, Exoergic, or exothermic, reactions release energy during the reaction. ...
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...Every chemical reaction ranges from hours to femtoseconds to occur. The rate of a chemical reaction can be determined by assessing the change in either the reactant or product in a given time or point (Connors, 1990). It is important to take account of the stoichiometric ratios of each component, regardless as to which compound is chosen to determine the rate. The study of the rates of chemical reactions is called Chemical Kinetics (Soustelle, 2011). The following is an example of a generic chemical reaction: aA + bB → cC + dD The rate of the reaction can be expressed as a function of each reactant and each product: Rate = -1a∆A∆t= -1b∆B∆t= +1c∆C∆t= +1d∆D∆t For each reaction, the concentration is decreasing as the reaction occurs; therefore representing the rate as a positive value and a negative sign in the rate definition is used. The concentration of the products is conversely increasing as the reaction proceeds; therefore changing in concentration is positive (Connors, 1990). The reaction rate can be measured by accurately measuring the change in concentration of one of the reaction species over time. This experiment utilized a visual change in color of one of the reactants used; however, since visual indications can be subjective and it is important to perform the experiment multiple times. Also, since the color change would indicate that the concentration of the monitored reactant has reached zero, then the experiment measured the average reaction rate. A chemical reaction’s...
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...CHEMICAL BONDS Chemical Bonds I. Introduction Chemical compounds are formed by the joining of two or more atoms. A stable compound occurs when the total energy of the combination has lower energy than the separated atoms. The bound state implies a net attractive force between the atoms called a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are the covalent bonds and ionic bonds. Covalent bonds are bonds in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms. Covalent bonds, in which the sharing of the electron pair is unequal, with the electrons spending more time around the more non-metallic atom, are called polar covalent bonds. In such a bond there is a charge separation with one atom being slightly more positive and the other more negative, i.e., the bond will produce a dipole moment. On the other hand, Ionic bonds are bonds in which one or more electrons from one atom are removed and attached to another atom, resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each other. In the extreme case where one or more atoms lose electrons and other atoms gain them in order to produce a noble gas electron configuration, the bond is called an ionic bond. Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding between two non-metallic atoms which is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms and other covalent bonds. Ionic bond, also known as electrovalent bond is a type of bond formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged...
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...this experiment was to observe Le Chatelier’s Principle when stress was applied to the reaction between iron (III) and thiocyanate ions and to determine in which direction the react shifted to maintain equilibrium. Introduction Chemical reactions do not always run to completion, such that the entire limiting reagent or all reactants are consumed entirely. In many cases many chemical reactions establish an equilibrium, where the amount of reactants and products are constantly in flux in an effort to maintain a set amount. At equilibrium the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. Le Chatelier’s Principle states that if any stress is applied to the reaction when it is at equilibrium, the reaction will shift in order to re-obtain equilibrium. The resulting shift can either be a reduction or increase in the amount of product or the reactant. If there is a decrease in the amount of reactant and an increase in the amount of product the reaction has shifted to the right. If there is an increase in reactant and a decrease in the amount of product the reaction has shifted to the left. Types of stresses that can be applied to a chemical reaction at equilibrium are generally changes in concentrations and temperature (Kay 2000). The following experiment will examine the reaction between iron (III) ions and thiocyanate ions according to the...
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...CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Equilibrium occurs when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of reverse reaction. Concentration of the reactants and the products remain the same. Dynamic equilibrium occurs when the processes do not stop and forward and reverse reactions still continue in both directions at the same rate. A homogeneous reaction is a reaction wherein all the reactants and products are in the same phase e.g. all are gases. A heterogeneous reaction is a reaction wherein all the reactants and products are not in the same phase. If there is no interaction between the system and its surroundings, i.e., a system from which no substances in the reaction can escape, we say it is a closed system. Calculation of the substance amount and concentration at equilibrium We can determine the concentration of the substance by dividing the number of mol of the substance at that stage of the reaction by the volume of the container in dm3, i.e.: c= n/V where c or [ ] = concentration of the substance in mol.dm-3 n = number of mol of the substance V = volume of the container in dm3 It is handy to use a table to determine these values. Example 1 A mixture of 5 mol H2(g) and 6 mol I2(g) are placed in a sealed container of 2 dm3 at a temperature of 4580C. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is: Equilibrium is reached after a certain time. At equilibrium there is 4mol HI(g) in the container. Calculate the concentrations...
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...Chemistry Practice: Writing Chemical Formulas Write a chemical formula for each substance. 1. NaCl______________ sodium chloride 2. N2O5______________ dinitrogen pentoxide 3. O2 ________________ oxygen 4. K2SO4 ____________ potassium sulfate 5. H2SO3_____________ sulfurous acid 6. AgC2H3O2 _________ silver acetate 7. Cr(NO3)3___________ chromium(III) nitrate 8. SO3_______________ sulfur trioxide 9. (NH4)2CO3___________ ammonium carbonate 10. Ca(OH)2___________ calcium hydroxide 11. Li2S ______________ lithium sulfide 12. H3PO3 ____________ phosphorous acid 13. N2O______________ dinitrogen monoxide 14. Fe2O3_____________ Iron (III) oxide 15. Pb(ClO3)2__________ lead(II) chlorate 16. (NH4)3PO4_________ ammonium phosphate 17. ZnCl2_____________ zinc chloride 18. Ca3(PO4)2_________ calcium phosphate 19. OF2______________ oxygen difluoride 20. NaNO2___________ sodium nitrite 21. Fe2(SO4)3_________ iron(III) sulfate 22. HBr______________ hydrobromic acid 23. Cr2O3____________ chromium(III) oxide 24. N2O4 ____________ dinitrogen tetroxide 25. NH4NO3__________ ammonium nitrate Name each of the following substances: 26. Gold (III) Bromide____ AuBr3 27. Carbon Monoxide____ CO 28. Potassium Carbonate_ K2CO3 29. Chlorous Acid _____ HClO2 30. Cesium Chloride_____ CsCl 31...
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...reactions. The enzymatic reactions were looked at by the use of two comparable reactions of enzyme invertase and a acidic form of the reaction. The order of the nonacidic enzymatic reaction was zero order due to substrate concentration and due to the fact that the reaction was time dependent. It is also due to having large R2 value at 0.9932 for D run and a smaller R2 value at 0.9902 for C run. The acidic runs had a first order reaction, which had a lower R2 values at 0.9028 for run D and 0.9028 for run C. Also, the percent error in run C at 33.31% was found to be much lower than the percent error in run D at 55.77%, which mean the concentration of run C is more effective than run D. I. Introduction In this experiment the chemical kinetics of the enzyme catalyzed inversion of sucrose was studied. The reaction that we will study in this experiment is the inversion of sucrose, catalyzed by the enzyme invertase that is derived from yeast: The rate of reaction of this reaction was compared to the same reaction that is to be catalyzed by hydrogen ions. Enzymes make up an important class of proteins that are used to catalyze a wide array of biochemical reactions. The enzyme that was used to catalyze the reactions in this lab experiment was the enzyme invertase (β-fructofuranidase). The first to propose the basic mechanism for enzyme-catalyzed reactions was Michaelis and Menten...
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...Chemical Imbalance. It was a warm sunny summer day. James walked smiling down the street but slightly nervous as he was running a little late for an encounter with his blind date Rose, which he had looked forward to with anticipation. He had been set up by his good friends to go on a blind date. They thought it was about time, that he came back on the market after the breakup with his girlfriend, which he had been in a long-term relationship with. He wanted to look as good as possible, of course, as he wanted to make a good impression on his blind date, who he had been told was a very beautiful woman. Therefore, he was wearing his favorite light yellow short-sleeved button up shirt tucked down his shorts and sneakers. He had also shaved himself and put on his Old Spice aftershave like his father always had used. They had decided to meet at a small contemporary café downtown over lunch. When he came inside, he spotted her instantly at the table near the window. Her beautiful features enlightened the whole room, and it was hard not to overlook them. They instantly caught each other’s eyes and she waved him over. The first thing she thought when she saw him was “Oh my God, what am I doing on a blind date with this guy. He is not at all what I expected.” After a few thoughts, she decided that she would give him a chance, as there might would be more to him than she could tell by the first glance and she had promised her friends to give him a chance no matter what. He was...
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